Solid Mensuration Understanding The 3d Space Richard T Earnhart

SOLID MENSURATION:
UNDERSTANDINGTHE3DSPACE
RICHARDT.EARNHART
Chapter I
PlaneFigures
SolidMensuration:Understandingthe3DSpace
RichardT.Eanhart
Introduction
Point,line,andplaneareundefinedtermsingeometry.Usingtheseundefined terms,
other geometric figures are defined. Plane geometry is the study of geometric figures
that can be drawn on a two-dimensional surface called plane. Figures that lie on a
plane are called two-dimensional figures or simply plane figures. This chapter deals
with different plane figures, and their properties, relations, and measurement. The
most common plane figures are the polygons.
RichardT.Eanhart
Polygons
Apolygon isaclosedplane figureformed by linesegments.
PartsofaPolygon 1. Theside oredge ofapolygonisoneofthe
line segments that make up the polygon.
SideorEdge
Adjacent sides are pairs of sides that
sharea common endpoint.
2. The vertices of a polygon are the end
pointsofeachsideofthepolygon.Adjacentve
InteriorAngle Vertex rtices are endpoints of a side.
3. A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment
Diagonal joining two non-adjacent vertices of the
polygon.
Exterior
Angle 4. Aninteriorangle istheangleformedby
twoadjacentsidesinsidethepolygon.
A polygonmayalsobedefinedasaunionofline
segments such that: 5.
i) Eachvertexisacommonendpointoftwoadjacen
t line segments;
ii) no two adjacent line segments intersect
except at an endpoint; and
iii) notwosegmentswiththesameendpointare
collinear.
An exterior angle is an angle
that is adjacenttoand
supplementary toan interior
angle of the polygon.
SolidMensuration:U nderstaRnicdhina gr dthTe. 3

E-aDnharatce
Sp
TypesofPolygons
1
.
Equ i
an gularP ol
y gon Anexampleofa convexpolygon
A polygon is equiangular if all of its angles are
congruent.
2
.
Equ i
latera lPoly go
n
Apolygonisequilateralifallofitssidesareequal.
3
.
Regu l
a rpolyg on
Regular polygons are both equiangular
andequilateral.
4
.
IrregularP ol
y gon
Apolygonthatisneitherequiangularnorequilateral
issaidtobeanirregularpolygon.
5
.
Conv exPoly gon Anexampleofa concavepolygon
Every interior angle is less than 180°. If a line is
drawn through the convex polygon, the line will
intersect at most two sides.
6
.
Conca vePolyg on
Aconcave polygon has at least one interior angle
that measures more than 180°. If a line is drawn
through a concave polygon the line mat intersect
more than two sides.
RichardT.Eanhart
NamingPolygons
Polygons are named according to their number of sides. Generally, a polygon with
n sides is called ann -gon.To form the name ofpolygonswith 13 to99 sides, begin with
theprefix ofthetensdigit,followedbykai (the Greekwordforand )andtheprefix for the
units digit.
NumberofSides NameofPolygon
n n-gon
3 triangleortrigon
4 quadlerateralortetragon
5 pentagon
6 hexagon
7 heptagon
8 octagon
9 nonagonorenneagon
10 decagon
11 undecagonorhendecagon
12 dodecagon
13 tridecagonortriskaidecagon
14 tetradecagonortetrakaidecagon
15 pentadecagonorpentakaidecagon
SolidMensuration:Understandingthe3DSpace RichardT.Eanhart
NumberofSides NameofPolygon
16 hexadecagonorhexakaidecagon
17 heptadecagonorheptakaidecagon
18 octadecagonoroctakaidecagon
19 enneadecagonorenneakaidecagon
20 isosagon
30 triacontagon
40 tetracontagon
50 pentacontagon
60 hexacontagon
70 heptacontagon
80 octacontagon
90 enneacontagon
100 hectogonorhecatontagon
1,000 chiliagon
10,000 myriagon
108 megagon
10100 googolgon
Sides Prefix and Sides Suffix
(OnesDigit)
20 icosior icosa 1 henagon
30 triaconta 2 digon
40 tetraconta 3 trigon
50 pentaconta 4 tetragon
60 hexaconta kai + 5 pentagon
70 heptaconta 6 hexagon
80 octaconta 7 heptagon
90 enneaconta 8 octagon
9 enneagon
For numbers from 100 to 999, form the name of the polygon by starting with the
prefixfor the hundreds digit taken from the ones digit, affix the word hecta , then
follow the rule on naming polygons with 3 to 99 sides. However, one may use the formn -
gon, as in 24- gon for a polygon with 24 sides, instead of using the above method.
Example1
A54-sidedpolygoniscalledapentacontakaitetragon.
50 and 4
pentaconta kai tetragon
Example2
A532-sidedpolygoniscalledapentahectatriacontakaidigon.
500 30 and 2
pentahecta triaconta kai digon
RichardT.Eanhart
SimilarPolygons
The ratio of two quantities is the quotient of one quantity divided by another
quantity. Note, however, that the two quantities must be of the same kind. For
example, the ratio ofthemeasureofasideandaninteriorangleis meaningless because
they are not quantities of the same kind. A proportion is an expression of equality
between two ratios. That is, if two ratios a b: and c d: are equal, then the equation
a/b=c/d is a proportion. Thus, you can say thata andb are proportional toc andd .
Two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior angles are congruent and
their
correspondingsidesareproportional.Similarpolygonshavethesameshapebutdifferin
size.
Considerthesimilarpolygonsbelow.
y1 y2
x1
x2
A1 A2
Thefollowingrelationsbetweenthetwopolygonsareobtainedusingthe concept of
ratio and proportion:
1. Theratio of anytwocorrespondingsidesofsimilarpolygonsare equal.

x1 y1

x2
y2
2. The ratio of the areasof similarpolygonsisthe square of the ratio ofanytwo
corresponding sides.
2
A x 
1
1
A 2 x 2
3. The ratio of the perimetersof similarpolygonsisequal tothe ratio of anyof any

two corresponding sides.
P1 x1

P2
x2
SolidMensuration:Understan
dingthe3DSpace RichardT.Eanhart
PropertiesofaRegularPolygon
Aregular polygon of n sides can be subdivided into n congruent isosceles

triangles,whosebase isasideofthepolygon.Thecommonvertex ofthese triangles is
the center of the polygon.
θ/
Perimeter
Tofind aperimeterofa polygon,add the lengthsof the sidesofthe polygon. Since

regular polygons are equilateral, the formula in finding the perimiter of a
regular polygon is
P =ns,
Wheren isthenumber ofsidesands isthelengthofeachside.

