SS 536-2008

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SS 536 : 2008
(ICS 53.020.20)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for the safe use of mobile

cranes
(Formerly CP 37)
Published by
SS 536 : 2008
(ICS 53.020.20)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for the safe use of mobile cranes
ISBN 981-4154-63-6
SS 536 : 2008
This Singapore Standard having been approved by the General Engineering and Safety Standards
Committee on behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 25 January 2008.
First published, 1987

First revision, 2000
Second revision, 2008.
The General Engineering and Safety Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council
consists of the following members:
Name Capacity
Chairman : Mr Chan Yew Kwong Member, Standards Council
Secretary : Mr Han Kin Sew SPRING Singapore
Members : Mr Joseph Ang Association of Small and Medium Enterprises
Dr Kenneth Choy Occupational Medicine Branch, Ministry of Manpower
Assoc Prof Foo Swee Cheng National University of Singapore
Assoc Prof Hoon Kay Hiang Nanyang Technological University
Mr Lim Poo Yam Land Transport Authority
Mr Lim Tee Yoke Building and Construction Authority
Mr Ng Chun Tat Housing & Development Board
Mr P K Raveendran Association of Singapore Marine Industries
Mr Seet Choh San Singapore Institution of Safety Officers
Mr Jacob Soh Chong Seng Society of Loss Prevention In the Oil, Chemical &
Process Industries (Singapore)
Mr Tan Liong Kiat Institution of Engineers Singapore
Mr Wong Choon Kin Singapore Manufacturers’ Federation
Mr Eugene Yong Kon Yoon Singapore Contractors Association Limited
The Technical Committee on Safety of Machinery appointed by the General Engineering and Safety
Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives
from the following organisations:
Name Capacity
Chairman : Mr Cheah It Cheng Member, General Engineering and Standards Committee
Secretary : Ms Christina Choong SPRING Singapore
Members : Mr Ang Ban Gee Association for Singapore Marine Industries
Mr Colin Koh Kok Lin Singapore Industrial Automation Association
Mr Lau Huat Poh Singapore Contractors Association Ltd.
Dr Lin Wei Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology
Mr Ong Eng Chan Singapore Polytechnic
Er. Roland Tan Juay Pah Institution of Engineers Singapore
Mr Steven Teo Kim Chen Singapore Manufacturers’ Federation
Mr Edwin Yap Singapore Institution of Safety Officers
Mr Yeong Chark Sung Ministry of Manpower
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Co-opted
Members : Mr Robert Lee Individual Capacity
Mr Tan Hiok Pheng Individual Capacity
Er. Leslie Tay Cheow Khoon Individual Capacity
The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in the preparation of this
standard comprises the following experts who contribute in their individual capacity:
Name
Convenor : Er. Leslie Tay Cheow Khoon
Members : Mr Abdul Samad Abdul Kader
Mr Hanafi Haris
Mr Mohamad Japa Bin Rusdi
Er. Katherine Ng Lee Shian
Er. Ng Ming Chen
Er. Tan Geok Leng
Mr Tan Jway Kwee
Mr Richard Tan Yong Huat
Mr Thng Kian Tong
Mr Paul Yap Yong Peng
The organisations in which the experts of the Working Group are involved are:
Building and Construction Authority

Housing & Development Board
Jacobs Engineering Singapore Pte Ltd
Keppel Shipyard Ltd (Benoi)
Land Transport Authority
Leslie Tay & Associates
Ministry of Manpower
Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Singapore Crane Association
Singapore Institution of Safety Officers
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Contents
Page
Foreword 7
CLAUSES
1 Scope and normative references 8

2 Definitions 9
3 Structural 13
4 Mechanical 16
5 Electrical equipment 25
6 Hydraulic equipment 26
7 Pneumatic equipment 27
8 Load capacity, strength and stability 28
9 Safety in mobile crane operation 32
10 Stability of mobile cranes at site 41
11 Inspection 47
12 Maintenance and repair 54
13 Crane logs 57
ANNEXES
A Types of mobile cranes 58

B Tipping line of mobile cranes 59
C Commissioning and acceptance testing of mobile cranes 61
D Recommended crane signals 68
E Example of certificate of test / Thorough visual examination of lifting equipment (LE) 69
F Factor of safety for foundation areas 70
G Example of standard daily checklist 72
H Discard criteria for wire ropes 74
I Example of a standard checklist for inspection and testing of mobile cranes 78
TABLES
1 Safety factor for general purpose wire ropes 16

2 Minimum ratio of the pitch diameter to the nominal diameter of the rope (drum) 17
3 Minimum groove radii for rope drums and pulleys 17
4 Minimum rope clearances for drum grooves 18
5 Minimum ratio of the pitch diameter to the nominal diameter of the rope (sheave) 19
6 Permissible exposure limits for noise 24
7 Stability criteria I 30
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Page
8 Stability criteria II 30
9 SPT for granular soils (sands and gravels) 42
10 SPT for cohesive soils (clays and silts) 42
11 Minimum number of wire rope clips to be used 56
12 Test configurations for telescopic jib arrangements 62
13 Test configurations for strut jib arrangements 62
14 Test configurations for mast/tower and jib arrangements 63
FIGURES
1 Basic terminology and functions of typical mobile cranes 14

2 Crawler-mounted cranes 15
3 Wheel-mounted cranes 32
4 Safe distance D from a slope with depth H 45
5 Safe distance D from a retaining wall with height of soil retained H 46
6 Safe distance D from a nearby building with basement with height of soil retained H 46
7 Cranes on wheels (tyres) 59
8 Crane on wheels (tyres) without suspension or with the suspension locked 59
9 Crane on wheels with the suspension unlocked 60
10 Cranes on riggers 60
11 Cranes on crawlers 60
12 Elevation of typical jib configuration 64
13 Outrigger foundation areas on granular soils 70
14 Outrigger foundation areas on cohesive soils 70
15 Severe crushing – the individual wires are distorted and displaced from their
normal position. Usually this is cased by rope scrubbing on itself 75
16 Flattened portion due to local crushing, creating imbalance in the strands and
associated with broken wires 75
17 Flattened portion of multi-strand rope caused by miscoiling on a drum 75
18 A bird cage 76
19 A kinked rope 76
20 Local increase in diameter of a Langs lay wire rope caused by distortion of the
steel core resulting from shock loading 77
21 Local increase in rope diameter, due to the protrusion of the fibre core, in a
degraded condition between the outer strands 77
22 Excessive clearance between strands 77
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Foreword
This Code of Practice was revised by the Technical Committee on Safety of Machinery under the
purview of the General Engineering and Safety Standards Committee. It is a revision of CP 37 : 2000
which has been re-numbered as SS 536.
In the first revision, a section on stability of crane was introduced and it includes a test method on soil
condition prior to operating a crane over a particular ground area. This was prompted by the many
incidents on overloading of the crane, poor soil conditions at construction work sites and faulty
machine. A more comprehensive coverage was done for the topics on safe operation, testing and
maintenance of mobile cranes.
In this revision, the focus was on the inspection, testing and examination of mobile cranes. It aims to
provide recommendations for the pre-use checks, in-service inspections, thorough examination and
testing of cranes, including associated equipment and the means by which tests are to be carried out.
This Code would be referred to by workplace safety and health officers, safety consultants, project /
site managers, crane contractors and crane suppliers as well as the relevant authorities.
In revising this Code, reference was made to the following publications:
1. ISO 4305 : 1991 Mobile cranes – Determination of stability

2. ISO 4309 : 2004 Cranes – Wire ropes – Care, maintenance, installation, examination and
discard
3. Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) Special Publication SP
131 – Crane Stability on Site (CIRIA, London, 1996)
Clause 10 of this standard is based on materials from SP131 – Crane Stability on Site (CIRIA,
London, 1996) and C654 – Tower Crane Stability and permission has been granted by the
Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) to use the information. For
information on CIRIA, please refer to www.ciriabooks.com and www.ciria.org.uk.
Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above references.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be
the subject of patent rights. Enterprise Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or
all of such patent rights.
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Code of practice for the safe use of mobile cranes
1 Scope and normative references
1.1 Scope
This Code provides information about the construction, application, operation, maintenance and
testing of mobile cranes for their safe use.
The types of land-based mobile cranes covered by this Code include crawler cranes, wheel-mounted
cranes and truck-mounted cranes, but exclude lorry loaders.
Both rope suspended boom types and hydraulic boom types (see Annex A) are included.
This Code does not include equipment used for specialised operations or those operations which are
not basically considered as lifting, e.g.:
a) Demolition with the use of a demolition ball;
b) Piling;
c) Grabbing.
1.2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are mentioned for use with this Singapore Standard. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3046 : Reciprocating internal combustion engines – Performance

