Lesson 1: Patterns, Regularities, Designs and Numbers in Nature and the World

Reference: Exploring the Basics of Mathematics in the Modern World (USJ-R Worktext - page 5 – 22)

Fibonacci sequence is a set of numbers that starts with a one or zero, followed by a number based on the rule that each
number is equal to the sum of the preceding two numbers (the next number is can be determined by adding up the two
numbers before it) Ex. 1 + 1 = 2; 1 + 2 = 3, 2+3=5 … the sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 …

Fractal Geometry is a non-regular geometric shape that has the same degree of non-regularity on all scales. It is also
known as the infinite/ never-ending complex patterns. Ex. snowflakes pattern

Golden Ratio (golden mean/ golden section/ divine proportion) – taking the ratio of distances in simple geometric
figures. It also refers to the two quantities has the same ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The
relationship of the Fibonacci sequence to the golden ratio is this: The ratio of each successive pair of numbers in the
sequence approximates Phi (1.618…)
- Example: 1. number of petals in a flower is often one of the following Fibonacci sequence numbers: 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34 or 55.

Geometric Transformation
- A transformation is a process which shifts points of the plane to possibly new locations on the plane.
o Translation – is when slide a figure in any direction
o Rotation – is when we rotate a figure in a certain degree around a fixed point
o Reflection – is when we flip a figure over a line
o Dilation – is when we enlarge or reduce a figure

Lesson 2: Mathematical Symbols and Language

Reference: Reference: Exploring the Basics of Mathematics in the Modern World (USJ-R Worktext - page 24 – 32)

A. Verbal expression into math expression and vice versa

Math expression – is a mathematical phrase that contains numbers, variables and operators

Example:
- If the length is 3 meters and the width is 2 meters, what is the area?
- A=LxW
- A = 3 x 2 = 6 meters2
A, L and W are the variables. It is any letter that represents an unknown number.

Algebraic expression – a mathematical expression that contains one or more number or variable and one or more
arithmetic operations (ex. x – 3, 3 . 2n; 4/m + 1)

Phrase or terms used in arithmetic operations

- Addition = sum, increase, plus, add, more than, total
- Subtraction = difference, decrease, minus, subtract, less than
- Multiplication = product, times, multiplied
- Division = quotient, divided, ratio

Example
- m increase by 5 m+5
- 7 time the product of x and t 7xt or 7 (x)(t) or 7.x.t
- 11 less than 4 times a number 4n – 11
- The quotient of a number and 12 x / 12
In a mathematical expression 103 , 10 is the called the base and 3 is called the exponent or power
- This means 103 = 10 . 10 . 10. = 1000

Example
- Two to the first power 21
- Two to the second power or two squared 22
- Two to the third power or two cubed 23
- Two times the n to the seventh power 2n7

Equalities and Inequalities

Equalities – if the two quantities are the same, equal, congruent (same size and shape), similar (same shape)
Ex. 2 + 3 = 5 4 + 2(3) = 10 x – 4 = 13 11 = 3 + 2m

Inequalities – if the two quantities are less than, or greater than, approximate equal to, not equal
Ex. 9 – 5 > 3 6y – 4 < 8

Translate English words, phrases, and sentences into mathematical symbols, expressions, and equations respectively

Words, phrases and Mathematical symbol, Words, phrases and Mathematical symbol,
sentence expression equations sentence expression equations
5 plus x 5+x 5 minus x 5–x
Add 5 and x 5+x 5 less x 5–x
The sum of 5 and x 5+x The difference of 5 and x 5–x
5 increased by x 5+x 5 less than x X–5
5 more than x X+5 5 subtracted from x X–5
5 is more than x 5>x 5 less than x 5<x

Examples
1. Eight less than twice the sum of four and y is the same as 19 2(4 + y) – 8 = 19
2. Six more than x is more than twice the difference of x and 7 x + 6 > 2 (x – 7)

B. Sets and Elements

Sets is a collection of objects

Elements is the objects that belong to the set (symbol ∈ is an element of ∉ not an element of)

Example: The set of even counting numbers less than ten { 2, 4, 6, 8}

Set Builder Notation: {x|x is an even counting number less than 10}

Example 2 ∈ {1, 2, 5, 9, 13}

-5 ∉ {5, 10, 15}

Empty set is a set that contains no elements. It is also known as the Null set. Symbol Ø { }