CentralAngle
The angle that is opposite a side of a regular polygon is a central angle θ of the
polygon.Itistheangleformed bytwolinesdrawnfromthecenterofthepolygontotwo
adjacent vertices. Regular polygons are equiangular.Thus, the measure of each angle is
given by ∘
360
 
n
Apothem
The altitudeof the isosceles triangles that can be formed from a regular polygonis
the apothemoftheregularpolygon.Theapothembisectsthecentralangleanditsopposite
side. Thus, we can compute for the apothem as follows:
 360 ∘
s
ta
n tan
2 2n 2
s Solvingfora,

2a s a
a 180
2tan  
 n  2
RichardT.Eanhart
Interior Angle
Ineachisoscelestriangle,the measure of the baseanglescanbe denotedby Φ,and each

interior angle of the regular polygonby 2Φ.Thus, the measure of each interior angle is
solved as follows:
2180
∘
360 ΦΦ ΦΦ
∘
18
0
n θ

1
80
∘
n  2 
n
Thus,
I
A
..
1
8
∘
n
0
2
n
RichardT.Eanhart
Sumof Interior Angles
Sincethe numberof sidesequalsthe number ofinteriorangles,thenthe sumof interior angles is

n times the measure of the interior angle. Hence,
.
S
I
A
. 
∘
n
1
8
0
2
Diagonal
From any given vertex of a regular polygon, a diagonal is drawn from the vertex
toanon-adjacentvertex. Thismeansthatyoucanconstructadiagonal from each vertex
of a polygon withn sides inn – 3 ways. Since there aren
verticesandeach diagonal hastwo endpoints, youcandothis inonly𝑛 ways.
2
Thus,the total numberof distinctdiagonalsofa regularpolygonis
𝑛
𝐷= (𝑛 −3) 2
RichardT.Eanhart
Area
Area istheamount oftwodimensionalspace thataplanefigureoccupies. To

gettheareaofaregularpolygon,multiplytheareaoftheisoscelestriangleby
𝑠
thenumberof triangles formed,or𝐴 = (𝑎 )(𝑛 ).
Notethatthisisthesameasonehalfoftheproductofitsperimeterandits
apothem.Ingeneral,theformulaofaregular polygonisgivenby
1
𝐴= Pa
2
Theformulaforareaofaregularpolygoncanbeexpressedintermsofitsnumber of sides and the

measure of one side as follows:
1
𝐴= 𝑃𝑎
2
1 𝑠
=
𝑛
2 𝑡
𝑎
2𝑛
°𝑛
1
8
0
𝑛
𝑠
2
𝐴=
180°
4𝑡 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛
RichardT.Eanhart
Example3
Findthearea ofa regularnonagonwhosesidesmeasure 3units.Determine the number
of distinct diagonals that can be drawn from each vertex and the sum of its interior
angles.
Solution:
Anonagonisa9-sidedpolygon.Thus,n = 9.Givens=3,solve asfollows:
Areaofthepolygon: 𝑛 𝑠 2
𝐴 = 4𝑡 𝑎 𝑛
180° 𝑛
2
9
(3)
=
180°
4𝑡 𝑎 𝑛 9
=55.64squareunits
Sum ofinterior angles:
Numberofdiagonals:
𝑛 𝑆 .𝐼 .𝐴 .=180°𝑛 −2
𝐷= 𝑛 −3
2 =180°(9−2)
1,260
9
= (9−3)
2
=27
Exercises
1. Usethe diagrambelowto answerquestions(a)to(d)
a) Isthe polygonconvex orconcave?

b) HowmanydiagonalscanbedrawnfromvertexA?
c) Howmanysidesdoes the polygonhave?
d) Whatisthenameofthepolygon
2. Use thediagrambelowtoanswerquestions(a) to(d)
a) Isthe polygonconvex orconcave?

b) HowmanydiagonalscanbedrawnfromvertexA?
c) Howmanysidesdoesthepolygonhave?
d) Whatisthenameofthepolygon
3. Findthe measure ofaninterior angleofa regulartridecagon.
4. Thatisthemeasureofan interior angleofaregularpentacontakaitrigon?
5. Findthe sumofthe interior anglesofa regulartrcontakaitetragon.
6. Whatisthesumof the interiorangleof aregularicosagon?
7. Nameeachpolygonwiththe given numberof sides.Also,findthenumberof diagonal
of each polygon.
a) 24
b)181
c) 47
d)653
8. Nameeachpolygonwiththe given number ofsides.
a) 39
b)127
c) 821
d)86
9. Howmanysidesdoeseach polygonhave?
a) Icosikaihenagon
b) Enneacontakaidigon
c) Octahectatetracontakaiheptagon
10. How many sides does each polygon have? How many distinct diagonals can be drawn
from a vertex of each polygon?
a) Trihectatriacontakaitrigon
b) Pentacontakaioctagon
c) Heptacontakaiheptagon
11. Thenumberofdiagonalsofaregularpolygonis35.Findtheareaofthe polygon if its
apothem measures 10 centimiters
12. Thenumberofdiagonalsaregularpolygonis65.Findtheperimiterofthepolygon if its
apothem measures 8 inches.
13. TheSumoftheinterioranglesofaregularpolygonis1,260˚.Findtheareaof
thepolygon ifitsperimeteris45centimeters.
14. The measure of an interior angle of a regular polygon is 144˚. Find theapothem if one
side of the polygon measures 5 units.
15. Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total number of sides of
the polygons is 13, and the sum of the number of diagonals of the polygons is 25.
16. Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total number of sides of
the polygons is 15, and the sum of the number of diagonals of the polygon is 36.
17. Whatisthenameof aregularpolygonthathas 90diagonals?
18. Whatisthename of aregularpolygonthathas 135 diagonals?
19. Find the number of diagonals of a regular polygon whose interior angle measures
144˚
20. Find the sum of the interior angles and the number of diagonals of a regular polygon
whose central angle measures 6˚.
21. The ratio of areas between two similar triangles is 1:4. If one side of the smaller
triangle is 2 units, find the measure of the corresponding side of the other triangle.
22. One side of a polygon measures 10 units. If the measure of the corresponding side of a
similar polygon is 6 units, find the ratio of their areas. What is thearea of the larger
polygon if the area of the smaller polygon is 12 square units?
23. A regular hexagon A has the midpoints of its edges joined to form a smaller hexagon
B. This process is repeated by joining the midpoints of the edges of hexagon B to get a
third hexagon C. What is the ration of the area of hexagon C to the area of hexagon A?
24. WhatistheratiooftheareaofhexagonBtotheareaofhexagonAinnumber
23?
25. IfABCDE isaregularpentagonanddiagonalsEB andAC intersectatO , then what is the
degree measure of angleEOC ?
RichardT.Eanhart
Triangles
Themostfundamental subset of polygons is the set of triangles.Although triangles are

polygons with the least number of sides, these polygons are widely used in the field of
mathematics and engineering. In this section, some important formulas which are used
extensively in solving geometric problems will be introduced.
ClassificationofTrianglesAccording toSides
1. Equilateral– atrianglewiththreecongruentsidesandthreecongruent angles. Each angle

measures 60˚.
2. Isosceles– atrianglewithtwocongruentsidesandtwocongruentangles.
3. Scalene– a trianglewithnocongruentsidesandnocongruentangles.
60°
60° 60° θ θ
Equilateral Isosceles Scalene