Part 1 : 1995 Standard reference conditions, declarations of power, fuel and
lubricating oil consumptions, and test methods
Part 3 : 1989 Test measurements
Part 4 : 1997 Speed governing
Part 5 : 1978 Torsional vibrations
Part 6 : 1990 Overspeed protection
Part 7 : 1995 Codes for engine power
ISO 4302 : 1981 Cranes – Wind load assessment
ISO 4306 : Cranes – Vocabulary
Part 1 : 1990 General
ISO 4310 : 1981 Cranes – Test code and procedures
IEC 60204 : Safety of machinery
Part 32 : 1998 Hoisting machines
SS CP 33 : 1996 Lightning protection
SS CP 63 : 1996 The lifting of persons in work platforms suspended from cranes
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2 Definitions
2.1 Approved crane contractor
Any firm or company that is approved by the Commissioner for Workplace Safety and Health in
writing, to install, repair, alter or dismantle a mobile crane.
2.2 Appointed person
A competent person appointed in writing by the occupier or employer to carry out any supervision or
inspection or to perform any task or duty prescribed.
2.3 Authorised examiner
A person approved by the Commissioner for Workplace Safety and Health for the purpose of carrying
out testing and examination of any hoist and lift, lifting gear, lifting appliance or lifting machine, steam
boiler, steam receiver, air receiver, refrigerating plant pressure receiver, pressure vessel; or of any
other machinery required by law to be examined or tested by an authorised examiner.
2.4 Auxiliary hoist line
A separate hoist rope system of lower load capacity and higher speed than the main hoist system
speed.
2.5 Backward stability
Crane’s resistance to tipping in the backward direction.
2.6 Ballast
Dead weight built in or added to the structure of a crane to ensure adequate stability.
2.7 Boom
Main structure from which the load is suspended (see Figure 1).
2.8 Boom angle (or jib angle)
The angle between the horizontal plane and the jib as defined by the manufacturer.
2.9 Boom hoist
A hoist drum and rope reeving system used to raise and lower the boom (see Figure 1).
2.10 Boom hoisting
Angular movement of the crane boom in a vertical plane to change the load radius (see Figure 1).
2.11 Boom length
The shortest distance between the fulcrum of the boom and the centre of the boom head pulley pin.
2.12 Carrier
The section of the mobile crane which enables crane to traverse (see Figure 1).
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2.13 Competent authority
The authority having jurisdiction over the subject in the Republic of Singapore.
2.14 Competent person
A person who, through formal training and work experience, possesses the practical and theoretical
knowledge of mobile cranes to enable the detection of defects or weaknesses and to assess their
fitness for the intended purpose and safety for continued use.
2.15 Counter weights
Weights added to a crane in such quantities and at such locations as to provide counter balancing
effect.
2.16 Crane operator
A person who is certified and registered with the Commissioner for Workplace Safety and Health to
operate mobile cranes for the purpose of moving and positioning loads.
2.17 Crane owner
A person who owns or leases the crane shall be responsible for the proper maintenance and
compliance with all statutory requirements.
2.18 Crawler-mounted crane
A crane with self laying tracks to enable travel over soft or unmade ground (see Figure 2).
2.19 Crane user
Any person or organisation that has control of both the lifting operation and the crane operator, and
has the responsibility to ensure that the cranes and other related equipment are in good working
condition, safe for use, and complies with statutory inspection requirements.
2.20 Derricking
Same as boom hoisting.
2.21 Fleet angle
The angle at which the rope leads onto the drum.
2.22 Fully-mobile crane
Crane which is capable of traversing under its own power with loads it is designed to carry.
2.23 Functional testing
The operation of each motion of the mobile crane without load applied in order to determine whether
the equipment performs as the manufacturer intended.
2.24 Hoisting/lowering
The motion of lifting or lowering of the load in a vertical direction (see Figure 1).
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2.25 Hydraulic boom
Boom structure which is supported by one or more hydraulic cylinders which activate the boom
hoisting.
2.26 Jib
Same as boom.
2.27 Jib angle
Same as boom angle.
2.28 Lifting supervisor
A competent person, who has completed such training as approved by the Commissioner for
Workplace Safety and Health, and is appointed by the factory occupier for the purpose of supervising
any lifting operation involving the use of a mobile crane.
2.29 Line pull
The tension that the drum is capable of applying to a rope leading onto it.
2.30 Load radius
The horizontal distance between the centre of rotation and the vertical line through the centre of the
lifting hook.
2.31 Load radius indicator (LRI)
A device fitted to a mobile crane that shows the rated capacity and the radius at which the load is
being lifted.
2.32 Luffing
Same as boom hoisting.
2.33 Mobile crane
Crane which is designed to traverse either under its own power or otherwise.
2.34 Non-destructive testing (NDT)
Techniques employed in testing such that the materials under test are not damaged or altered. NDT
is carried out on the load bearing structure and components of the mobile crane to establish the
presence, location, and extent of any defects that can affect the integrity of that structure or
component.
2.35 Operating radius
Same as load radius.
2.36 Outrigger
Extensible structural members on the crane mounting to increase the effective base on which the
crane stands.
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2.37 Overhauling weight
A weight securely fitted to the hoisting rope above the lifting hook to cause the empty hook to lower
under gravity.
2.38 Overload testing (dynamic)
The operation of each motion of the crane with a load exceeding the safe working load in order to
determine whether or not the crane is stable, structurally sound and fit for the use for which it was
designed.
2.39 Performance testing
The operation of each motion of the crane with the safe working load applied in order to determine
whether the equipment performs to the manufacturer’s specification.
2.40 Pick and carry
An operation of the crane where the crane traverses with the load from one place to another.
2.41 Rigger
A person appointed by the occupier to rig up loads for any lifting operation by a mobile crane.
2.42 Rope terminations
Means of securing ropes to a drum, hook block or structure of the crane.
2.43 Rope suspended boom
Boom structure which is supported by a system of wire ropes and operated by hoist drums for boom hoisting.
2.44 Rough terrain crane
A mobile crane specifically designed for travel over unpaved or ungraded surface.
2.45 Safe working load
The certified maximum load that can be safely lifted by a mobile crane at a specified position and
under specified conditions.
2.46 Signalman
A person appointed by the occupier to give signals to the crane operator to lift a load.
2.47 Slewing
The rotary motion of the crane's boom or load about the crane's centre of rotation (see Figure 1).
2.48 Standing rope
A supporting rope which maintains a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two
components connected by the rope.
2.49 Stowed weight
Weight of crane accessories which are stowed along the boom length and not in use when the crane
is being operated (e.g. fly jib not fitted on).
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2.50 Swinging
Same as slewing.
2.51 Tag line
A rope which may be fastened to a crane hook attachment to restrain the spinning of the attachment.
2.52 Telescopic boom
A boom which incorporates extension elements in the basic boom structure. The boom length can be
extended or shortened by a telescopic motion (see Figure 1).
2.53 Test load
Load designed for mobile crane testing and which may consists of one or several components.
3 Structural
3.1 Frame structures including jibs: Equivalent inertia forces
With the exception of crawler cranes with a maximum safe working load of less than 30t, for design
purposes a side load of 2.5% of the safe working load shall be assumed to act at the jib head
provided that the design of the slew gear is such that smooth varying rates of slewing acceleration
and deceleration can be readily accomplished.
For crawler cranes with a maximum safe working load of less than 30t and for cranes where smooth
operation of the slew gear cannot be accomplished, a side load of 6% of the safe working load shall
be assumed as acting at the jib head.
3.2 Joints
3.2.1 Strength of joints
The calculated strength of riveted joints or joints made by friction grip bolts in structural members
shall be not less than the calculated net strength of the member.
The calculated strength of other bolted joints in structural members shall be not less than the net
strength of the member plus 25%.
3.2.2 Rivet and bolt holes
All rivet and bolt holes shall be drilled accurately and all arrises and burrs shall be removed before
assembly. Where bolts are used in shear, they shall be fitted into reamed holes.
3.2.2.1 Rivet spacing
The distance between the centres of rivets for stress-bearing parts shall be not less than 2.5 times the
diameter of the rivet, and shall not exceed 16 times the thickness of the thinnest outside plate or
angle. Where two lines of staggered riveting are used in the same angle or flange, the maximum
distance between the rivets on each line can be taken as 1.5 times those given above.
The distance between centres of rivets and the sheared or hand flame-cut edge of a plate shall be not
less than 1.75 times the diameter of the rivet, and between the centre of the rivet and a rolled,
machined, or machine flame cut edge, shall be not less than 1.5 times the diameter of the rivet.
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(a) Lattice boom
(b) Telescopic boom

Figure 1 – Basic terminology and functions of typical mobile cranes
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Figure 2 – Crawler-mounted cranes
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4 Mechanical
4.1 Steel wire ropes
4.1.1 General
The selection of steel wire ropes, where relevant for mobile crane service shall comply specifically
with the following requirements:
a) Where two or more ropes are used in a system, means shall be provided for ensuring that
tensile forces in the ropes are distributed in the designed proportions. Arrangements
entailing reverse bends shall be avoided as far as possible. A rope reeving diagram shall be
provided.
b) Derricking ropes shall be of sufficient length to permit the jib to be raised from, or lowered to,
the horizontal position during the erection or inspection of the crane.
4.1.2 Safety factor
4.1.2.1 The safety factor of the wire rope shall be in accordance with the Table 1.
Table 1 – Safety factor for general purpose wire ropes

(Extracted from ISO 4308-2)
Running ropes Stationary ropes

Hoisting Luffing and telescoping
Working Erection Working Erection
3.6 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.8
4.1.2.2 A rotation-resistant rope is one having eight or more strands in an outer layer which is spun
helically in the opposite direction to the layer beneath. The safety factor of the rotation-resistant
running ropes for hoisting shall not be less than 4.5.
4.1.2.3 In applications where a fibre core wire rope is adversely affected due to the exposure to heat,
an independent wire rope core or wire strand core, or other suitable damage-resistant rope shall be
used.
4.1.3 Rope termination
The rope termination (i.e. the terminal fitting together with the means of its attachment to the rope)
shall be capable of withstanding not less than 80% of the minimum breaking load of the rope.
4.1.4 Rope anchorage to drum
Rope anchorages shall be protected by not less than two dead turns remaining on the drum when the
rope is paid out to its maximum working length. Rope anchorages shall be secure and readily
accessible. If two or more ropes lead off a drum, provision shall be made for adjustment of the rope
length at the anchorage end.
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4.2 Drums and rope reeving components
4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 Drums shall be either plain or grooved.
4.2.1.2 Means shall be provided to prevent the rope inadvertently leaving the drum. The drum
flanges shall project a distance of not less than two rope diameters beyond the outer layer of rope in
all circumstances.
NOTE – A spur or other wheel secured to the drum can form one of the flanges provided it is adequately guarded.
4.2.1.3 The inclination of the rope at the point of a lead-off from the drum shall not exceed 1 in 12
each side of a centreline which represents the true lead-off.
4.2.1.4 If a rope leads off against the helix angle of the drum grooving, care shall be taken to prevent
the rope rubbing against an adjacent turn. In extreme cases the clearance between turns can be
increased in order to meet this requirement.
4.2.2 Drum diameters
The minimum ratios of the pitch diameter of the drum to the nominal diameter of the rope are given in
Table 2.
Table 2 – Minimum ratio of the pitch diameter to the nominal diameter of the rope (drum)
Drum Minimum ratio

Hoisting drum 16 : 1
Luffing drum 14 : 1
NOTE – The pitch diameter is measured to the centreline of the rope.
4.2.3 Drum groove
4.2.3.1 Grooving shall be smooth and free from surface defects liable to damage the rope. The
edges shall be rounded.
4.2.3.2 The contour at the bottom of the groove shall be circular over a minimum angle of 120°.
4.2.3.3 The radius of the groove shall exceed the radius of the ropes by not less than the value given
in Table 3.
Table 3 – Minimum groove radii for rope drums and pulleys
Nominal diameter of rope (d), mm Minimum amount by which groove

radius shall exceed rope radius, mm
≤ 16 0.8
> 16 up to and including 26 1.2
> 28 2.4
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4.2.3.4 The grooves shall be so pitched that the clearance between adjacent turns of rope is not less
than the dimension given in Table 4.
Table 4 – Minimum rope clearances for drum grooves
Nominal diameter of rope (d), mm Minimum clearance between turns, mm

≤ 13 1.6
> 28 3.2
4.2.3.5 If compensating links are used on the free or returned ends of two parts of rope to equalise
the load, the drum grooves shall be of identical diameters to ensure that the two parts of the rope
wind equally, and the difference in the length of the ends of rope is maintained within the capacity of
the compensating links throughout the full range of lift.
4.3 Lifting hooks
4.3.1 Load hooks shall be provided with a swivel and safety latch.
4.3.2 The rated capacity of the lifting hooks shall be clearly and permanently marked on them.
4.3.3 The dead weight of the lifting up hooks shall also be clearly marked on them.
4.3.4 Swivelling hooks shall be mounted on anti-friction bearings suitable for the purpose. If
required, a locking device shall be fitted to prevent rotation of the hook.
4.4 Shackles
All shackles shall be properly sized and their safe working load shall not be exceeded by the load
imposed on them. Shackles used for attaching the hook shall be provided with screwed pins. Slotted
heads in countersunk screwed pins are not recommended.
4.5 Overhauling weight
If an overhauling weight is used on the rope, it shall have smooth hole and be bell-mouthed at the top
and bottom to accommodate and prevent damage to the rope and rope termination. Provision shall
be made for the examination of the part of the rope passing through the weight. The overhauling
weight shall be designed so as to avoid catching on obstructions.
4.6 Ballast and counterweights
Each ballast and counterweight shall be marked with its identification and mass and where
removable, it shall be provided with means by which it may be handled using conventional hoisting
appliances. Cranes which have extendible counterweights shall have means to correctly position and
fasten the counterweight at the desired location suitable for the intended operation.
4.7 Rope pulleys
4.7.1 Pulley diameters
The minimum ratios of the pitch diameter of the sheave to the nominal diameter of the rope are given
in Table 5.
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Table 5 – Minimum ratio of the pitch diameter to the nominal diameter of the rope (sheave)
Sheave Minimum ratio

Hoisting sheave (in travel blocks) 18 : 1
Compensating sheave (hoisting) 14 : 1
Compensating sheave (luffing) 12.5 : 1
Luffing sheave 16 : 1
NOTE – The pitch diameter is measured to the centreline of the rope.
4.7.2 Pulley grooves
Rope pulleys shall be grooved to a depth not less than 1.5 times the diameter of the rope. The
grooves shall be finished smoothly and shall be free from surface defects liable to damage the rope.
The edges shall be rounded.
The contour at the bottom of the groove shall be circular over an angle of not less than 120o. The
radius of the groove shall comply with the requirements of 4.2.3.3.
The included angle of flare of the sides of the pulley groove shall be a maximum of 60o for an angle of
lead of 1 in 12.
NOTE – The angle of flare may be reduced for smaller angles of lead provided that the flange does not interfere
with the rope.
4.7.3 Angle of lead (or fleet angle)
The angle of lead between the rope and a plane perpendicular to the axis of the pulley shall not
exceed 1 in 12.
4.7.4 Guarding
Provision shall be made to retain the rope in the groove.
4.7.5 Supports
Suitably designed supports shall be fitted, where necessary, on the jib and other parts of the structure
to prevent chafing of the ropes.
4.8 Cranes with rope suspended boom
All the crane mechanisms shall be designed in accordance with sound engineering practice to be able
to withstand the intended use. There shall be provision for easy access to the internal components
for periodic inspection and maintenance. All the lubricating points shall be conspicuous and a
lubricating chart shall be provided on the crane indicating the locations. There shall be means to
determine the level of lubricating oil in the mechanism and to top up the oil. There shall also be
provision for draining the lubricating oil and/or hydraulic oil used for the various mechanisms.
4.9 Cranes with hydraulic boom
The provisions of 4.8 shall be applicable generally unless specific provisions are given differently.
4.9.1 Hoisting-up and lowering-down
The hoisting and lowering mechanism may consist of a winch drum or hydraulic cylinders with
necessary reeving.
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On a telescoping boom crane having a stationary winch mounted to the rear of the boom hinge, a
two-blocking damage-preventing feature shall be provided. This feature shall be capable of
preventing damage to the hoist wire rope and/or other machine components when:
a) hoisting or lowering the loads; and/or
b) extending or retracting the boom.
The provisions of 4.1, 4.2, 4.10, and 4.11 are also to be satisfied without contravening the provisions
of this subclause.
4.9.2 Boom hoisting (derricking or luffing)
For the boom hoisting operation, hydraulic cylinders shall be used.
The supporting mechanism shall be the same hydraulic cylinder used to elevate the boom.
The boom hoist shall be capable of at least elevating the boom and 110% of the rated load.
For booms which are supported by hydraulic cylinder, a holding device such as check valves is
required.
4.9.3 Swinging
The slewing system shall be capable of smooth starts and stops in the various operating conditions.
Brakes for crane motion are specified in 4.11.
4.9.4 Telescoping boom
A telescoping boom shall consist of a base boom from which one or more boom sections are
telescoped for additional length.
Extension or retraction of boom sections may be accomplished through hydraulic, mechanical or