Sets of Number and Cardinality

- Cardinal Number or cardinality is the number of distinct elements in a set

Notation
n (A) : n of A; represents the cardinal number of a set
Example K = { 2, 4, 8, 16} n(K) = 4
R = { 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 5} n(R) = 5

Finite and Infinite Sets

- Finite set is the number of elements in a set are countable { 2, 4, 8, 16}
- Infinite set is the number of elements in a set are not countable { 1 , 2, 3 … }

Equality of Sets
- Set A is equal to set B if the following conditions are met
o Every element of A is an element of B
o Every element of B is an element of A
Example
A = { -4, 3 , 2, 5} Set A is not equal to Set B
B = { -4, 0, 3, 2, 5)

A = {11, 12, 13 …} Set A is equal to Set B

B = { x|x is a natural number greater than 10}

Universal Set is the set that contains every object of interest in the universe.

Complement of a set is a set of objects of the universal set that are not an element of a set inside the universal set
Notation: A’

Venn Diagram: A rectangle represents the universal set and circles represent a sets of interest within the universal set

A’

Subset of a set: Set A is a subset of B is every elements of A is an element of B Notation AB if not AB
Example:
{3, 4, 5, 6}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 8} {1, 2, 6}  {2, 4, 6, 8}

Set equality: Given A and B are sets, then A = B if A  B and B  A

Example: {1, 2, 6} = {1, 2, 6} {5, 6, 7, 8} ≠ {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Proper subset of a set: A set is a proper subset of a set B if AB and A  B Notation AB
The empty set Ø is a subset and a proper subset of every set except itself.

Number of subsets
- The number of subsets of a set with n element is 2 n
o Ex. Subset of {1, 2} = 22 = 4 Subsets: {1} {2} { 1,2} Ø

Number of Proper subsets

- The number of proper subsets of a set with n element is 2 n – 1
 o Ex. Proper subsets of {1,2} = 22 – 1 = 3 proper subsets: {1} {2} Ø

Intersection of Sets
- The intersection of a sets A and B is the set of elements common to both A and B
Notation A  B = {x | x  A and x  B}
Example
{1, 2, 5, 9, 13}  {2, 4, 6, 9} {2 , 9}
{a, c, d, g}  {l, m, n, o} Ø
{4, 6, 7, 19, 23}  {7, 8, 19, 20, 23, 24} {7, 19, 23}

Union of Sets
- The union of sets A and B is the set of all elements belonging to each set
Notation A  B = {x | x  A or x  B}
Example
{1, 2, 5, 9, 13}  {2, 4, 6, 9} {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13}
{a, c, d, g}  {l, m, n, o} {a, c, d, g, l, m, n, o}
{4, 6, 7, 19, 23}  {7, 8, 19, 20, 23, 24} {4, 6, 7, 8, 19, 20, 23, 24}

Difference of Sets
- The difference of sets A and B is the set of all elements belonging set A and not to Set B
Notation: A – B = {x | x  A and x  B}

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,) B = {2, 3, 6} A – B = { 1, 4, 5} Note A – B  B – A

Ordered pairs
- In the ordered pair (a,b), a is the first component and b is the second component. In general , (a, b)  (b, a)

Cartesian Product of Sets

- Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product represents the set of all ordered pairs from the elements of both sets.
A  B = {(a, b) | a  A and b  B}
Example:
Find each set. A = {1, 5, 9} B= {6,7} A x B = { 1,6} {1,7} {5,6} {5,7} {9,6} {9,7]

C. Points, Lines, Planes and Angles

Figure Name Symbol

Point has no magnitude A Pont A
and no size
Line has no thickness and
 no width and it extends Line AB or BA
indefinitely in two A B
directions.
Line segment includes two Segment AB or BA
endpoints
Half Line AB

Half Line BA

Ray is a half-line including Ray AB

an initial point
Ray BA

Parallel lines lie in the same

plane and never meet

Intersecting lines

Skew lines

Angles are measured by the amount of rotation in degrees

Name and Definition Figure Name

Between OO and 90O Acute angle

90O Right angle

Greater than 90O but less Obtuse angle

than 180O

180O Straight angle

Vertical angles
When two lines intersect to form right
angles they are called perpendicular

Vertical angle are formed when two lines

intersect

Vertical angles have equal measurement

Complementary Angles Supplementary Angles

If the sum of the measures If the sum of the measures
of two acute angles is 90°, of two angles is 180°, the
the angles are said to be angles are said to be
complementary supplementary

Each is called the Each is called the

complement of the other. supplement of the other.