ClassificationsofTrianglesAccordingtoAngles
1. Right–a trianglewitharightangle(90˚angle).
2. Oblique– atrianglewithnorightangle.
a) Acute–atrianglewiththreeacuteangles(lessthan90˚)
b) Equiangular –atrianglewiththree congruentangles.Eachangle measures
60˚.
c) Obtuse–atrianglewithoneobtuse angle(morethan 90˚but lessthan 180˚
CongruentTriangles
The word congruent is derived from the Latin word congruere which means agree. Two
triangles are congruent when they have the same shape and size.
Congruenttrianglescanbemade tocoincidepartbypart. Correspondingpartsof congruent
triangles are congruent. The symbol for congruence is ≅
RichardT.Eanhart
SimilarTriangles
Two triangles are similar if their corresponding sides are proportional. Similar triangles
have the same shape but differ in size. Look at the similar trianglesbelow.
a2 c2
a1 c1
b2
b1
Sincethetwotrianglesaresimilar,thentherelationsthatexistbetweentwo
similarpolygonsalsohold. Thus, itfollowsthat:
𝑏
1𝑐
1
a) 𝑎 1 =
=
𝑏𝑐
1
𝑎2 2
𝑎22
𝑏 𝑐
2
𝐴1 = 1 1
b) 1 = 𝑏
=𝑐
𝐴2 𝑎
2 2
𝑃1 𝑎
1𝑏
1𝑐
1
c) =
==
𝑃
2
𝑎𝑏𝑐
1
22
RichardT.Eanhart
Partsof a Triangle
A triangle has three possible bases and three possible vertices. Any of the three sides of
a triangle may be considered as the base of the triangle. The angle opposite the base is
called vertexangle. The two angles adjacent to the base are calledbase angles.
Alinesegmentdrawnfromavertexperpendiculartotheoppositesideiscalled
altitude. Thepointofintersectionofthealtitudes ofatriangleiscalled
orthocenter. Amedianofatriangleisthelinesegmentconnectingthe
midpointofasideandtheoppositevertex. Thecentroidisthepointof
intersectionofthemediansofatriangle. Ananglebisectordividesanangleof
thetriangleintotwocongruentanglesandhasendpointsonavertexandthe
oppositeside .Thepointofintersectionoftheanglebisectorsofatriangleis
calledincenter. A
A/2A/2
Incenter
Orthocenter Centroid
C/2
B/2
C/2
B B/2 C
Altitudes
Medians
AngleBisectors
RichardT.Eanhart
A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle divides the side into two congruent
segments and is perpendicular to the side. The circumcenter is the point of intersection of
the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle. The Eulerlineisthe
linewhichcontainsthe orthocenter, centroid,and circumcenterof a triangle. The centroid is
located between the orthocenter and the circumcenter.
However,inanequilateraltriangle,thecentroid, circumcenter, incircle,and orthocenter
are coincident.
Orthocenter Centroid
Circumcenter
Circumcenter
EulerLine
PerpendicularBisectors
PropertiesofTriangleCenters
1. Orthocenter –The orthocenter is not always in the interior of the triangle. In an

obtuse triangle, the two sides of the obtuse angle and the corresponding
altitudesareextendedtomeetatapointoutside thetriangle.Inarighttriangle, the
orthocenter is on a vertex of the triangle.
2. Centroid – The centroid is known as the center of mass of the triangle. Unlike
theorthocenter,thecentroidisalwaysinsidethetriangleandforright, isosceles and
equilateral triangles, the centroid is located one-third of the altitude from the base.
3. Incenter–Theincenteristhe centerof the largestcirclethat canbe inscribed in the
triangle.
4. Circumcenter–Thecircumcenteristhecenterofthecirclecircumscribinga triangle. It is
not always inside the triangle. The vertices of the triangle lie on the circle and are
equidistant from the circumcenter.
RichardT.Eanhart
Altitude,Median,andAngle BisectorFormulas
Consideranarbitrary trianglewithsidesa,b, andc,andanglesA,B,andC/Let hc, mcand Icbe the

lengths of the altitude, median, and angle bisector from vertex C,
respectively.Then, C
2
𝑠
𝑠
(𝑎
;𝑠
)
(;𝑏
𝑠
)
(; b a
𝑐
𝑐
, hc
Altitude: = A B
cC
Wheres isthesemi-perimeterofthetriangleand𝑠 =𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 ,
2
𝑚
=1
Median: 𝑐
2𝑎 2+2𝑏 2−𝑐 2 b
mc
a
2
A
c B
C
𝑎 𝑎 +𝑏 2−𝑐 2
AngleBisector: 𝐼
𝑐
𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏 b
mc
a
= A
c B
FactsAboutTriangles
1. The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third
side. The difference between the lengths of any two sides is always less the third side
of a triangle.
2. Thesumofthemeasuresoftheinterioranglesofatriangle is180˚.
3. Twoequiangulartriangles are similar.
4. Two triangles are similar if their corresponding sides are parallel. Two triangles are
similar if their corresponding sides are perpendicular.
5. In any right triangle, the longest side opposite the right angle is called hypotenuse.
6. Ifany twosidesof a right triangle aregiven, thethird side can be obtained bythe
Pythagorean Theorem c2=a2+b2.
7. Two triangles are equal if the measures of the two sides and the included angleof one
triangle are equal to the measures of the two sides and the included angle of the other
triangle.
8. The line segment which joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and equal to one-half the length of the third side.
9. In any triangle, the longest side is opposite the largest angle, and the shortest side is
opposite the smallest angle.
RichardT.Eanhart
x
10. The altitude h to the hypotenuse c of a right

h
triangle divides the triangle into two similar c- x
triangles. Each of the triangles formed by this
altitude is similar to the original triangle.
11. Eachlegofarighttriangleisthegeometricmean
between the hypotenuse and the
projectionofthe legon the hypotenuse.
a
p
c
𝑎 = 𝑐
Formulasfor theAreaoftheTriangle
In general, the area of any triangle is one-half the product of its base andits
altitude.
1
𝑏
𝐴=2
Tosolve forthe area of a trianglegiventhe measures of twosidesandan included

angle, use the SAS formula.
SAS(Side-Angle-Side) Formula
a
1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 𝜃
𝐴= 𝜃
2 b
The areaof a triangleisone-half the productof anytwosidesand the sine of

their included angle.
RichardT.Eanhart
Whenthemeasureofthethreesidesofatrianglearegiven,theareaofthe triangle is
determined by Heron’s Formula.
Heron’sFormulaorSSS(ThreeSides)Formula:
𝐴= 𝑠 (𝑠 −𝑎 )(𝑠 −𝑏 )(𝑠 −𝑐 ), c a
A C
b
Where𝑠 =𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 iscalledthesemi-perimeter.
2
Example4
The measuresof the three sidesof atriangleare AB= 30in.,AC=50in.,andBC= 60in.. From a
point D on side AB, a line DE is drawn through a point E on side AC such that angle AED is
equal to angle ABC. If the perimeter of the triangle ADE is equal to 56 in., find the sum of
the lengths of line segments BD and CE.
Solution:
Drawthefigure andlabelthepartswiththegivenmeasures.
D 60
30
𝜃
A E C
50
The perimeter of triangleABC is P = 30 + 60 + 50 = 140 in. Notice that triangle
ABC and triangle ADE are similar triangles since ABC ≅AED and BAC ≅ DAE . Thus, the
ratio of their perimeters is equal to the ratio of any of their corresponding sides.
𝐴𝐷 →𝐴 𝐷 =20
56 =
50
140
𝐴𝐸
56 = →𝐴 𝐸 =12
30
140
𝐵 𝐷 =30−𝐴 𝐷 𝐸 𝐶 =50−𝐴 𝐸
=30−20 =50−12
=10 =38
Hence,BD +EC =10 +38=48in.
Example5
Derive formulasfortheheight andareaofanequilateraltrianglewith
sides .
Solution:
Inanequilateraltriangle,thealtitudedividesthetriangleintotwo congruent
right triangles. Thus, by the Pythagorean Theorem,
𝑠 2
𝑠 2−
=
s
h
𝑠
3 60˚
= 𝑠
2
2
Sinceeachinterioranglemeasures60°,usetheS
A
S
f
or
m
ul
a
t
of
i
nd
t
h
e
ar
e
a
of
t
h
e
triangle.
1 sin60°
𝐴 = 2𝑠
2
1 3
= 𝑠 2
2 2
3
= 𝑠
2
4
Example6
Ifonesideofatriangleis20unitsandtheperimeteris72units,whatis
the maximumareathatthetrianglecanhave?
Solution:
Imagine the side of the length 20 units as the base of the triangle. Thus,the sum
of the lengths of the other two sides is P – 20 = 52 units. Since the area of the triangle is
maximum when the height is also maximum, the triangle is isosceles and the two sides
measure 26 units each. By Pythagorean Theorem,
= 262−102 =24
Hence,theareais
1
𝑏
26 26
𝐴=2
h
1
= 20 24
2
10
= 240 𝑠 𝑞 𝑢 𝑎 𝑟 𝑒
10
𝑢𝑛𝑖 𝑡 𝑠
RichardT.Eanhart
Example7
DerivetheformulaforthemedianoftriangleABC drawnfrom vertexC to
sideAB usingtheCosineLaw.
Solution: C
Drawandlabelthetriangle. by
the Cosine Law, you get: b a
𝑎 2=𝑏 2+𝑐 2−2𝑏 𝑐 cos𝐴 A