manual means.
A powered retraction shall be capable of controlling 110% of any rated load.
A holding device (such as a load hold check valve) shall be provided with the hydraulic cylinder.
4.10 Clutches
4.10.1 General
Clutches shall be designed to transmit the maximum torque for the motion for all conditions of use.
4.10.2 Sprag clutches
When sprag type clutches are used in hoist and derricking systems, they shall incorporate a positive
mechanical lock against failure or be designed to transmit twice the maximum torque imposed by the
maximum line pull.
4.11 Brakes for crane motions
4.11.1 General
4.11.1.1 Springs for applying brakes shall be of the compression type and shall not be stressed in
excess of 80% of the torsional elastic limit of the material.
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4.11.1.2 Brakes applied by hand shall not require a force greater than 108 N at the handle. If
applied by foot they shall not require a force greater than 314 N on the pedal to exert the restraining
torque specified in 4.11.2. All control levers and pedals shall be designed and positioned to take
account of the requirements of 4.15.
4.11.1.3 The wearing surfaces of all brake drums or plates shall be machined and shall be smooth
and homogenous.
4.11.1.4 Brake weights, if fitted, shall be positioned and fixed securely to their levers.
4.11.1.5 Brake linings shall be adequately and permanently secured during their effective life.
4.11.1.6 Brake blocks and linings shall be protected from rain, oil, grease or other environmental
conditions.
4.11.1.7 Brakes shall be provided with a simple and easily accessible device to compensate for the
wear of the linings. This device shall be self-compensating whenever practicable.
4.11.1.8 Brakes for securing a hoist or derricking motion shall be held in the applied position by a
positive actuating device. Brake mechanisms that rely upon air or fluid under pressure or an electrical
mechanism for application shall be supported by an additional positive mechanical mechanism.
4.11.1.9 For electromechanical brakes, energisation of the brake magnet due to back e.m.f. of the
motor shall be prevented by the control gear in the 'off' position isolating the brake magnet, after
tripping of the over-travel limit or other appropriate protective device.
4.11.1.10 If electric braking is adopted, the conductors and contact surface of the motor and the
control gear shall be proportioned so that the additional duty will not cause overheating.
4.11.1.11 The restraining force for slewing brakes mentioned in 4.11.2.6 and 4.11.2.7 shall be 25%
more than that would be sufficient to hold the superstructure without slewing movement when the
maximum rated load suspended near the ground is subjected to a transverse load acting at and along
the axis of the jib head pin equal to 5% of the suspended load (tested by pulling side ways the
maximum rated load until the hoist rope is inclined at 3 degrees 30 minutes).
4.11.2 Individual brake motions
4.11.2.1 General
Means shall be provided for arresting each motion of the crane, and if controlled by a brake, the
following minimum requirements shall apply.
4.11.2.2 Hoisting and lowering
The requirements of hoisting drum, lowering drum, wire ropes and wire reeving components shall
comply with 4.1 and 4.2. The clutches and brakes shall comply with 4.10 and 4.11 respectively.
4.11.2.3 Hoisting motion brakes
Hoisting motion brakes shall be designed to exert a restraining torque at least 25% greater than the
maximum torque transmitted to the brake drum from the suspended load under service conditions. In
estimating this torque, the effects of friction in the transmission system between the load and the
brake shall be ignored.
If free lowering is possible, the temperature of the friction surfaces of the brake shall not exceed the
maximum working temperature specified by the manufacturer of the brake linings, after the maximum
safe working load has been raised and lowered on the brake five times without pause through the
specified height of lift.
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SS 536 : 2008
A power controlled lowering system capable of precise control during lowering and reducing demand
on the load brake shall be provided.
The manufacturer or a competent person shall specify the maximum load that can be handled by free
lowering.
4.11.2.4 Derricking motion brakes
For cranes with a derricking motion operated by rope and drum system, the brake shall be designed
to exert a restraining torque at least 25% greater than the maximum torque transmitted to the brake
drum from the suspended load under service or erection conditions, whichever is the greater. In
estimating this torque, the effects of friction on the transmission system between the load and the
brake shall be ignored. The main derricking motion brake shall be automatically applied when the
derricking control lever is moved to the ‘off' or 'neutral' position.
4.11.2.5 Cranes with derricking jibs
On cranes having a derricking jib operated through a clutch, an effective interlocking arrangement
shall be provided between the derricking clutch and the pawl sustaining the derricking drum. The
interlocking arrangement shall ensure that the clutch cannot be disengaged unless the pawl is in
effective engagement with the derricking drum, and the pawl cannot be disengaged unless the clutch
is in effective engagement with the derricking drum.
The preceding need not apply to any crane in which:
a) the hoisting drum and derricking drum are independently driven;
b) the mechanism driving the drum is self-locking.
The maximum boom angle shall be 80° to the horizontal except for tower arrangements and
automatic means shall be provided to stop the boom hoisting operation from exceeding the maximum
allowable angle.
A boom angle indicator shall be provided at a suitable location where the operator can clearly read
the boom angle from all the operating positions.
4.11.2.6 Slewing brakes
Except when the slewing motion is controlled by reversing clutches, an effective slewing brake shall
be provided, designed to exert an adequate restraining torque which will not subject the jib to a
deceleration greater than that for which it is designed.
4.11.2.7 Slewing holding brakes
If restraint is applied by a slewing clutch, a holding brake capable of preventing movement of the
superstructure under service conditions, shall be fitted.
4.11.2.8 Slewing lock
A positive lock or sprag shall be provided to retain the superstructure in a fixed position.
4.11.2.9 Travelling brakes
Effective travelling and parking brakes shall be fitted, capable of securing the unloaded crane on a
slope of not less than that on which the machine is designed to travel and in no case shall this be less
than 10%. This shall be achieved without the use of chocks. Where the vehicle is subject to road
traffic regulations, the conditions specified for brakes in those regulations shall apply.
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4.12 Lubrication
All bearings shall be adequately lubricated. Plain bearings or their shafts shall have oil or grease
grooves. All lubrication nipples should be of similar size and type and shall be readily accessible.
Where access for lubrication is difficult, bearings shall be such that lubrication is required as
infrequently as possible or facilities for lubrication from a remote position shall be provided.
A lubrication diagram shall be provided.
4.13 Slewing
For cranes on which the slewing motion is power operated, the slewing mechanism shall be so
designed that it is not damaged due to excessive or sudden acceleration, braking or reversal of
motion.
The mechanism shall be designed to withstand the forces specified in 3.1.
In the case of proprietary slewing rings, it is particularly important that the manufacturer is consulted
and given full details of the loads and duty involved. Attention shall be given to the method of
mounting and the bolting requirements according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
4.14 Guarding
4.14.1 All gear wheels, pinions and chain drives shall be completely encased unless such parts are
so situated in relation to the structure of the crane as to be as safe as if complete encasement were
provided.
4.14.2 Effective guards shall be provided for revolving shafts and couplings unless every set screw,
bolt or key on any revolving shaft is sunk, shrouded, or otherwise effectively guarded.
4.14.3 All moving parts of the crane mechanism accessible during normal operation of the crane
shall be provided with suitable guards to protect persons from coming into contact with them during
the normal operation of the crane.
4.15 Controls
4.15.1 Control positions and markings
Operating levers or wheels shall have clear markings, on or adjacent to them, to indicate their
function and mode of operation.
If the design of a crane is such that the effect of the steering wheel or any other motion is reversed
when the jib is stewed through 180o, an appropriate notice or other indication shall be provided clearly
drawing attention to this.
NOTE 1 – Where motions can be reversed it is recommended that self-correcting controls are incorporated.
NOTE 2 – All practical measures should be taken to prevent accidental movement of controls.
NOTE 3 – All controls should be placed in a position in accordance with best ergonomic practice with control
levers and pedals placed in such positions as to allow the driver/operator, when in his normal position, ample
room for operation, as far as possible an unrestricted view of the load and as clear a view as possible of the
immediate surroundings, both forward and to each side of that position.
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SS 536 : 2008
4.15.2 Motion controls
Control arrangements can be specifically designed for ‘joy-stick' (or control stick) control of two
movements simultaneously, otherwise they shall be so designed that selection of one movement
cannot cause any other movement unless it is for the operation of a safety device or interlock.
Control valve systems shall be designed to return to the neutral position when released, except when
operational characteristics dictate otherwise.
4.16 Manual operation
Arrangements for any operation relying wholly on manual effort (i.e. without power assistance) shall
be such that an operator turning a handle, a wheel, or pulling a lever shall not be required to exert a
mean force in excess of 108 N continuously or 177 N as a maximum at a mean speed of 46 m/min.
4.17 Crane operator’s cabin
Except for lorry loaders or unless stated to the contrary by the purchaser, a cabin shall be supplied by
the manufacturer. The cabin shall:
a) afford the operator protection from the weather;
b) be fitted with safety glass;
c) have a lock fitted to the door to prevent unauthorised entry when the crane is left unattached;
d) have a securely fixed adjustable seat for the operator;
e) be provided with a means of ventilation;
f) have either natural or artificial illumination to ensure that all charts and instruments are visible
to the operator;
g) have safe access to the operator's cabin;
h) be non-skid type;
i) adhere to the permissible exposure limits for noise according to Table 6, extracted from the
Factories (Noise) Regulations 1996.
Table 6 – Permissible exposure limits for noise
Sound pressure level Maximum duration

