Certificate Acknowledgement Introduction Types of colligative properties Elevation in boiling point Experiment e Aim e Materials required e Observation e Result e Discussion and sources of error e BibliographyCERTIFICATE This is to Certify that Jatindra Nath Kumbhar of Class 12 - A, Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2, Balangir has successfully completed the Project on the topic ‘Elevation in Boiling Point’ under the guidance of Mr. G.D. Rana Sir during the session 2022-23 Internal Examiner External Examiner PrincipalACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the CBSE, for providing me the opportunity to carry out the investigatory project. I also take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher Mr. G.D. Rana Sir for guiding me and improving a sound base of knowledge pertaining to this project which ensures the successful completion of this project. I wish to express my great thank’ to my principal Mr. R.K. Panigrahi Sir who helped me to accomplish this project by providing me all necessary facilities and support.Introduction All the properties depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to the number of particles present in the solution. Such properties are called Colligative Properties. It means that two solutions having different components but same mole fraction of solute can have identical colligative properties. Types of colligative properties Relative lowering in vapor pressure Elevation in boiling point Depression in freezing point Osmotic propertiesATothe boiling elevation, is defined AS To (solution) - Th (pure solvent) It depends upon the number of moles of the added non-volatile solute. Fordilutesolutions the elevation ofboiling point (AT») is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute in the solution. ATbam Or ATo= Ke ¥ m ‘m’ is molality of the solute (no. of moles of the solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent). K» = Ebullioscopic constant or molal elevation constant, which depends on the solvent. Unit of Kois K kg\mol If We gram of solute of the molar mass Mzis dissolved in W: gram of solvent, then molality, m of the solution is given by the expression: m= (Wa\Mz) + (W:\1000) = (1000% We) + (Me\ W:)Elevation in boiling point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the external pressure is called the boiling point. The vapor pressure of the solution decreases upon addition of non-volatile salute, according to Raoult’s law. Hence boiling point of the solution increases. The increase in boiling point of a liquid when a nonvolatile solute is added in it is called boiling point elevation. The vapor pressure of a liquid increases with the temperature. The boiling point of a solution is always higher than that of the pure solvent in which the solution is prepared. Similarly, to the lowering vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point also depends on the number of the solute molecules rather than their nature. Botting point of Solvent solutionAIM: To study the effects of various solutes on the elevation of boiling point. Materials Required: 1.Bunsen Burner 2. Tripod Stand 3.Wire Mesh 4.250mL Flask 5.Glass Stirrer 6.Beckmann’s Thermometer 7.Solutes Under Investigation 8.Tap water Procedure:1.Set up the apparatus using a 250mL beaker containing 200mL of the experimental solution. 2.Put the beaker on the tripod stand with a wire mesh and use the Bunsen Burner to heat the solution. 3.A celestial thermometer calibrated up to 110 degree Celsius is immersed in the solution in the beaker with the help of a clamp stand. 4. The initial temperature taken before starting the experiment was considered as the room temperature. . . 5.At first find the boiling point of the tap water. This temperature is taken as the standard boiling point of the solution. 6.Now, prepare three different concentrations of glucose and boil 250mL of each one by one in the beaker. 7.Take the readings of the temperatures after every 20 seconds. 8.After 90 seconds, take the readings after every 10 seconds in order to easily find out the concurrent result.Observation table: The boiling point of tap water as solvent is found to be 99.3°C. Least count of thermometer is = 0.1°C Table for elevation in boiling point: Mass _ | Molal Measured | Elevation of | of concentration(mole\kg)| temperature |B.P from solute of B.P (0°C) |Experiment | (grams) : (a°C) Glucose | 0.125 0.1 0.250 1.3 0.500 1.8 1.000 1.9 Result: On increasing the concentration, the boiling point of glucose increases.ATo= (Ko 1000xW2)+(M2xW1) Me= (1000 xWexK»)+(ATs *W1) atven, 2 Stlventenciecate Pa © Setzemtsede @ w ~ RT? M/ AH, i bip.= Tht KomsDiscussion and Sources of Error Due to non-availability of distilled water, tap water was used. Moreover, due to prolonged heating, some of the solution evaporated bringing a change in the actual concentrations. So, it can be suggested that increases in the boiling point is dependent only on the number of moles of solute. The difference between theoretical predictions and experimentally found values can be attributed to experimental errors as experiment was not conducted i in controlled laboratory conditions. It is proved that when a non-volatile solute is added to volatile solvent, the boiling point of the solvent increases. Also, this increase in boiling point is not dependent on the nature of the solute but depends only on the number is moles of the solute. Thus, this elevation in boiling point is a colligative property.Bibliography U Chemistry textbook for class XII, part-1, NCERT O Chemistry Laboratory Manual for class XII, NCERT 0 www.wikipedia.org