𝑐 𝑐 B
𝑏 2=𝑎 2+𝑐 2−2𝑎 𝑐 cos𝐵 2 2
Addingthetwoequationsyieldstheidentity
𝑐 =𝑎 cos𝐵 +𝑏 cos𝐴 (1)
Applythe CosineLawtoeachof the trianglesformedby themediantoget:
𝑐 2 𝑐
𝑚 2
= 𝑏 2−2
+ cos𝐴 𝑏
2
𝑐
+
;
𝑏
4
𝑚2
2
𝑏𝑐 (2)
cos𝐴 =
2𝑐
cos𝐵
𝑚
𝑐
𝑎
=2
+2
−2𝑎
2
𝑐 2
𝑎2+𝑚
;
2 4
cos𝐵 = 𝑎
𝑐
(
3)
Substitutingequations2and 3inequation1yields
𝑐2 𝑏
𝑐2
𝑚
+
𝑎
;
4
2 +
;
2
4
𝑚2
2
𝑎
𝑐
+𝑏 𝑏
𝑐
𝑐 =𝑎
Solvingform ,youget
1
𝑚 =2 2𝑎 2+2𝑏 2−𝑐 2
RichardT.Eanhart
EXERCISES
1. Isitpossibletoform atrianglewithsides20,30,and50units?Explain.
2. Isitpossibleto formatrianglewith sides2,4,and 8units?Justifyyouranswer.
3. Findthealtitudeandtheareaofanequilateraltriangle whose side is8 cmlong.
4. One side of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 42 units measures 10 units. Find
the area of the triangles
5. Findtheareaof an equilateralifitsaltitudeis 5cm.
6. The ratio of the base of an isosceles triangle to its altitude is 3:4. Find the measures of
the angles of the triangle.
7. The base of an isosceles triangle and the altitude drawn from one of the congruent
sides are equal to 18 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Find the length of the sides of the
triangle.
8. Two altitudes of an isosceles triangle are equal to 20 cm and 30 cm. Determine the
possible measures of the base angles of the triangle.
9. Inarighttriangle,thebisectoroftherightangledividesthehypotenuseinthe
ratio of2isto5.Determinethe measuresoftheacuteanglesofthetriangle.
10. The areaof a triangleisequal to 48 cm2andtwo ofitssidesmeasure 12cmand 9 cm,
respectively. Find the possible measures of the included angles of the given sides.
11. Thelengthsof thesidesofatriangleareinthe ratio17:10:9.Findthe lengthsof
thethree sidesifthe area of thetriangleis576cm2
RichardT.Eanhart
12. Findtheareaofatriangleifitstwosidesmeasure6in.and9in.,andthe
bisector oftheanglebetween thesidesis4 3 in.
13. InanacutetriangleABC ,an altitudeAD isdrawn.FindtheareaoftriangleABC
ifAB =15in.,AC =18in.,andBD = 10in.
14. In a right triangle, a line perpendicular to the hypotenuse drawn from the midpoint
of one of the sides divides the hypotenuse into segments which are 10 cm and 6 cm
long. Find the lengths of the two sides of the triangle.
15. Given triangle ABC whose sides are AB = 15 in., AC = 25 in., and BC = 30 in. From a
point D on sideAB , a lineDE is drawn to a pointE on sideAC such that angleADE is
equal to angleABC . If the perimeter of triangleADE is 28 in., find the lengths of line
segmentsBD andCE .
A 3
D
16. Suppose that AD, BC, AC and BD are line segments with line
AD parallel to line BC as shown in the figure on the right. If
AD = 3 units,BC = 1 unit, and the distance fromAD toBC is 5 5
units, find the altitude of the smaller triangle.

B C
1
RichardT.Eanhart
17. What isthe sumof the areas ofthe twotrianglesformedinnumber16?
18. IfΔ𝐴1 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐶 isequilateral,

1 C
𝐵 𝐷 = , = ,
𝐵
𝐶
3𝐶
𝐴3
1 E
a
n
d= .Findtheratiooftheareaof
𝐴
𝐹
𝐴
𝐵3
D
Δ𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 totheshadedarea.
A B
F
19. IntriangleABC E, isthe midpointofAC andD isthe midpointofCB .IfDF is parallel to
BE , find the length of sideAB .
F
4 3
C 5 D B
20. The measure of the base of an isoscelestriangle is 24cm, and one of its sides is
20cmlong.Findthe distancebetweenthe centroidandthe vertex oppositethe base.
21. The two sides of a triangle are 17 cm and 28 cm long, and the length of the
mediandrawn to the thirdsideisequal to 19.5cm.Findthedistancefroman endpoint
of this median to the longest side.
RichardT.Eanhart
QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral , also known as tetragon or quadrangle, is a general term for a

four-sided polygon. There are six types of quadrilaterals. They are square, parallelogram,
rectangle, rhombus, trapezoid, and trapezium. Each type of quadrilateral has unique
properties that make it distinct from other types. A square is the most unique
quadrilateral because it possess all those unique properties.
The commonpartsofaquadrilateral are describedas follows:

1. Side –A sideisalinesegmentwhichjoinsanytwoadjacentvertices.
2. Interiorangle –An interiorangleisthe angleformed betweentwoadjacent sides.
3. HeightorAltitude – Itisthe distancebetweentwo parallelsidesofa
quadrilateral.
4. Base –Thisistheside thatisperpendicularto thealtitude.
5. Diagonal –This isthelinesegmentjoininganytwonon-adjacentvertices.
RichardT.Eanhart
ClassificationofQuadrilaterals
Theclassificationofquadrilateralsisbasedonthe numberofpairsof its
parallelsidesasshowninthe figurebelow.
Quadrilateral
Parallelogram Trapezoid Trapezium
Rectangle Rhombus ClassificationsofQuadrilaterals
• Parallelogram hastwopairsofparallelsides.
• Trapezoid hasonlyone pairofparallelsides.
Square • Trapezium does not have any pair of parallel
sides.
• Rectangle,rhombus, andsquare arespecial types of
parallelograms.
GeneralFormulasfortheAreaofQuadrilaterals
Considerthequadrilateralbelow.
A
There are several useful formulas
a b fortheareaofaplanarconvexquadrilateral
e1𝜃
intermsofsidesa,b,c, andd, anddiagonal
D
e2 B lengthse1 ande2 . Amongthemarethe
d c following:
C
1
Formula1: 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝑒1
sin𝜃 , where𝜃 isthe angleformed betweene1 ande2 .
2 2
tan𝜃 , wherethefoursidesarelabeled
1
Formula2: 𝐴= 𝑎
𝑐
+𝑏
−𝑑suchthata 2 +c 2 >b 2 +d 2.
−
2222
4
1
Formula3: 𝑠 −𝑎 𝑠 −𝑏 𝑠 −𝑐 𝑠 −𝑑 −𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝐴+ ,
𝐴= 2
where s isthe semi-perimeterandangles A and C are anytwooppositeanglesof the

quadrilateral.
NotethatinFormulas1and2,sin𝜃 = sin(180° − 𝜃 )andtan𝜃 =tan(180° − 𝜃 . Thus, you can
choose the other angle formed by the two diagonals without affecting the area of the
quadrilateral.
PARALLELOGRAM
Aparallelogram isaquadrilateralinwhichtheoppositesidesareparallel. The figure
below illustrates an example of a parallelogram.
A B
h(height)
D C
b (base)
Parallelogramshavethefollowingimportantproperties:
1. Oppositesidesare equal.
2. Oppositeinterioranglesare congruent(e.g., 𝐴 ≅ 𝐶 ).
3. Adjacentanglesaresupplementary(e.g., 𝐴+ 𝐷 =180°).
4. Adiagonaldividestheparallelogramintotwocongruenttriangles(e.g.,
Δ𝐷 𝐴 𝐵 ≅Δ𝐷 𝐶 𝐵 ).
5. Thetwodiagonalsbisecteachother.
DiagonalsofaParallelogram
Ifsidesa andb ,andtheangle𝜃 aregiven,thenbytheCosineLaw,the diagonal may be
obtained by the equation:
𝑑 2=𝑎 2+𝑏 2−2𝑎 𝑏 cos𝜃
A B
a d
h a
h
𝜃 𝜃
D b C
Ifanytwopartsoftheparallelogramaregiven,therelationshipamonga,h, and
𝜃 maybeobtainedfromtherighttriangle.Usingtheotherangle180° −𝜃 ,the second diagonal
may be obtained by the same formula.
Perimeterofa Parallelogram
Oppositesidesofaparallelogramareequal.Thus,itsperimeterisgivenby
𝑃 =2𝑎 +2𝑏
AreaofaParallelogram
Theareaofaparallelogramcanbeobtainedbyanyofthefollowing formulas:
Formula 1:𝐴 =𝑏 ,
whereb isthelengthofthebase,andh istheheight.
Formula2: 𝐴 =𝑎 𝑏 sin𝜃
whereaandbarethe lengthsof the sidesofthe parallelogramandθisany interior
angle.
In problems involving area of a parallelogram, one will have to find the height
horthe angle θusingtherighttriangle containingthepartsa,h,andθ.Since a diagonal divides
the parallelogram into two congruent triangles, the area of the parallelogram is twice the
area of one of the two triangles. Thus, if two sides a andb,and anangleθaregiven,you
canobtaintheareausingSASformula.Theareaof
𝑎 𝑏 sin
1
theparallelogramisdeterminedby𝐴 =2 2
angle isanyinterioranglesince𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 𝜃 =𝑠 𝑖 𝑛180°−𝜃
=𝑎 𝑏 sin𝜃 .Notethetathe
RichardT.Eanhart
Kindsof Parallelogram
Thenextthreequadrilaterals thatwillbediscussed-rectangles,rhombuses, and
squares-are all special types of parallelograms. You can classify each shape depending on
the congruent sides and angles. Given a shape, you can work backwards to find out its
sides or angles. Coordinate geometry is an effective way to measure the angles and the
sides
RECTANGLE
Arectangle isessentiallyaparallelograminwhichtheinterioranglesare all right
angles. Since a rectangle is a parallelogram, all of the properties of a parallelogram also
hold for a rectangle. In addition to these properties, the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
However, the sides are not necessarily all equal.
A B
D b C
DiagonalsofaRectangle
A diagonal of a rectangle cuts the rectangle into two congruent right triangles. In
the figure on page 26, the diagonal AC divides the rectangle ABCD into congruent right
triangles ADC and ABC. Since the diagonal of the rectangle forms right triangles that
include the diagonal and two sides of the rectangle, one can always compute for the third
side with the use of the Pythagorean Theorem, if any two of these parts are given. Thus,
the diagonal d=AC may be determined using the equation
𝑑 =
𝑏 2+
PerimeterofaRectangle
Theperimeteristhesumofthe foursides.Thus,
𝑃 =2𝑏 +2 .
Areaofa Rectangle
Ifbisthe lengthofthe base andhisthe height, thenthe formula forthe area of a
rectangle is
A=bh
RichardT.Eanhart
SQUARE
Asquareisaspecialtypeofarectangleinwhichallthe sidesareequal.
Sinceallsidesandinterioranglesare equal,a square isclassifiedasaregular polygon of
four sides.
a d
DiagonalofaSquare
The stepsinfindingthediagonalofasquareissimilartothestepsused in
arectangle.Thus,𝑑 = 𝑎 2+𝑎 =𝑎 2,wherea isthe lengthofonesideof the
square.
𝑑 =𝑎 2
whereaisthe lengthofonesideofthesquare.
Notethat, ifthe lengthof the diagonalisgiven, onecanalwayscomputeforthe length of

the sides of the square using the same formula.
PerimeterofaSquare
Since all the sides of a square are equal, it is also possible to provide a
simpleformula fortheperimeterofthesquare. Thus,thesimplifiedform ofthe perimeter is
𝑃 =4𝑎
Areaofasquare
The formula forthearea of asquareisgivenby
𝐴
𝑎
2
=
.
RichardT.Eanhart
RHOMBUS
Arhombusisaparallelograminwhichallsidesareequal.
A rhombus may also be defined as an

d1 d2 equilateral parallelogram. The terms “rhomb”
h and “diamond” are sometimes used instead of
𝜃
rhombus. A rhombus with
aninteriorangleof45ᴼissometimescalled
b
alozenge.
TheDiagonalofaRhombus
Just like the square, the diagonals of a

𝜃 rhombus are perpendicular bisectors. Thus,
𝑑
h
the angles formed by the diagonals
𝜃 𝑑
measure90ᴼandthelengthofeachsideof
2
21
2 2
𝜃 𝑑𝑑
therhombusisgiven by𝑏 = 1 + 2
b
Also,thediagonalsoftherhombus areanglebisectorsofthevertices.By the Cosine
Law, the diagonals may be obtained in a similar manner like that of a parallelogram.
Thus,
𝑑𝑏 and 𝑑
2
=
2𝑏
2
1+𝑐 𝑜 𝑠
1−𝑐 𝑜 𝑠
22 2
=
2 1
Onecanalsoverify that the angleoppositethe shorterdiagonal d1,may beobtained by the

formula
𝑑 1
𝜃 = 𝑡
2 𝑎 𝑛;1
𝑑 2
.
whered2isthelongerdiagonalandθ istheangleoppositetheshorterdiagonal.
ThePerimeterofaRhombus
Ifbisthemeasure of onesideof a rhombus,thentheperimeterisgivenby

𝑃 =4𝑏 .
AreaofaRhombus
The areaofarhombusmaybe determined byanyofthefollowingways:
The areaisone-halfthe product of itstwodiagonals.