dB(A) per day
85 8h
88 4h
91 2h
94 1h
97 30 min
100 15 min
103 7.5 min
106 4 min
109 2 min
112 or more less than 1 min
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SS 536 : 2008
j) be installed with a suitable fire extinguisher at a location easily accessible to the operator.
NOTE – The operator should as far as is practicable be provided with a clear and unrestricted view of the load
and the jib in all normal working positions and as clear a view as possible of the extremity of any forward
projection and of the road ahead when the crane is travelling.
4.18 Internal combustion engines
4.18.1 Internal combustion engines shall comply with the requirements of ISO 3046 : Part 1 to 7 and
a silencer shall be fitted to the exhaust. The exhaust shall not discharge in such a manner as to
cause danger or discomfort to the driver/operator or to any person in the vicinity.
NOTE – Where practicable the exhaust from an engine should be discharged vertically as high as possible, and it
is recommended that means should be provided to prevent the ingress of water into the exhaust system.
4.18.2 Fuel tank capacity shall be sufficient for at least 8 h running on normal crane duty, and means
shall be provided for ascertaining the quantity of fuel contained in the tank.
4.18.3 The sump and lubricating system of the engine shall be so arranged that efficient lubrication
is maintained in all planes of operation covered by the specification both during travelling and lifting
operations.
4.18.4 Provision shall be made where necessary for draining the water circulating system during
frosty weather, the drain cocks being fitted in accessible positions. The arrangement shall be such
that it is not possible to leave pockets of water in either the system or the pump casing.
4.19 Pneumatic tyres
4.19.1 The crane shall be fitted with tyres that comply with the crane manufacturer's specifications.
4.19.2 The crane shall have a legible and prominent inscription on the chassis giving the correct
inflation pressure of the tyres.
4.19.3 The truck chassis or the prime mover to which the crane mechanism and structure are fitted
shall satisfy the requirements of the Competent Authority and shall be capable of withstanding the
stresses imposed on it by the crane when the maximum rated loads are handled by the crane.
5 Electrical equipment
5.1 All electrical components used on the mobile cranes and their wiring and installation shall
satisfy the IEC 60204-32 for the various individual components, their ratings and use. The following
electrical components shall satisfy the above requirements:
a) Motors and generators in respect to their rating, duty, performance, protection and
mounting;
b) Control gears and resistors in respect of their rating, duty, performance, temperature
rise, ventilation, ingress of foreign matter and weather
protection;
c) Cables, wiring in respect of their rating, sizing and protection.
5.2 A push button emergency stop or stops shall be placed readily accessible for prompt use by
the operator in an emergency.
5.3 All fuses except for local low current control circuits shall be High Rupturing Capacity type.
5.4 Protection against lightning should be considered in accordance with recommendations in the
SS CP 33.
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5.5 If necessary, provision shall be made to prevent engines or electrical equipment from giving
rise to radio interference.
6 Hydraulic equipment
6.1 General requirements
6.1.1 Filtration of fluid
Provision shall be made in the installation for filtration of the working fluid and for protection of the
fluid against pollution.
6.1.2 Safe hydraulic pressure
The raising of the pressure at any point to a value above the safe maximum, due to any effect
whatsoever, shall be prevented by positive means.
6.1.3 Back pressure
Back pressures which can affect the safety of the crane shall be prevented or relieved.
6.1.4 Safety of the appliance and load
Means shall be provided in the hydraulic circuits to protect the appliance and load against:
a) gravity fall of the load in the event of hydraulic failure;
b) hydraulic shock caused by the sudden closure of any control valve leading to over-running of
the associated motion;
c) loss of oil supply pressure;
d) effect of hose burst;
e) runaway of the load in the event of a load reversal;
f) collapse of stabilisers/outriggers under load.
NOTE 1 – Any valves in the pressure lines to the actuators should be as closely coupled to the actuators as
practicable.
NOTE 2 – In the case of (a), (c) and (d) a restrictor may be provided to permit a slow descent of the load. Some
pilot-operated valves are suitable and may be fitted as an alternative.
6.1.5 Controls
The circuit and control arrangement shall be such that no combination of control selections in one
circuit can cause in any other circuit a movement not intended by the operator, unless this is essential
for the operation of a safety device or interlock.
6.1.6 Motion drives
Provision shall be made to prevent the load from driving hydraulic motors beyond their specified
limits. Hydraulically powered motions shall not allow unintentional movement.
6.1.7 Circuit diagram
A hydraulic circuit diagram shall be provided in the manufacturer's handbook.
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6.2 Power transmission
6.2.1 Safety devices
The system shall be designed to be fail-safe.
6.2.2 Installation
The installation of the hydraulic system shall be such that as far as possible the effects of external
influences (such as atmospheric conditions, unauthorised interference, mechanical impact, fretting
and chafing of pipes, etc.) shall not be detrimental to the system. In addition, installation stresses in
the tubes shall be avoided and flexibility of the supporting members shall be allowed for on all rigid
tubes. Tubes and hoses shall not be bent to radii smaller than those specified by the manufacturer.
6.2.3 Speed of flow
Cavitation and back pressure shall be avoided by the use of suitable velocities of fluid in tubing and
components. Tubes, hoses, connectors and unions shall be dimensioned with due consideration for
the pressure and rate of fluid flow in them, and the resistance they are likely to cause.
6.2.4 Temperature of fluid
A cooler shall be fitted, if required, to keep the temperature of the fluid within the limits specified by
the fluid supplier.
6.2.5 Fluid reserve
Tanks shall have a sufficient capacity to ensure an uninterrupted flow of fluid to all rotating machinery
whilst working, and (in those cases where no other cooling device is fitted) hold a sufficient reserve of
fluid to keep the temperature within the limits specified by the supplier and to minimise cavitation. A
ready means of ascertaining that the fluid is within the normal working level shall be provided.
7 Pneumatic equipment
7.1 General requirements
7.1.1 The equipment shall not be subjected to speed, loads, pressures or temperatures in excess
of those specified by the equipment manufacturers.
7.1.2 Connectors, unions and pipes shall be dimensioned so as not to restrict flow of air through
them.
7.1.3 Equipment shall be protected against ingress of dirt and moisture.
7.1.4 Provision shall be made for filtration of air entering the system.
7.1.5 Equipment requiring regular maintenance shall be placed in an accessible position.
7.1.6 A pneumatic circuit diagram shall be provided in the manufacturer's handbook.
7.2 Application
7.2.1 Safety devices
Safety valves shall be fitted to prevent over-pressurising of the system.
NOTE – The system should, as far as reasonably practicable, be designed to be fail-safe.
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7.2.2 Installation
The installation of the pneumatic system shall be so arranged that the effects of external influences,
e.g. atmospheric conditions, unauthorised interference, impact or vibration shall not be detrimental to
the system, and installation stresses in the pipes shall be avoided. Air from valves shall not exhaust
inside the driver’s/operator's cab.
7.2.3 Air supply
7.2.3.1 The compressor shall be rated to supply the necessary quantity of air for the equipment
concerned which shall be temperature cooled before passing into the control system. If the control
system and the crane travelling braking system have a common source of air supply, operation of or
leakage in the control system shall not adversely affect the performance of the braking system. A
gauge indicating air receiver pressure shall be supplied.
7.2.3.2 Air receivers shall be located in such a position as to facilitate statutory inspection and test.
7.2.3.3 A means of draining accumulated condensate from the air receivers shall be provided
together with an air line filter, dryer and water trap situated before the control valves. When industrial
alcohol is used in air systems, a warning of possible danger shall be included in the instruction
manual.
8 Load capacity, strength and stability

The safe working load of a crane is determined by the structural strength and the stability.
Under the above two broad categories, the actual safe working load is determined by the following
factors:
a) Operating radius, boom length and boom angle;
b) Counterweight arrangements;
c) Operating quadrant in the case of a slewing crane;
d) Deductible weights of hook block, slings and rigging hardware;
e) Effective weight of boom extension;
f) Auxiliary hook block, etc;
g) Weight of auxiliary hoist line hanging below boom extension tip;
h) Stowed weight of jib;
i) Number of falls of main hoist pulley system;
j) Whether the load is to be picked and carried or the load is worked with cranes outrigger fully
extended or the load is worked with the crane on tyres and the tyre pressure;
k) Whether the telescopic boom is fully extended or not when the load is worked on the
extension jib.
A set of safe working load charts detailing the safe working load of the crane under the various factors
outlined above, as applicable to the particular crane in question, shall be provided by the
manufacturer or a competent person.
The safe working load as determined by the structural integrity shall be distinctly differentiated from
the safe working load as determined by the stability in the load charts of the crane.
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SS 536 : 2008
The load capacity shall not be interpolated or extrapolated for intermediate ranges not provided in the
load chart. In the case of an intermediate value between two stated values, the lower load capacity
shall be taken. Extrapolation beyond the range provided in the load charts is not permitted.
All the load charts shall be in metric units and in a language understood by the operator. They shall
bear the crane make, model, serial number and the year of manufacture. Where load charts have
been revised, the date of revision shall be indicated.
8.1 Safe working load
The safe working loads of a crane shall not exceed the limits imposed by the stability and the
structural competence at the various operating conditions of the crane. The safe working load ratings
governed by stability shall be at 75% unless approved by the authorised examiner to operate up to
85% of the tipping load.
8.2 Safety devices and alarm systems
8.2.1 Load radius indicator (LRI)
The LRI shall give an audible warning signal before reaching 100% of the specified safe working load
and the overload cut-off shall be activated at or below the specified safe working load.
8.2.2 Motion limit devices
Motion limit devices shall be fitted to limit over-hoisting and over-derricking.
8.2.3 Level indicator
Where fitted, crane level indicators should be used in accordance with the instruction manual of the
manufacturer.
NOTE – All the load indicators and alarm systems should be regularly inspected and maintained in
good working order.
8.3 Minimum safe working load at the maximum radius
The minimum safe working load excluding all deductible weights such as hook block, pulley system
etc. shall not be less than 100 kg at the maximum possible radius for any given configuration of the
crane.
8.4 Determination of stability
A mobile crane is stable when its leverage on the load is greater than the load’s leverage on the
crane. Stability decreases when the load increases or when the load radius increases. Stability
increases with the use of stabilisers, outriggers or by extending the crawler tracks. Forward stability
failure occurs when the load lifted just begins to tip the machine.
Where a mobile crane has been modified by adding or removing substantial weight without the
approval of the manufacturer or if it is not assembled in accordance with the manufacturer’s
specifications, the forward stability of the crane may be affected and may result in a failure.
Calculations of stability shall be based on the crane operating on a firm and level surface (up to 1%
gradient). The calculations are applicable to mobile cranes mounted on wheels or crawlers, with or
without outriggers. It must be verified that the crane is stable under the following conditions:
a) The criteria specified in Table 7;
b) The criteria specified in Table 8;
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SS 536 : 2008
c) Backward stability (see 8.4.2);
d) Stability with out-of-service wind (see 8.4.3).
Table 7 – Stability criteria I
Applied load to be
Machine configuration / condition taken into
1)
consideration
On outriggers / crawlers2) 1.25P + 0.1F
On wheels (tyres)2) 1.33P + 0.1F
On crawlers / wheels (tyres) when travel speed up to 0.4 m/s is permissible 1.33P + 0.1F
On crawlers / wheels (tyres) when travel speed greater than 0.4 m/s is permissible 1.5P + 0.1F
1) P is the rate capacity (hoist medium load) as specified by the crane manufacturer for the various configurations of the crane.
It shall be for the hoist medium load of the crane as defined by ISO 4306-1.
F is the load from the mass of the jib and fly jib referred to the jib head. (See ISO 4310 for the determination of F).
The value to be taken into consideration is intended to simulate the dynamic forces arising during normal controlled
operation.
2) For these configurations, the crane condition is stationary and relates to the travel of the crane as a whole but is not related
to hoisting, luffing, telescoping and slewing.
Table 8 – Stability criteria II
Value to be taken into consideration1)

Machine configuration / condition
Applied load Wind load Inertia forces
On outriggers / crawlers2) 1.1P W D
On wheels (tyres)2) 1.17P W D
On crawlers / wheels (tyres) when travel speed up to 0.4
1.17P W D
m/s is permissible
On crawlers / wheels (tyres) when travel speed greater
1.33P W D
than 0.4 m/s is permissible
1) P is as defined in Table 7.
W is the effect of the in-service wind and shall be calculated in accordance with ISO 4302.
D are the inertia forces due to hoisting, telescoping, slewing, luffing or travel. For cranes having stepped controls, the actual
values from inertia forces shall be used. For cranes having infinitely variable controls, the value of D shall be taken as 0.
2) For these configurations, the crane condition is stationary and relates to the travel of the crane as a whole but is not related
to hoisting, luffing, telescoping and slewing.
8.4.1 Criteria for stability
Based on the criteria specified in Tables 7 and 8, it is intended that the stability-limited crane ratings
shall be usable in a minimum wind speed of 30 kmph. Under special conditions where this
requirement imposes a restriction on rated capacity, the manufacturer shall clearly specify the
maximum wind speed included in the stability calculation.
The value of P shall be such that, with loading conditions as given in Tables 7 and 8, in neither case
shall the overturning moment of the crane be greater than the stabilising moment.
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SS 536 : 2008
The calculations shall be made with the crane in the least favourable position. Moreover, all the
loads, dead loads, counterweights, accessories, etc. which have an influence on the stability shall be
taken into consideration as being in the least favourable condition as regards their value and their
position.
Lines about which cranes on various mountings may tip and which are used to calculate the
stabilising moment are shown in the Annex B. These are indicative only and in practice are
dependent on specific details of individual designs.
8.4.2 Backward stability
Backward stability is the crane’s resistance to tipping in the backward direction. The conditions for
determining backward stability are:
a) Crane is placed level within 1o on firm ground;
b) Crane is fitted with the shortest specified jib, set at the maximum recommended jib angle for
that jib length;
c) The crane hook, hook-block or other load-handling equipment is resting on the ground;
d) The crane is fitted with the longest specified jib, or jib and fly-jib combination set at its
maximum recommended jib angle for that combination, and subjected to an in-service wind
acting from the least favourable direction.
The specified mass distribution criteria shall be satisfied for each counterweight condition with the
crane rotated to the least stable positions permitted by the manufacturer.
8.4.2.1 Crawler-mounted cranes (see Figure 2)
The horizontal distance between the centre of gravity of the crane and the axis of rotation shall not
exceed 70% of the radial distance from the axis of rotation to the backward tipping line in the least
stable direction.
8.4.2.2 Wheel-mounted cranes (see Figure 3)
With the longitudinal axis of the rotating superstructure of the crane at 90o to the longitudinal axis of
the carrier, the total load on the wheels (tyres) or outriggers on the side of the carrier under the jib
shall be not less than 15% of the total weight of the crane.
With the longitudinal axis of the rotating superstructure of the carrier in line with the longitudinal axis
of the carrier, in either direction, the total load on the wheels (tyres) or outriggers under the lighter
loaded end of the carrier shall be not less than 15% of the total weight of the crane in the work area
specified by the manufacturer, and not less than 10% of the total weight of the crane in the area not
specified as a work area.
The on-wheels (tyres) limitations must be met unless cautionary information visible to the operator is
placed on the crane. This information shall state the operating conditions that require the outriggers
to be set to maintain sufficient backward stability.
8.4.3 Stability with out-of-service wind
The manufacturer shall stipulate the special cautions to be taken by the user when the crane is out-of-
service and the working limits when subjected to wind.
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SS 536 : 2008
Caution: Don’t
attempt to duplicate
these tests. Not all
cranes can be
swung over the side
with maximum
counterweight.
Figure 3 – Wheel-mounted cranes
9 Safety in mobile crane operation
9.1 General
9.1.1 A mobile crane shall not be used for applications which are explicitly prohibited by the
manufacturer of the crane. Some commonly prohibited applications are:
a) Using crane hook or slewing motion of a crane to drag any load along the ground;
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SS 536 : 2008
b) Carrying of people by crane (unless there are no other practical alternatives or if other means
are hazardous and the use shall be in accordance with the requirements of the SS CP 63).
9.1.2 Mobile cranes are available in a wide variety of types and different characteristics. Therefore
the choice of the type and characteristics of the mobile crane shall be made after careful scrutiny of
the applications of the crane. The following points shall also be considered in the selection of the
mobile crane:
a) Weight and dimension of loads;
b) Height of lifts and distances/areas of movements of loads;
c) Length of time for which the crane is required;
d) Site condition including ground condition, accessibility and space availability for erection,
operation and dismantling;
e) Any special operational requirements or limitations imposed.
9.1.3 Cranes which are ready for service shall be tested in the manufacturing factories prior to
delivery; cranes which are mounted or finally assembled at their place of use shall be tested at these
places unless other agreements between the vendor and the purchaser are made. Annex C provides
information on commissioning and acceptance testing procedures for mobile cranes.
9.2 Risk assessment and management
9.2.1 Risk assessment is a series of steps to systematically examine hazards associated with the
various processes in the use of mobile cranes. Risk assessment followed by risk reduction is a
process for eliminating hazards and for selecting and implementing appropriate safety measures
9.2.2 Under the legislation on risk assessment, suitable and adequate assessments of the various
types of processes shall be conducted on the risks to the safety and health of employees to which
they are exposed while they are at work. All risk assessments conducted shall be documented and
maintained for a period required under legal requirements.
9.2.3 Reasonable practicable measures shall be developed, implemented and maintained to

eliminate any foreseeable risk to the employees. If the risk cannot be eliminated, safe work
procedures must also be developed and implemented before carrying out such work to minimise the
risk. These safe work procedures shall include the safety precautions to be taken in the course of
work and during an emergency, and the provision and use of personal protective equipment.
9.3 Crane operator, signalman, rigger and approved crane contractor
9.3.1 Crane operator
9.3.1.1 The person who operates the crane to handle the load shall be:
a) over 18 years of age;
b) medically fit in terms of eyesight (with or without glasses), hearing, reflexes and mental
stability;
c) possessing physical qualities of height and stature suitable for crane operation;
d) trained adequately in general operation of cranes and in the type of crane he is operating. He
shall be trained to judge distances, heights and clearances. He shall possess the required
driving licence from the competent authority if he is driving the crane on public roads. He
shall also possess a certificate of registration as a crane operator;
e) expressly authorised to operate the crane;
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SS 536 : 2008
f) capable of conducting routine checks on the crane to ensure it is ready and safe for
operation;
g) familiar with standard crane operation signals (illustrated in Annex D) and be conversant with
the duties of the signalman and/or rigger.
9.3.1.2 The person authorised to operate the crane:
a) shall not carry out any lifting operation unless a lifting supervisor is present or has approved
the carrying out of such operations;
b) shall not engage in any act or manoeuvre which is not in accordance with safe and sound
practice;
c) shall ascertain whether the ground conditions, in particular the ground surface on which a
mobile crane is to be operated, are safe for travel or any lifting operation, and if he is of the
opinion that it is not safe for travel or any lifting operation, he shall report this to the lifting
supervisor;
d) shall not use the crane for any operation for which it is not intended, including pulling or
dragging a load;
e) shall not manoeuvre or hold any suspended load over any public road or public area unless
that road or area has been cordoned off;
f) shall ensure that any outrigger when it is required is fully extended and secured;
g) shall before the start of every workshift, carry out operational tests on all limit switches under
no load conditions before any lifting operation is carried out and shall enter the results of such
tests in a log-book or log-sheet;
h) shall report any failure or malfunction of the crane to the lifting supervisor and shall make an
appropriate entry in the log-book or log-sheet of the crane;
i) shall ensure that any stationary truck mounted or wheel mounted crane is adequately and
securely blocked while it is on a slope;
j) shall not hoist any object if he is unable to ascertain the weight of the object;
k) shall not hoist any load if there is any obstruction in the path of manoeuvre and if there is any
such obstruction, he shall report this immediately to the lifting supervisor;
l) shall not hoist any load unless he has received a clear signal from a signalman;
m) shall not operate a mobile crane or a tower crane within 3 m of any live overhead power line.
9.3.2 Rigger and/or signalman
9.3.2.1 The rigger or signalman who guides the crane operator shall be:
a) over 18 years of age;
b) medically fit with particular regard to eyesight, hearing, reflexes and mental ability;
c) physically fit to handle lifting gears etc;
d) familiar with general slinging operations, estimating weights and centre of gravity of the load;
e) able to select proper lifting gears suitable for common type of operations;
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f) familiar with standard crane operation signals and be able to use them and other means to
give clear and precise signals to the operator (see Annex D);
g) able to control through his signals the movements and operations of the crane ensuring
safety to personnel and property;
h) successfully completed a training course approved by the competent authority;
i) suitably attired for identification purposes.
9.3.2.2 The appointed rigger shall be responsible to:
a) check the slings to be used for slinging the loads to ensure that the slings are of good
construction, sound and suitable material, adequate strength and free from patent defect;
b) ensure that an adequate number of legs of the sling are used and that the slinging angle is
correct so as to prevent the sling from being overloaded during the hoisting;
c) ascertain the weight of the load which is to be lifted and inform the crane operator of the
weight of the load;
d) ensure that only proper lifting gears are used in conjunction with the sling;
e) ensure that the load to be lifted is secure, stable and balanced;
f) ensure that any loose load including stones, bricks or tiles, is placed in a receptacle to
prevent the load from falling during the lifting operation;
g) place adequate padding at the edges of the load which come in contact with the sling so as to
prevent the sling from being damaged; and
h) report any defect in the lifting gear to the lifting supervisor.
9.3.2.3 The appointed signalman shall be responsible to:
a) ensure or verify with the rigger that the load is properly rigged up before he gives a clear
signal to the crane operator to lift the load; and
b) give correct and clear signals to guide the crane operator in the manoeuvre of the load safely
to its destination.
9.3.3 Lifting supervisor
The appointed lifting supervisor shall be responsible to:
a) co-ordinate and be present to supervise all lifting activities and ensure that the lifting
operation is carried out safely;
b) ensure that only registered crane operators, appointed riggers and appointed signalmen
participate in any lifting operation involving the use of a mobile crane;
c) ensure that the ground conditions are safe for any lifting operation to be performed by any
mobile crane;
d) ensure that there is a set of safe lifting procedures for any lifting operation of a mobile crane;
e) brief all crane operators, riggers and signalmen on the safe lifting procedures referred to in
(d);
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f) take measures to rectify the unsatisfactory or unsafe conditions that are reported by any
crane operator or rigger.
9.3.4 Approved crane contractor
The crane contractor approved by the Commissioner for Workplace Safety and Health shall:
a) obtain a manufacturer’s manual which contains instructions on the safe procedures for the
installation, repair, alteration and dismantling of the mobile crane before such work is carried
out;
b) ensure that the crane is installed, repaired, altered or dismantled in accordance with the
instructions contained in such manual.
When the manufacturer’s manual, referred to in 9.3.4(a) is not available, an approved crane
contractor shall install, repair, alter or dismantle any mobile crane under the immediate supervision of
an authorised examiner.
9.3.5 Crane user
The crane user or a person authorised by the user shall make clear to the crane operator and
rigger/signalman about their duties and responsibilities. The user or the person authorised by the
user shall make certain that the crane operator and the rigger/signalman are competent to carry out
their responsibilities. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that examination, testing and re-testing
are carried out regularly in accordance with the requirements of the competent authority. A copy of
the certificate of test and examination issued by the competent authority is shown in Annex E.
9.4 Operation
9.4.1 Crane movement
a) All crane movements shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the manufacturers'
recommendations or those of a competent person.
b) The crane when driven on its own power or transported on a highway shall in addition to
meeting manufacturer/competent persons' recommendations, obey the regulations of the
competent authority.
c) Whenever the crane is moved, careful planning and consideration should be given to ground
or road conditions, height restrictions, proximity of tall or overhead structures, wind conditions
and electrical installations. Where power lines or cables are located near the crane
movement sites, advice shall be sought from a competent person or the competent authority.
9.4.2 Crane positioning
a) The site where the crane is to be operated shall be capable of withstanding the pressures
exerted on the ground by the tyres, the tracks or the outrigger float pads from the crane
structure and the load it handles.
Specific approval by a competent person shall be required when the crane is to be sited over
void decks, over underground service lines, near to embankments, over newly filled or
reclaimed soil or other conditions which may cause damage to the persons and/or property.
b) The crane shall be levelled on tyres or on outriggers when carrying out operations. It is
advisable to perform the operations using outriggers unless a pick and carry operation (within
the recommended specification of the crane) is planned.
All the outriggers shall be used as recommended and the beams shall be fully extended. All
the wheels shall be clear of the ground in normal practice.
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The outrigger float shall be pinned to the outrigger properly and shall rest on the ground with
even contact over the bearing area.
c) If wood blocking is required under the outrigger float pads due to ground conditions, the
blocking shall be done in the following manner:
i) The wooden logs shall be capable of withstanding the pressure exerted;
ii) They shall be of uniform dimensions to provide an even face for the outrigger pads;
iii) They shall house the outrigger float pads fully and be levelled on the ground;
iv) Wooden blocking shall be strictly used under the outrigger float pads only. Wooden
blocking of outrigger beams or use of wooden logs for levelling the crane shall be
avoided.
d) Manufacturers' recommendations for correct counterweight, boom size, hook block, number
of falls on the hoist line, wire rope size and the crane speed shall be adopted and adhered to.
9.4.3 Crane in normal operation
9.4.3.1 The crane shall be in proper working condition. The operator shall conduct a routine check to
ensure that all the accessible points of the crane are in good condition and all the crane controls and
operation are functioning properly.
9.4.3.2 The crane's safe work load is always indicated for freely suspended loads. It is expressly
forbidden to use the crane to drag any load, or any operation that may cause the hoist line to be out of
plumb.
9.4.3.3 The load to be lifted and the radius of the load pick up point should be within the allowable
limits in accordance with the load chart of the crane for the given configuration.
9.4.3.4 There shall be no obstruction around the area of the crane operation. Should the operation
be carried out in places where public has access, the operation area shall be cordoned off with proper
warning signs.
9.4.3.5 Hoisting or lowering persons by crane is prohibited unless special safety means are provided
by the manufacturer or a competent person.
9.4.3.6 In case of lowering with load only power lowering is permitted. The crane operator shall be
guided clearly and precisely by a signalman who shall stand in a position where he can be seen
clearly by the crane operator or alternatively, the operator shall make use of suitable communication
equipment.
9.4.3.7 The change in radius caused by booming down and/or telescoping out shall be considered
when determining the lifting capacity of the crane. The reduction in the boom angle, caused by the
load when just lifted off the ground, and the consequential increase in the radius shall also be
considered in determining the safety of a lift.
9.4.3.8 Loading beyond the capacity of the crane as determined by the structural integrity limit or the
stability limit is strictly prohibited.
9.4.3.9 The operator shall not cause the load to be jerked during the operations. Where necessary
suitable taglines shall be used to control the swing or oscillation of the load when slewing, telescoping
or derricking operations are carried out.
9.4.3.10 Adequacy of the length of wire rope should be checked carefully, especially when the level
of the load is below the level of the crane. Under no circumstance shall there be less than 2 drum
turns of wire rope remaining in the drum.
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9.4.3.11 The crane operation shall be suspended if there is strong wind, poor lighting, likelihood of
lightning or any other factor affecting the safe operation of the crane.
9.4.3.12 The intermediate values of safe working load not given in the load chart, shall always be
taken as a lower load stipulated in the range. Interpolation of values for intermediate range is
disallowed unless specifically allowed by the manufacturer.
9.4.3.13 The boom tip shall be symmetrically rigged to prevent eccentric or unbalanced reeving.
However, in situations where perfectly symmetrical rigging is hard to obtain, a near symmetrical
arrangement shall be provided. This arrangement shall be certified by a competent person as to
whether any derating of the crane is required, if the manufacturer has not already considered this
arrangement.
9.4.3.14 The load to be picked up shall be slung properly to provide stable lift. In cases where
multilegged slings are used, they shall be rated adequately for the loading they take at the angle the
legs make with the vertical.
9.4.3.15 The wire rope on all load and boom hoist drums shall be tightly and evenly wound. The
slackening of the rope caused by improper operation shall be prevented. (If the crane hook is hoisted
up without other loads at high speed and hoist brake is applied suddenly, the rope can become slack
on the drum. Similarly over-lowering could also cause slackness.)
9.4.3.16 Hook block shall not be allowed to hit the boom tip. Operator shall exercise care when
hoisting up or telescoping out the boom to provide sufficient length of wire rope. Two-block damage-
preventing devices shall be fitted (see 4.9.1).
9.4.3.17 The various sections of the telescoping booms shall be extended or retracted by equal
amounts unless an automatic arrangement for equally extending or retracting telescoping boom
sections is incorporated. However, if the crane is designed for random sequencing, the telescoping
boom sections need not be extended or retracted by equal amounts.
9.4.3.18 Pick and carry operations
a) The crane shall be designed for pick and carry operations and the load chart shall state
clearly the limitations for pick and carry operation.
b) The operator shall have to be skilled and extremely cautious in operating the crane.
c) The boom shall be as short as possible, in line with the direction of motion and the
longitudinal axis of the crane.
d) The boom shall be "over front" for rough terrain cranes, "over rear" for carrier mounted and
"over the idler end" for crawlers.
e) The boom and the load shall be kept as low as possible. Further the load shall be as close
as possible to the crane and tied back to the crane (but not to the boom section) if possible
(or tag line shall be used).
If the crane is of the slewing type, the mechanical slewing lock shall be engaged.
f) All the tyres of the carrier shall be in good condition and inflated to uniform pressure
according to manufacturers' recommendation.
g) The route over which pick and carry operation is carried out shall be smooth, firm and level.
h) The travel speed shall be as specified by the manufacturer and the movement shall be
towards the load.
i) Care shall be taken about overhead obstructions/restrictions.
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j) Pick and carry operation on a gradient is not recommended.
9.4.3.19 Use of more than one crane for lifting operation
Use of more than one crane is normally not recommended. However, should it be carried out, a
competent person shall carefully plan out the operation in detail with emergency plans. The operation
shall be carried out under proper supervision. The person supervising the operation shall fully
understand the details of the operation and shall ensure that the operators understand the sequence
and the significance of the operation.
The cranes used for sharing the load shall be of similar characteristics in respect of hoisting,
derricking, slewing, travel speeds and each of the crane used shall have at least 25% excess capacity
than the maximum share of the load that each one is expected to handle.
All lifting gears shall be of adequate size and capacity for the operation. The hoist lines of the cranes
shall always be vertical. The crane shall not be used to perform a duty which is not a normal crane
operation.
9.4.3.20 Tilt up operations
Extreme care and supervision are required when a long object such as a beam lying horizontally is
tilted up using a crane to lift it from one of the ends.
The loading on the crane will be suddenly increased from half the weight of the load to the full weight.
Therefore the capacity of the crane must be adequate at all positions of the operation.
Tilting up shall be carried out away from the crane. When tilting up sideways, the operator shall
ensure that the hoist line is kept vertical by slewing and thus prevent the crane from being side
loaded.
9.4.3.21 Leaving a crane unattended
When leaving a crane unattended for even a short time, all the suspended loads shall be unloaded,
controls placed in the neutral position and engine shut down. All brakes and locking devices shall be
set. The ignition key should be removed from the crane whenever the operator is absent from the
machine.
When leaving cranes unattended overnight, in addition to the above, the crane shall be parked on
level ground with carrier brakes set, transmission placed at neutral, parking brakes set, swing brakes
set; boom retracted and stowed in the case of hydraulic boom; boom set at recommended position for
parking in the case of lattice boom; and all accesses and operation panels locked. If the ground is not
level then outriggers shall be used. In case of booms longer than 18 m, it may be safer to rest the
boom on ground supports. However, manufacturer's advice shall be sought in this regard.
In case a crane is left unattended for a long time, suitable coating to prevent corrosion shall be
applied to all the moving parts of the crane. Lattice boom and all removable counterweights shall be
removed and stored safely. Manufacturer's recommendations shall be strictly followed.
9.5 Safe work procedures and precautions
9.5.1 Crane operation
Whenever a crane is moved, whether or not it is lifting a load, it shall only be driven by a crane
operator.
Maintenance personnel who are required to move cranes during maintenance work and testing shall
be competent and trained in crane driving to the extent necessary to enable them to carry out their
duties safely.
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9.5.2 Working on cranes
When personnel are required to work on cranes for inspection, maintenance or other reasons, a
system should be in operation to ensure that they are not endangered by movement of the crane and
that a secure working place is provided.
For small and simple cranes where the operator has a clear view of all the moving parts, the system
may be by means of verbal communication provided that it is clearly defined and readily understood
by all personnel. For larger and more complex cranes a permit-to-work system may be necessary.
9.5.3 Crane not in regular use
In cases where a crane is not in regular use, it may be necessary to carry out a special programme of
checks before it is used. The extent and thoroughness of this programme will depend not only on the
length of the period that the crane was out of use but also on the location of the crane during this
period. A crane standing under cover or inside a workshop may require very little examination, but a
crane that has been out of use and left in the open and therefore exposed to the weather and
atmospheric pollution, etc. may require an extensive appraisal to ensure its fitness for work.
The appraisal should include at least the following:
a) Any checks that may be recommended by the manufacturer;
b) Examination of all crane ropes for signs of corrosion and damage and ensuring that there is
thorough lubrication;
c) Examination of all control linkage for evidence of seizure or partial seizure and ensuring that
there is correct lubrication;
d) Testing of every crane motion for several minutes without load, each motion individually at
first, and then by combination of two or more motions simultaneously as appropriate, and
then repeating the test with a load on the crane;
e) Checking the correct functioning of all the crane safety devices; and,
f) Checking of hoses, seals or other components for evidence of deterioration.
The result of all the tests in the programme should be documented in the crane records along with
details of any corrective action taken to overcome any defects, prior to the crane being returned to
service.
9.5.4 Reporting of defects and incidents in log book
The appointed person should ensure that there is an effective procedure for reporting defects and
incidents. This procedure should include notification to the appointed person, recording of actions
taken to rectify any defects and clearance of the crane for further service. This procedure shall
include the immediate notification of the following:
a) Any defects found during daily and weekly checks;
b) Defects found at any other time;
c) Incidents or accidents, however slight;
d) Shock loads, however they may occur;
e) Dangerous occurrences or reportable accidents as required by the competent authority.
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The procedure should include provision for an examination by a competent person after any incident,
whether or not a repair is necessary, to ensure that the crane is fit for further service.
The result of any major repairs that affects the lifting capacity of the crane should be recorded for the
purpose of reporting to the authorised examiner.
9.5.5 Leaving the crane unattended
A crane operator should always be present when a load is suspended from a crane.
In no case should a crane be left unattended even for short periods, unless all loads have been
removed from the lifting attachment, and the lifting attachment has been left in a safe position, the
power supplies to all motions have been switched off or the engine has been stopped and appropriate
motion brakes and locks have been applied to put the machine in a safe condition. The ignition key
and any other keys should be removed from the crane whenever the operator is absent from the
machine.
For longer periods and for out-of-service conditions, switches should be locked off, fuel supplies cut
off and any doors giving access to machinery or control cabs locked to prevent unauthorised access.
Machinery should be left in the out-of-service condition as described in the operating instructions.
10 Stability of mobile cranes at site