1
𝐴 = 𝑑 1𝑑 2
2
Notethatthisexpressionfollowsfrom Formula 1forthearea of
quadrilateral, whereθ=90ᴼ
Sincearhombus isaparallelogram,theareaisalsotheproductofthe base times
the height.
𝐴 =𝑏
The areaistwicethe area ofoneof the twocongruenttrianglesformed by one of its
diagonals. This is the same method used in finding the area of a parallelogram.
𝐴 =𝑏 2𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 𝜃
RichardT.Eanhart
TRAPEZOID
Atrapezoidisaquadrilateralwithone pairofparallelsides.
a
𝜃 𝜃
In the trapezoid shown above, the parallel sides a and b are called bases and h is the height
orthe perpendiculardistance betweenthe twobases.If the non-parallelsides are congruent,
the trapezoid is called anisosceles trapezoid. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are
also congruent. One can observe that the relationship among the sides, height, and base
angles of an isosceles trapezoid may be obtained from the right triangle formed by
constructing a line from one vertex perpendicular to the opposite side (lower base).
RichardT.Eanhart
Atrapezoidwhichcontainstworightanglesiscalledarighttrapezoid.The
trapezoidonthe rightisanexampleofaright trapezoid.
a
b-a
b
Areaofa Trapezoid
The areaof a trapezoidisequalto the productof the meanof thebases and the
height. In symbols, the area is given by the formula
𝐴
1
=
𝑎 +𝑏 h
.
2
Themedianofatrapezoid isthe linesegmentparallelto andmidwaybetweenthe

basesofthetrapezoid.Thus,𝑚 =𝑎 +𝑏 andA=mh .
2
TRAPEZIUM
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with no parallel sides. In finding the area of
atrapezium,youmay use anyofthe three formulas forthe area ofa quadrilateral.
Example8
Findtheareaandperimeterofasquarewhose diagonalis15unitslong.
a
Firstfindthe lengthofaside ofthe square
a
15 using the formula 𝑑 = 𝑎
2.Thus,themeasure of the side of the
square is
𝑎 =15
2
u n i
ts.
2
Therefore, the area isA=112.5 square units and the perimeter is 𝑃 = 30 2,or42.43
units.
RichardT.Eanhart
Example9
The sideofa square isxmeters.Themidpointsofitssidesarejoinedto form another
square whose area is 16 m2. Find the value of x and the area of the portion of the bigger
square that is outside the smaller square.
Solution:
Lety be the measure ofone sideofthe inscribedsquare.Sinceyouknow
thattheareaoftheinscribedsquareis𝑦 2,thevalueofyis4.IntriangleABC,
𝑥
𝑥 2 C
2
𝑥 2 2 𝑥
B
4 =( ) +( )
2 2 2
Whichyields x=4 2𝑚. A
Thedifferencebetweentheareasofthetwosquaresistheareacalculatedasfollows:
RequiredArea=32–16=16 𝑚 2
You can actually compute for the area by symmetry on the two figures
knowing that the area of the bigger square is twice the area of the smaller one which is
2(16)= 32. The difference of their areas would still be 16𝑚 2.
RichardT.Eanhart
Example10
IfABCD isa rhombus,AC =4,andADC isanequilateral triangle,whatis
the areaoftherhombus?
Solution:
IfADC isanequilateraltriangle,thethenlengthofasideoftherhombus is 4, and angle
ADC is 60°.
Thus,the area of the rhombusis
A B
𝐴 =2 𝐴 𝑟 𝑒 𝑎 𝑜 𝑓
=2 Δ𝐴4𝐷 4𝑠
𝐶 𝑖 𝑛
4
2
=8 3
≈13.86𝑠 𝑞 𝑢 𝑎 𝑟 𝑒 𝑢 𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑠
D C
Example11
Find the diagonal of the rectangle inscribed in the isosceles right triangle
showninthe figure ifthe uppertwovertices ofthe rectanglelieatthe midpointsof the two
legs of the triangle.
Solution:
IntriangleABC , B
𝐴 𝐵 =𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 45°
1
2 D E
AB =8.49m
SinceE isthemidpointofBC , A C
𝐴
𝐵 F G
BE = BD = EC = 2
=4.24m 12m
Hence,AD=BD =4.24m.
𝐴𝐶
11
=
D
E=12 =6𝑚 22
𝑙 𝑒 𝑛 𝑔 𝑡 𝑜 𝑓 𝑟
IntriangleEGC, 𝐸 𝐺 =𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 45°,whichgives
4
.
24
EG =3m(heightofrectangle)
Hence,thediagonaloftherectangleis
DG = 62+32 =6.71m
RichardT.Eanhart
Example12
Findthearea andthe perimeterofthe righttrapezoidshowninthefigure.
8
60°
11
Solution:
To find the area, draw the height of the trapezoidsuch that a right triangle
isformed asshowninthe figure below.The lengthofthe base andtheheightof this triangle
are 3 andh, respectively, where:
h= 3 tan60°=5.2units
andz= 3 =6 𝑢 𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑠 8
c
o
s
6
0°
Thus,theareaand theperimeter
ofthe trapezoidare: h z
1 h
𝐴 =1
𝑎 +𝑏 = 8+11 5.2
2 2
=49.4𝑠 𝑞 𝑢 𝑎 𝑟 𝑒 60°
𝑢 𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑠 8 3
dingthe3DSpace
P=sum ofall sides
P= 8 +11+5.2 +6= 30.2 units
RichardT.Eanhart
Example13
Avacant lot hastheshapeofatrapeziumwithsides8m,12m,18m,and
20m.If thesumoftheoppositeanglesis230°,findtheareaofthelot.
Solution: 8
12
Referringtothe figuretothe right,
𝜃1+𝜃 2 230°
= 115° 𝜃
compute: = 2
𝜃1
2
The semi-perimeteris 18
𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 8+12+18+20 20
𝑠 = = =29.
𝑑
+ 2
2
Therefore,the area of the trapezium is
𝐴= 𝑠 −𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑠
𝑐
−𝑠𝑑
𝑎
−
−𝑑
𝑐
𝑏𝑐
𝑜)
2
= 29−8 29−12 29−18 29−20 − 8(12)(18)(20)𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 2[115°]
=170.8𝑚 2
Example14
Ifthesidesoftheparallelogramandanincludedangleare8m,12m,and 120°,
respectively. Find the length of the shorter diagonal and the area of the parallelogram.
Solution:
B C
Inthefigureshownontheright,
𝜃 =180°−120°=60°.
ByCosinelaw, 8 d h
𝑑 8 12 𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 60°
2 2 2
= 8+ 12 − 2
𝑑 =4 7m 120°
𝜃 𝜃
IntriangleCDE, ℎ =𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 60°𝑜 𝑟 A D E
8
=4 3
≈6.93𝑚
Therefore,the area of the parallelogramis
𝐴 =𝑏
=124 3
=48 3
≈83.14𝑚 2
Alternative Solution:
𝐴 =2 𝑎 𝑟 𝑒 𝑎 𝑜 𝑓 𝑡 𝑟 𝑖
𝐴 =2
1
8 12 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 60°=48 3𝑚 2
2
RichardT.Eanhart
Example15
Verifytheareaoftheparallelograminexample14usingthethreegeneralformulasfortheareaof
quadrilaterals.
Solution:
Referringtothepreviousexample,obtainthefollowingresults:
𝑑 1= 𝐵 𝐷 = 4 7
𝑑 2=𝐴 𝐶 = 82+122−28 12𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 =4 19
ByCosineLaw,
82 4
7
=
(
)2
+
(4
1
9
2
−
)24
74
1
9𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 ∅
22 22
∅=64.31°
where 𝑑 1and𝑑 2arethe two diagonals,andtheacute angle∅ isthe includedanglebetweenthesetwo diagonals.
Formula1: Theareaoftheparallelogramis
𝐴 𝑑 𝑑 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∅ 419 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 64.31°
1 1
= 1 2 =
47
2 2
=83.14𝑚 2
Formula2: Witha=c=12andb=d=8,then
𝐴 =1
𝑎
2
+ 𝑐
2
−𝑏
2
−𝑑 |𝑡 𝑎 𝑛 ∅|
2
4
1 2|tan64.31°|
= 12
2
+
2
−
1
2
2
8− 8
4
=83.14𝑚 2
Formula3: Withsemi-perimeters=20,obtain:
𝐴= (20−8)2(20−12)2−(82)(122)𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 2[160°+60°]
2
=83.14𝑚
2
RichardT.Eanhart
Example16
Atrapezoidhasanareaof144𝑚 2andaltitudeof4m.Itstwobaseshavea
ratioof4:5.Whatarethelengthsofthebasesinmeters?Whatistheperimeterof
thetrapezoid? a Q
Solution:
c c
Theareaofthetrapezoidis:
1 h=4
1 44=
2
𝑎 +𝑏 4 (E1)
𝑎 4
Thesidesratioi
s: = R
5𝑏5 x S
𝑏 =4
𝑎
(
E2
)
Substituting(E2)into(E1),𝑎 =32𝑚 ;𝑎 𝑛 𝑑 𝑓 𝑟 𝑜 𝑚 𝐸 ,𝑏 =40.