10.1 General
In order to ensure that the ground can safely support a mobile crane, it will be necessary to obtain
information about ground conditions on site. The important items to check are:
a) ground character;
b) water conditions; and,
c) location of any underground hazards.
10.2 Ground classification
Ground can be classified into several broad categories for the purpose of highlighting potential
problems for siting mobile cranes. Special attention is needed for poor ground conditions or where
there is lack of data on the nature of the sub-soil. The broad categories are as follows:
a) New sites
No previous construction activities.
Problems may arise from proximity to rivers or streams or low ground where soft alluvial
deposits and high ground water tables can be expected.
b) Coastal areas
Low sand density (loose sand) and/or high or variable water table can cause problems.
c) Used construction sites
Unknown previous conditions such as badly compacted fill, poorly filled open pits, and
underground pipes.
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d) Paved ground
These may look deceptively strong but may have been laid on weak ground underneath. If a
road is used regularly by heavy commercial vehicles and shows no signs of deterioration,
then it will be less of a concern than a lightly used car park or side road.
Footpaths always require further investigation as there may be weaker material or service
pipes at shallow depths underneath thin surfacing.
Edges of paved areas are usually weak.
e) Urban sites
Potential underground hazards e.g. basements, sewers, tunnels, water pipes, poorly
backfilled trenches, manholes, inspection chambers, etc.
10.3 Ground investigation
Soil conditions may vary widely between sites or even within a single site. Visual observation, local
knowledge, and any existing soil test reports will indicate the extent of investigation needed to
evaluate the soil conditions so that support arrangements for the crane can be properly assessed.
The foundations for mobile cranes are set at the ground surface and hence the investigation should
pay particular attention to the conditions at shallow depths. Before a crane arrives on site, existing
information on the nature of the soils should have been studied and any additional site investigations
required should have been carried out and warnings of any possible hazards should be made known
to relevant parties involved in the lifting operation.
The most widely used method of in-situ soil testing in Singapore is the Standard Penetration Test
(SPT), where the blow count for driving a standard split barrel sampler with a standard hammer is
measured for a penetration of 300 mm into the soil in a bore hole. This SPT value is fairly well
correlated to the in-situ strength of the soil tested.
Tables 9 and 10 below give approximate consistency and strength values with respect to SPT values
in blows/300 mm. The relevant average SPT value to consider should cover a depth about equal to
the foundation width.
Table 9 – SPT for granular soils (sands and gravels)
SPT < 4 very loose Ø = 30o

SPT 4 – 10 loose Ø = 30o
SPT 10 – 30 medium dense Ø = 30o – 35o
SPT 30 – 50 dense Ø = 35o – 40o
SPT > 50 very dense Ø = 40o – 44o
where Ø is the friction angle
Table 10 – SPT for cohesive soils (clays and silts)
SPT 0 – 2 very soft Cu < 20 kPa

SPT 3 – 5 soft Cu = 20 - 40 kPa
SPT 6 – 9 firm Cu = 40 - 75 kPa
SPT 10 – 16 stiff Cu = 75 - 150 kPa
SPT 17 – 30 very stiff Cu = 150 - 250 kPa
where Cu is the undrained shear strength
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10.4 Ground bearing capacity
Ground bearing capacity can be measured in two ways: ultimate bearing capacity and allowable
bearing pressure.
The ultimate bearing capacity is the value of gross loading intensity for a particular foundation at
which the resistance of the soil to displacement of the foundation is fully mobilised, i.e. failure.
The allowable bearing pressure is the maximum allowable loading intensity at the base of the
foundation, taking into account the ultimate bearing capacity, the amount and kind of settlement
expected, and the ability of the structure to accommodate this settlement.
A factor of safety of 2 to 3 on the ultimate bearing capacity value to derive the bearing pressure
should normally be adopted for mobile crane. Where the soil bearing capacity is not sufficient, timber
mat, grillage or some other type of foundation may be used.
Water tends to reduce the strength of soils and this should be considered during the ground
assessment, especially if the area is prone to flooding. When assessing areas overlaid with paving or
hardcore, beware that although the surface may appear strong, there is a risk that an outrigger will
punch through into weaker material beneath. If in doubt, make an assessment based on the
underlying material and ignore the surfacing.
On large construction sites where mobile cranes are expected to be in common use over long
periods, a site survey should be undertaken to identify soil types and underground hazards. Further
ground improvements may then be required and can take many forms. When all surveys are
completed, any hazards identified and soil improvements completed, a site layout plan can be
produced to show the location of danger areas, access routes, and safe working areas for the types
of mobile cranes to be used.
10.5 Settlement
It is very important that mobile cranes are set up level and remain so during use. It is critical that
excessive or differential settlement does not occur and that the crane can be kept level within the
manufacturer’s tolerances.
The settlement of free-draining granular soils occurs almost instantaneously as the soil is stressed by
the load from the crane, and therefore, most of the settlement may well take place during erection of
the crane.
In the case of impermeable clay soils, there is potential for immediate settlements to occur in the
short term under undrained conditions, and for long term consolidation settlements associated with
gradual dissipation of the excess pore water pressures generated by the sustained load under a
crane.
For the normal short-term use of a mobile crane these long-term consolidation settlements will not be
critical.
Excessive settlement is critical because if the slewing ring of the crane is not horizontal, the jib will not
be in a vertical plane. This will cause side loads on the jib, which could cause the jib to fail, and which
may exceed the capacity of the slewing gear. Also excessive settlement may attract additional load
onto the outrigger or track that is settling.
10.6 Underground hazards
Underground hazards that may be encountered on a typical construction site are: -
a) Electrical cables;
b) Gas/water/drainage pipes;
c) Culverts;
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d) Uncompacted material;
e) Covered shafts and manholes;
f) Recently backfilled excavations and trenches;
g) Voids under old concrete foundations;
h) Cellars, basements and car parks.
10.7 Outrigger foundations
Outriggers shall be held securely in the retracted position while travelling, and in the extended
position when blocked for hoisting.
Where power-operated actuation is provided, the outriggers shall be either visible from the actuator
control position or operated with the assistance of a signalman.
Where power-operated jacks are used, provision shall be made to prevent the loss of support under
load in case of failure of power supply.
Markings showing the fully extended positions and fully retracted positions of the outrigger shall be
provided.
There are various methods of increasing the area of foundation under the outrigger pad. Foundation
materials must be designed to spread the load over the area required. The material used to form the
spreader mat must be strong enough to distribute the outrigger load over the full foundation area.
Design calculations may be required to be sure of the load that can be safely carried. Typical
examples of spreader mats are:
a) Timber mats
These consist of a grillage of thick timbers. This is suitable for most situations encountered,
but loading is limited by the strength of the timber.
b) Timber and ply plates
For small loads this option allows an increase in area to be built up from timbers laid on edge,
firmly fixed between two sheets of plywood.
c) Proprietary mats
Various proprietary mats are available. These should be used strictly in accordance with the
mat manufacturer’s instructions, noting any limitations.
d) Steel grillage or steel plates
A grillage of steel I-beams (or universal columns). This would normally be used where
heavier outrigger loads are involved, or to bridge across obstructions and voids. When
stacking steel beams, connections between members may be required to avoid instability.
e) Concrete pads
For greater outrigger loading or on weaker soils, a concrete pad can be used, of mass or
reinforced concrete in an excavation or even a precast reinforced pad, which is bedded down
on sand or similar material. Care must be taken if the pad is to extend above ground level to
ensure that the outrigger can be deployed from the chassis of the crane without fouling.
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f) Piled foundation
For extremely high outrigger loads in extremely weak soil conditions it might be necessary to
put down piles into a better strata of soil and design appropriate connecting supports.
When the load on the outrigger pad is known, the required outrigger foundation may be estimated
from Figures 13 and 14 in Annex F.
10.8 Crawler-mounted cranes
Under some ground conditions or site layouts it may be necessary to provide additional hard
standings to bring the ground bearing pressures down to an acceptable limit for the crane to travel on
or work from. Possible methods are:
a) Layer of timbers or spreader mats – good quality timber must be used;
b) Layer of stone, hardcore or crushed concrete (possibly replacing upper layers of weak soil);
c) Concrete raft; precast panels can be suitable;
d) Ground improvement e.g. dynamic compaction, lime stabilisation, stone columns and
geotextiles. For these solutions the bearing pressure is defined by on-site testing;
e) Steel plates to lay across poor ground conditions for better stability.
10.9 Danger areas
Figures 4, 5 and 6 give general guidelines for determining the safe distance D from danger areas
when deploying mobile cranes:
Mobile cranes should not be used within the danger areas without further engineering review and
assessment being made by a competent engineer. The guidelines on safe distance D apply to both
work adjacent to permanent structures and to work near to temporary works, e.g. sheet pile retaining
walls, trench support systems, etc.
‘B’ – width of foundation
Danger area ‘D’
Height of
D ≥ 4B slope ‘H’
and cut slope should be
checked for stability
D + d ≥ 2H prior to positioning
the crane.
Figure 4 – Safe distance D from a slope with depth H
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Danger area ‘D’

Retaining wall
Height of
soil
retained
D ≥ 4B ‘H’
and
D ≥1.5H
Figure 5 – Safe distance D from a retaining wall with height of soil retained H
Danger area ‘D’
Ground floor
Height of
soil
retained
‘H’
D ≥ 4B
and Basement
D ≥ 1.5H
Figure 6 – Safe distance D from a nearby building with basement with height of soil retained H
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11 Inspection
Mobile cranes are carefully designed, manufactured, and tested for safe and reliable operations.
However, safe, reliable and continuous operation of mobile cranes cannot be ensured without regular
and proper inspections, and without a thorough preventive maintenance programme.
Regular inspections ensure that deviations from safe operating conditions are detected early and can
be rectified. Inspections should be carried out by experienced personnel such as the crane operator,
crane maintenance supervisor, crane engineer, competent person, or the authorised examiner.
The wide variation of conditions under which a crane may operate makes it impossible for the crane
manufacturer to determine inspection intervals appropriate for every situation. Therefore, the
inspection intervals recommended by the crane manufacturer should be regarded as the minimum
intervals based on normal operating conditions. More frequent inspections are required if the
operating or site conditions are severe.
There are five types of inspections:
a) Daily and weekly inspection
b) Periodic inspection
c) Statutory visual inspection
d) Statutory load test
e) Statutory inspection and load test after a repair of major load bearing components
Daily and periodic inspections are part of maintenance checks. Statutory inspections are to ensure
that the cranes comply with statutory regulations and that they are safe and fit for further use.
Statutory inspection after a repair of major load bearing components is to verify that proper repairs or
modifications of cranes have been completed and that their load ratings conform to their load charts
and that their safe use and reliable operation are assured.
11.1 Daily and weekly inspection
11.1.1 General requirements
Daily inspections are visual checks which should be carried out by the crane operator at the start of
each shift.
In general, the inspection prior to operation is a functional test of the safety equipment and a visual
inspection for obvious defects.
The crane operator should be competent not only in operating the crane, but also be able to spot any
obvious defects of the crane and any possible danger in the surrounding environment. His
competence should be based on his own experience and on his qualifications and training leading to
his crane operator’s certification.
The crane operator should begin his inspection by walking around the crane looking for defects or
problem areas. Any component or part of the crane which has a direct bearing on the safety of the
crane and whose condition can change from day to day with use must be inspected on a daily basis.
In addition, a proper inspection can forecast maintenance needs or potential equipment failures and
malfunctions.
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The inspection should include operating the crane through all the motions without load. This is the
functional test for checking the smoothness of operation as well as the integrity of the various safety
devices.
11.1.2 Daily inspection checklist
The following is a list of the items for which the crane operator should check at the start of each shift
prior to using the crane for any load lifting operation:
a) Visually check the entire crane superstructure for any structural damage.
b) Visually check the load bearing connecting parts of the crane assembly such as the
connecting pins, bearings, shafts, locking devices and bolts.
c) Visually check the hoisting mechanism of the crane such as the winch drum, hook and
sheaves. Check that all ropes are correctly positioned on the drum/sheave and not be
displaced.
d) Check all lubricated parts and ensure that there are adequate lubricants, especially at
exposed parts such as the slewing table and pulleys.
e) Check the engine system and see that the belts are correctly tensioned. Top up all fluids
such as engine oil, cooling water, batter water and clutch oil.
f) Check the hydraulic system including hoses and oil level.
g) Check that the electrical equipment is not contaminated by oil, dirt, dust and water.
h) Check the security of all wheels, tire pressures and the proper functioning of all brakes.
i) Check that the outrigger system is correctly set up.
j) Check that the readings of the LRI are correct, by varying the boom angle and length.
k) Check that all hooks have safety catches, and any hook that is deformed or cracked must be
removed from service and destroyed. Check also that all hooks are able to rotate freely.
l) Check all crane control functions without load.
m) Check the operation of all limit switches and cut-outs.
n) Check the fire extinguisher.
o) Check cabin cleanliness and general tidiness.
11.1.3 Weekly inspection checklist
Additional items for weekly inspection are as follows:
a) Visually inspect all ropes for broken wires, flattening, basket distortion or other signs of
damage, excessive wear and surface corrosion;
b) Check all rope terminations, swivels, pins and retaining devices and check all sheaves for
damage, worn bushes or seizure;
c) Inspect the structure for damage, e.g. missing and bent bracing on bridges and strut jibs,
bulges, indentations and unusual rubbing marks on telescopic jibs, cracked welds and loose
bolts and other fasteners;
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d) Check hooks and other load lifting attachments, safety catches and swivels for damage, free
movement or wear. Check the hook shank thread and securing nut for undue movement,
which may indicate wear or corrosion;
e) Check for creep of hydraulic rams on hydraulic machines;
11.1.4 Remedial action for defects
After the daily and weekly inspection, a record of the items inspected in the checklist and of their
condition should be prepared, signed and kept in the crane cabin. The record should preferably
follow the format shown in Annex G.
Defects which are discovered during the daily and weekly inspection should immediately be notified to
the supervisor or manager responsible for the crane operation. These defects should be rectified
based on a suitable time frame. However, where critical defects which will affect the continued safe
use of the crane are discovered, the operator should immediately notify the supervisor or manager
responsible for the crane operation and remove the crane from service until those critical defects
have been properly rectified.
11.2 Periodic inspection
The periodic inspection procedure is intended to be a thorough examination by one or more