Now,todeterminetheperimeter,youonlyneedtoknowthelengthofc ,In
𝑏 𝑎
t
r
i
a
nQ
R
g
l
e S𝑥
, = ;
=4
2
Thus,theperimeteris
ByPythagoreanTheorem, 𝑃 =40+32+2 4 2
𝑐 = 2+𝑥 2
=83.31𝑚
= 42+42
=4 2
RichardT.Eanhart
Example17
The area ofarhombus is 143𝑚 2. Ifthe longerdiagonal is26m, find theangle opposite the shorter
diagonal and the length of one side of the rhombus.
Solution:
Inthefigureshown,youcancomputeforthelengthoftheshorterdiagonalbasedon
theareaoftherhombus.Thus,solveasfollows: 𝜃
𝐴
𝑑
1
=
1𝑑 x 𝑑
𝑑
2
𝑑
1
14
2 13= 26
2
𝑑 1=11𝑚 x
Sincethediagonal ofarhombus areperpendicular bisectors, thefourtrianglesformed by these
diagonals are congruent right triangles.
Thus,inoneofthesetriangles,youcangetthelengthofsidex andtheinteriorangle𝜃
asshowbelow.
𝜃 𝑑 1
tan =
𝑑
2
𝑑
𝜃
𝑡
𝑎𝑛
;
11
=
2
𝑑
2
=45.86°
ThelengthofsidexmaybecomputedusingthePythagoreanTheorem.
11 26
(𝑑 2
12 𝑑 22
𝑥 = ) +( ) =2 =14.12 m
)2+( )2 2
( 2
RichardT.Eanhart
EXERCISES
1. The diagonalofarectangleis25meterslongandmakesanangleof36°withone
sideofthe rectangle.Findtheareaandthe perimeteroftheparallelogram.
2. Determine the area ofa rectanglewhosediagonalis24cmandthe anglebetween the
diagonals is 60°.
3. A side of a square is 16 inches. The midpoints of its sides are joined to form an
inscribedsquare. Anothersquareisdrawn insucha waythat itsverticeswould lie also
at the midpoints of the sides of the second square. This process is continued
infinitely. Find the sum of the areas of these infinite squares.
4. Arectangleandsquare have the samearea. Ifthe lengthof theside ofthe square is 6
units and the longest side of the rectangle is 5 more than the measure of the shorter
side, find the dimensions of the rectangle.
5. Determine the sidesofthe rectangleiftheyare inthe ratio of2isto5,andits area is
equal to 90cm2.
6. Findtheheightof aparallelogram withsides10and20incheslong,andan included
angle of 35°. Also, calculate the area of the figure.
7. Acertaincityblockisinthe formof aparallelogram.Twoof itssidesmeasure 32 ft. and
41ft. If the area of the land in the block is 656ft.2,what is the length of its longer
diagonal?
8. The areaof an isoscelestrapezoidis246m2.Ifthe height andthe lengthof oneof its
congruent sides measure 6m and 10m, respectively, find the lengths of the two bases.
RichardT.Eanhart
9. An isosceles trapezoid has an area of 40m2and an altitude of 2m. Its two bases have
aratio of 2isto 3.What are the lengthsof the basesand one diagonalof the trapezoid?
10. A piece of wire of length 52m is cut into two parts. Each part is when bent to forma
square. Itisfoundthat combinedareaof the twosquare is109m2. Find the measures of
the sides of the two squares.
11. Arhombus hasdiagonalsof 32and20inches.Findthearea andtheangle opposite
the longer diagonal.
12. Ifyoudouble the lengthofthe side ofa square, byhow muchdo youincreasethe area of
that square?
13. Ifthe diagonallengthof asquare istripled,howmuch isthe increaseinthe perimeter
of that square?
14. Ifthe lengthandwidthof arectangleare doubled,bywhatfactoristhelengthof
itsdiagonalmultiplied?
15. The areaof the rhombus is156m2. Ifitsshorterdiagonal is13m, findthelength of the
longer diagonal.
16. Agardenplotistocontain240sq.ft.If itslengthistobe threetime itswidth,
whatshould itsdimensionbe?
17. The altitudeBE of parallelogramABCD divides the sideAD intosegmentsinthe ratio 1:3.
Find the area of the parallelogram if the length of its shorter sideAB is 14cm, and one
of its interior angle measures 60°.
RichardT.Eanhart
18. The official ball diamond is in the form of a square. The distance between the home
base andthe secondbase ina baseballisusually35m.Findthearea and the distances
between the bases.
19. The vertical end of a trough, which is in the form of a trapezoid, has the
followingdimensions:widthatthetop is1.65m,widthatthebottomis1.15m, and depth
is 1.35m. Find the area of this section of the trough.
20.Apieceofwireisshapedtoencloseanequilateraltriangleinwhichtheareais
16 3 cm2. It isthen reshaped toenclosearectangle whose lengthis9cm.Find
the areaoftherectangle.
21. A square sectionABCD has one of its sides equal to x. PointE is inside the
squareforminganequilateraltriangleBEC withone sideequalinlengthtothe side of the
square. Find angle AED.
22.ArectangleABCDwhichmeasures 9ft., isfoldedonceperpendicularto diagonal AC such
that the opposite vertices A and C coincide. Find the length of the fold.
23.Aquadrilateral containstwo sidesmeasuring12cmeachandanincludedright angle. If
the measure of the third side is 8 cm and the angle opposite the right side angle is
120°, find the measure of the fourth side and the area of the quadrilateral.
24. The fouranglesof a trapeziumhave the sameconstantdifferencebetweenthem. If the
smallest angle is 75°, find the measure of the second largest angle.
RichardT.Eanhart
25. The distancebetweenthe centerofsymmetryof a parallelogramand itslonger side is
equal to 12 cm. The area of the parallelogram is 720 cm2, and its perimeter is 140 cm.
Determine the length of the longer diagonal of the parallelogram.
26. Findthearea ofthe rhombus inwhichonesidemeasures 10cmanda diagonal measures
12 cm.
27. The lengthsof the parallelsidesof anisoscelestrapezoidare 8in.and16in.,
respectively. If the diagonal bisects the base angle, what is the area of the
trapezoid?
28. The perimeterof anisoscelestrapezoidis62cm.Ifthree sidesare equal in length
and the fourth side is 10 cm longer, find the area of the trapezoid.
29. The longer diagonal of a parallelogram measures 62 cm and makes an angle of
30°withthe base.Findthearea ofthe parallelogramifthe diagonalsintersectat
anangleof70°.Hind:usetheformula𝐴 =1𝑑 1𝑑 2𝑠 𝑖 2 𝑛 𝜃 ,where𝜃 istheincluded
anglebetweendiagonalsd1andd2.
30.Adiagonalof anisoscelestrapezoid measures20in. andmakesanangle of30°
withthe base.Ifoneof the congruentsidesmeasures 15in.,findthearea of the trapezoid.
ChapterTest
I. CompletionofStatements
1. Ifthree sidesof onetriangleare equal respectivelyto three sidesof another, the
triangles are said to be .
2. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are .
3. If the median of a triangle is also the altitude, the triangle is .
4. In a right triangle, the side oppositethe right angle is called .
5. The of atriangleisthe lineconnectinga vertex and the midpoint of
the opposite side of the triangle.
6. The sum of the three angles inany triangle is .
7. A triangle is ifithas twocongruent altitudes.
8. A regular polygon of three sidesis called a/an .
9. A regular polygon of four sides is called a/an .
10. The sum of the measures of the angles ina quadrilateralin .
11. A trapezoid is said to be a/an .Iftwoofitsanglesmeasure90°.
12. The intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle is called .
13. In an isosceles triangle, the islocatedone-thirdof itsaltitude
fromthe base.
14. In naming of polygons, the word “kai” means .
15. A quadrilateralwith no parallel sides is called .
II. True-FalseStatements
1.Alineperpendiculartoanotherlinealsobisectsthe line.
2.Anequilateral triangleisalsoequiangular
3.Thealtitude ofatrianglealwayspassesthroughthe midpointofaside.
4.Inanisoscelestriangle,mediantothebaseisperpendicularto thebase.
5.The bisectorofanangleofa trianglebisectsthe sideoppositeof aside.
6.Thealtitude ofatriangleintersectsthemidpointofaside.
7.Thebisectorsoftwoanglesofa triangleareperpendiculartoeach other.
8.In an equilateral triangle,the altitude isa perpendicularbisectorofthe base.
9.Inanequilateraltriangle,thebaseanglesarecongruent.
10.Inanisoscelestriangle,allthreeanglesareacute.
11.Ifthetwodiagonalsofaquadrilateralareperpendicular,the
quadrilateralisa parallelogram.
12.Aparallelogramisarectangle.
13.Asquareisarectangle.
14.Anisoscelestrapezoidhastwo congruentsides.
15.Thetwodiagonalsofarhombusbisectseachother atrightangles.
RichardT.Eanhart
III.Place acheckmarkunderthename ofeachfigurethat satisfiesthe given
property.
Property Parallelogr am Rectangle Square Rhombus Trapezoid
AllSidesare
congruent
Both pairs of
oppositesides
are parallel
Both pairs of
oppositesides
arecongruent
Diagonalsare
congruent
Diagonals
bisecteach
other
Diagonals are
perpendicular

Solid Mensuration Understanding The 3d Space Richard T Earnhart

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Solid Mensuration Understanding The 3d Space Richard T Earnhart

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SOLID MENSURATION:

SolidMensuration:U nderstaRnicdhina gr dthTe. 3

1. Theratio of anytwocorrespondingsidesofsimilarpolygonsare equal.

3. The ratio of the perimetersof similarpolygonsisequal tothe ratio of anyof any

Aregular polygon of n sides can be subdivided into n congruent isosceles

Tofind aperimeterofa polygon,add the lengthsof the sidesofthe polygon. Since

Wheren isthenumber ofsidesands isthelengthofeachside.

Ineachisoscelestriangle,the measure of the baseanglescanbe denotedby Φ,and each

Sincethe numberof sidesequalsthe number ofinteriorangles,thenthe sumof interior angles is

Area istheamount oftwodimensionalspace thataplanefigureoccupies. To

Theformulaforareaofaregularpolygoncanbeexpressedintermsofitsnumber of sides and the

1. Usethe diagrambelowto answerquestions(a)to(d)

a) Isthe polygonconvex orconcave?

a) Isthe polygonconvex orconcave?

Themostfundamental subset of polygons is the set of triangles.Although triangles are

1. Equilateral– atrianglewiththreecongruentsidesandthreecongruent angles. Each angle

Equilateral Isosceles Scalene

1. Orthocenter –The orthocenter is not always in the interior of the triangle. In an

Consideranarbitrary trianglewithsidesa,b, andc,andanglesA,B,andC/Let hc, mcand Icbe the

10. The altitude h to the hypotenuse c of a right

Tosolve forthe area of a trianglegiventhe measures of twosidesandan included

The areaof a triangleisone-half the productof anytwosidesand the sine of

Hence,BD +EC =10 +38=48in.

𝑎 2=𝑏 2+𝑐 2−2𝑏 𝑐 cos𝐴 A

units, find the altitude of the smaller triangle.

18. IfΔ𝐴1 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐶 isequilateral,

A quadrilateral , also known as tetragon or quadrangle, is a general term for a

The commonpartsofaquadrilateral are describedas follows:

Parallelogram Trapezoid Trapezium

Rectangle Rhombus ClassificationsofQuadrilaterals

where s isthe semi-perimeterandangles A and C are anytwooppositeanglesof the

𝑑 2=𝑎 2+𝑏 2−2𝑎 𝑏 cos𝜃

Notethat, ifthe lengthof the diagonalisgiven, onecanalwayscomputeforthe length of

The formula forthearea of asquareisgivenby

A rhombus may also be defined as an

Just like the square, the diagonals of a

Onecanalsoverify that the angleoppositethe shorterdiagonal d1,may beobtained by the

Ifbisthemeasure of onesideof a rhombus,thentheperimeterisgivenby

The areaofarhombusmaybe determined byanyofthefollowingways:

The areaisone-halfthe product of itstwodiagonals.

Themedianofatrapezoid isthe linesegmentparallelto andmidwaybetweenthe

Therefore,the area of the trapezium is

= 29−8 29−12 29−18 29−20 − 8(12)(18)(20)𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 2[115°]

Substituting(E2)into(E1),𝑎 =32𝑚 ;𝑎 𝑛 𝑑 𝑓 𝑟 𝑜 𝑚 𝐸 ,𝑏 =40.

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