competent persons who are able to determine the need to repair or replace parts and components as
required to maintain the crane in top condition insofar as safety is involved. The competent person(s)
may be come from the owner, user or supplier’s organisation, or from an organisation specialised in
such work.
The items to be examined will include those items included in the daily and weekly inspection, items
included in the manufacturer’s recommendations, as well as additional items which are listed below.
These are considered to be the minimum required. An understanding of the machine’s age and
condition, the severity of local operating and environmental factors, the consequences of failure of
parts and components, will all determine the degree of additional inspection or examination required
for safe operation.
Due to the widely varying conditions under which cranes operate, it is difficult to specify the intervals
at which periodic inspections should be carried out. It is advisable to follow the crane manufacturer’s
recommendations. The manufacturer’s recommendations are to be taken as the maximum interval
for the periodic inspection and the owner or user should shorten the interval to suit the conditions of
use if necessary. It is recommended that the periodic inspection should be carried out at not more
than 6 months interval or when 2000 operating hours have been reached (whichever occurs first).
11.2.2 Inspection checklist
The additional items to be examined are as follows:
a) The entire crane for structural damage including the boom, jib, supporting frame,
undercarriage, outriggers, etc. Check especially for distortion or cracks for each item.
b) All moving and non-moving wire ropes (see Annex H for discard criteria for wire ropes) and
terminal fittings. Check for broken wires, wear, distortion, and cracks at fittings.
c) All weldments and connections at main chords, lacings and other structural items. Check for
cracks and corrosion.
d) Drums, sheaves, bearings, pins, rollers and hook roller brackets. Check for cracks, distorted
parts, or worn parts.
e) Brakes and brake linings. Check for excessive wear and proper clearances.
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f) Clutch system parts, and pawls and ratchets. Check for excessive wear or poor conditions.
g) LRI. Test over the entire range for significant inaccuracies.
h) Drive sprockets and drive chains. Check for excessive wear or chain stretch.
i) Steering and locking devices. Check for correct operation.
j) Hydraulic hoses, fittings and tubes. Check for leaks at the surfaces of hoses and at the metal
end couplings. Check also for deformation or distortion of the hydraulic hoses.
k) Swing table. Check that it turns smoothly and evenly and is stable
l) All control mechanisms. Check for effective and proper operation.
This examination may necessitate the removal of guards, coverings, and other obstructions, as well
as the use of necessary tools and equipment in order to obtain a clear view and proper assessment of
the parts involved. The competent persons carrying out this periodic inspection should have been
properly trained and tested for their ability to perform this task. It may be necessary for more than
one person to be involved in the inspection. It is the responsibility of the owner / crane user to allow
the competent person(s) sufficient time to carry out the complete periodic inspection.
11.2.3 Remedial action for defects
After the periodic inspection, a record of the items examined in the checklist should be prepared and
signed by the competent person(s) and handed to the supervisor or manager responsible for the
crane operation.
Where defects are discovered the competent person(s) should immediately notify the supervisor or
manager responsible for the crane operation. These defects should be rectified based on a suitable
time limit. However, where critical defects are discovered and which will affect the continued safe use
of the crane, then the competent person(s) should immediately notify the supervisor or manager
responsible for the crane operation, who should then remove the crane from service until those critical
defects have been properly rectified.
11.3 Statutory visual inspection and load test
Mobile cranes shall undergo visual examinations and load tests to comply with statutory
requirements.
Thorough visual examinations shall be carried out at periods not exceeding 12 months from the last
inspection. Apart from this, a load test of the mobile crane shall be carried out once every 4 years.
Both the thorough visual examination and the load test are conducted by the authorised examiner. At
the end of the examination or load test, a certificate of test / thorough examination of the lifting
equipment (Annex E) is issued by the authorised examiner to the crane owner and to the authority.
11.3.2 Statutory visual inspection
11.3.2.1 Pre-conditions for a statutory visual inspection
The crane owner should be informed in advance of the date and time of the inspection by the
authorised examiner. The owner has to assign a crane operator, who has a valid crane operator’s
registration, to the crane to assist the authorised examiner for the duration of the inspection.
The crane should be prepared and be ready for the inspection. It should be moved to a relatively flat
piece of open ground, parked properly, and with outriggers deployed. This is to allow for
unobstructed movement of the crane such as the slewing, derricking, and boom extension.
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All necessary documents that will assist the authorised examiner should be available for inspection.
This will include the crane log book, maintenance log book, operating and maintenance manuals, and
repair documentations (if any). In addition, a copy of the previous inspection certificate and a valid
LRI calibration certificate should be displayed prominently inside the operator’s cabin.
It is essential that the test site not be overly crowded with plant, machinery and construction material
such as to inhibit the proper inspection of the crane. In addition, the inspection should be carried out
where all parts of the crane can be easily seen under natural lighting.
11.3.2.2 Checklist for the statutory visual inspection
In general, the statutory visual inspection consists of the thorough visual examination and includes
verification of function and effectiveness.
The inspection should be carried out in the following order:
a) Verification of ownership and identity of the crane.
b) Assess the overall condition and configuration.
c) Verify the condition of components and equipment with reference to damage, wear, corrosion
or any other change.
d) Functional test of mechanisms.
e) Verify the effectiveness of safety devices.
An example of a standard checklist for the thorough visual examination is given in Annex I.
11.3.2.3 Remedial actions
Upon completion of the inspection, the authorised examiner will notify the owner, supervisor or
manager of the crane his assessments of defects found and whether there is any doubt as to the
continued safe use of the crane.
Any defects found should be rectified within a reasonable time frame. However, where critical defects
are discovered, and the crane cannot be used safely, the authorised examiner should inform the
owner, supervisor or manager of the crane to immediately remove the crane from service and to
rectify the critical defects. The crane owner, supervisor or manager should then ensure that these
critical defects are rectified.
11.3.3 Statutory load test
11.3.3.1 Pre-conditions for the statutory load test
The purpose of the 4-yearly load test is to prove that the crane is still stable, structurally sound and
capable of performing safely and reliably within its intended scope.
It is necessary to set up the crane properly before subjecting it to the load test:
a) The site should be of sufficient area and have enough overhead clearance to allow for safe
movement of the crane and load throughout the test movement.
b) The ground should be firm and be level to within ±1%. There should be no hidden dangers
such as cable ducts, drains, pipes, back-filled areas or other subterranean weaknesses.
c) All the outriggers should be fully extended and be raised so that the tyres are clear of the
ground.
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d) All travel brakes and axles should be locked.
e) It is good practice to ensure that the fuel tank is filled to one-third full.
f) The test weights used should be125% of rated capacity and be accurate to ± 1%
g) The weight of the lifting accessories should be included as part of the test weights.
h) The correct counterweight is used.
i) The fly jib used with the main boom should also be tested.
11.3.3.2 Procedure for carrying out the statutory load test
Before the load test, the crane is subjected to the thorough visual examination as detailed in 11.3.2.
The load test should be carried out in a manner which would include every load bearing part. All
operations (hoisting, lowering, derricking, and slewing) should be carried out separately and at the
lowest possible speed. The load should be kept as close to the ground as possible (generally
between 100 mm to 200 mm) and held there for 10 min. Static load test, applied by pulling against an
anchor point instead of using test weights, is not recommended as it does not fully test all the load
bearing parts as well as all the parts of the gear train.
The maximum and minimum radii being tested must be checked for correctness by measuring them
using alternative measuring equipment; the crane instrumentation should not be used for this
purpose. After the load test, the crane is again subjected to a thorough visual examination.
11.3.3.3 Procedure for remedial actions
The procedure is the same as in 11.3.2.3. However, where the authorised examiner is unable to
ascertain the safety of the crane after the defects have been rectified, he should inform the owner that
another load test shall be carried out.
11.3.4 Certificate of test and thorough visual examination
Upon completion of the thorough visual examination and /or load test, a certificate is prepared and
issued to the owner with a copy to the authority. It is important that the certificate not contain any
information that is ambiguous. Therefore, information such as the jib length, boom length, no of falls
of rope supporting the hook block, etc, which were present at the time of the load test and inspection,
should be stated clearly in the certificate.
In the case of a load test, where for any reason the authorised examiner considers that the maximum
load that may be safely lifted with the available ground conditions is less than the designed safe
working load of the crane, he should inform the owner accordingly and his certificate should specify
the reduced maximum safe working load. In addition, the markings and rated load chart of the crane
should be amended (or a new one made) and be prominently displayed in the crane cabin by the
owner. The owner shall ensure that the LRI is promptly reset to perform in accordance with the
amended rated capacities.
11.4 Inspection after a repair of load-bearing components
Any load bearing component of a crane that has been repaired shall undergo a load test and
thorough visual examination prior to putting it back to service. This is to ensure that:
a) the structural integrity of the crane has not been diminished.
b) the stability of the crane has not been affected.
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c) the adequacy of all functions is maintained under the rated load.
d) all repair work has been adequately carried out.
As a guide, the following would constitute the load-bearing components of a mobile crane:
a) main boom;
b) fly jib;
c) gantry;
d) backhitch;
e) slewing ring;
f) outriggers;
g) hoisting / derricking brake system.
Hoisting wire ropes and the pendant ropes are also critical load-bearing components of the crane.
The replacement of these ropes may require a load test to be carried out prior to putting the crane
back into service.
Boom or jib repairs, in particular, are a skilled operation requiring special training and experience.
They shall be carried out in accordance with the original manufacturer’s instructions and guidance.
All replacement parts and repairs shall have at least the same safety factor and reliability as the
original parts and be in accordance with the specifications of the original equipment manufacturer.
11.4.2 Assessment for repair procedure
A competent person shall make an assessment of the defects and damage requiring repair. The
assessment should be recorded in the form of a report. The report should contain the following:
a) Details of how the incident happened or circumstances leading to the discovery of the
defective parts.
b) Nature and extent of the damage and defects.
c) Proposed action based on the manufacturer’s recommendation.
11.4.3 Repair documentation
Whilst the repair of critical load-bearing components is highly specialised and their methodologies
may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, it is recommended that a standard documentation be
adopted in order to ensure uniformity and quality of repair work.
The recommended standard repair documentation shall comprise of:
a) A drawing or sketch showing the location and area around the damaged part. This could be
supported by photographs if possible.
b) A statement detailing the repair work required. This statement should contain sufficient
details such as part numbers of items to be replaced by new parts, cutting and surface
preparation, type and extent of welding, any heat treatment that may be required, quality
control measures to be adopted, Non destructive testing required, duration and location of
repair, etc.
c) A weld map showing the location of weldments to be performed on the load bearing
components.
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d) A welding procedure specification (WPS) listing the important parameters applicable to

welding.
e) A procedure qualification record (PQR) to show the welding of test coupons to qualify the
WPS, the testing of specimens, and the record of welding data and test results obtained.
f) A welding performance qualification (WPQ) to show the welder’s ability to deposit sound weld
metal for each process that he will use in the repair work.
g) A non-destructive testing (NDT) examination report comprising NDT methods, namely

radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle or liquid dye penetrant, to ascertain the quality of
the weldments after repair. Where the dye penetrant method is used, another method such
as ultrasonic, radiography or magnetic particle should also be used to detect sub-surface
defects. The personnel carrying out the NDT testing should have been qualified and certified
to NDT Level II. The acceptance criteria should comply with Level C for weld quality levels
specified in ISO 5817.
NOTE – NDT Level II personnel shall be trained, qualified and certified to international standards such
as ISO 9712 or SNT-TC-1A.
h) Photographs showing the parts after the repair has been completed.
i) A final report by the approved crane contractor confirming the results of the repair work. This
document shall be dated and signed by the supervisor of the repair work.
j) All documents listed from (a) to (i) shall be included in a file set up specifically for this repair
work. This file shall be made available for review by the authorised examiner appointed to
carry out a visual examination and a load test of the crane after the repair. This file shall be
properly kept by the approved crane contractor for a period of at least 5 years.
11.5 Pre-conditions for crane inspection after repair of load-bearing components
The approved crane contractor is responsible for ensuring that all documents pertaining to the repair
work are valid, properly documented and kept available for inspection.
Upon completion of the repair work, the crane is required to undergo a visual examination and a load
test by an authorised examiner before it can be put back into service.
The load test shall be carried out in such a manner as to fully stress the repaired part or component to
validate the repair work. It is therefore necessary for the authorised examiner to review the repair file
and to understand the nature and extent of the repair work prior to carrying out the load test and
visual examination.
11.5.1 Certificate of test and thorough visual examination
The certificate of test and visual examination is issued upon successful completion of the load test
and visual examination. It is important that all relevant details are included in the certificate, such as
configuration and reeving used, etc. A special note should be included in the certificate describing
the repair work that has been carried out on the crane.
12 Maintenance and repair
12.1 General
Provision should be made to ensure that throughout its use the crane and other equipment used in
the lifting operation are maintained in a satisfactory condition.
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The appointed person should be satisfied that adequate information, e.g. manufacturer's instructions,
is available and that the maintenance is carried out by a competent person who has adequate
knowledge of the correct procedures. The frequency and extent of such maintenance should take
account of all factors that affect the crane in carrying out its work.
12.2 Planned maintenance
To ensure safe and satisfactory operation of the crane, a properly planned maintenance system
should be established and used. Manufacturer's instruction books recommend that specific tasks be
carried out at stated intervals, and these periods should not be exceeded. They also specify the
lubrication points that require attention, the interval or frequency of greasing and oil changes, and the
grades and quality of lubricant to be used. Furthermore, the instruction books also cover other
essential maintenance items such as replacement of filters, draining intervals of air receivers,
recommended tyre pressures, frequency for checking the security of fixing bolts and recommended
torque settings and other adjustments, e.g. for clutches and brakes.
The statutory examination of the crane requires an authorised examiner to assess whether or not the
crane is fit for service at the time of the examination. A more frequent inspection should be carried
out if the frequency of use of the crane and the environmental conditions so require.
An effective planned maintenance system should recognise the possible need to prohibit the use of
the crane until essential maintenance work is carried out.
In addition to any statutory regulations, a record should be kept of every crane, giving information on
the major components used in the crane manufacture, e.g. rope diameters and lengths, construction
and breaking loads, tyre sizes and ply ratings, make and model of motors, pumps, gear boxes,
winches, drives, electrical and hydraulic equipment and switchgear.
The availability and source of replacement items should be checked and noted in the record.
Consideration should be given, where appropriate, to stocking certain expendable items and other
parts to minimise down time in the event of crane breakdown.
12.3 Replacement components
Replacement components should comply with the manufacturer's specification or an equivalent

standard.
12.4 Major repairs and modifications
All major repairs and modifications shall be carried out by the approved crane contractor only with the
full consultation of the manufacturer or a competent person. Crane ratings shall be modified if the
repairs or modifications alter the specifications of the crane.
Modern cranes make extensive use of high tensile steels and if it is necessary to carry out repairs to
any parts of the crane structure, it is essential that the correct procedure laid down by the
manufacturer should be strictly followed. In particular, excessive heat that can change the properties
of the steel should be avoided.
The repair and inspection procedures must be in accordance with 11.4.
12.5 Wire ropes
Wire ropes form the most important part of a crane in respect of the operational safety of the cranes.
Therefore care should be exercised in the following matters pertaining to wire ropes:
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a) Selection
The correct type and size of wire rope as recommended by the manufacturer or a competent
person shall be used.
b) Reeving
The reeving shall follow the manufacturer's or a competent person's recommendation.
c) Rope lengths
Rope lengths shall be adequate for the operations. Excess length of rope shall be used only
if this excess length can be stored on the drum without exceeding the drum limits as specified
in 4.2.
d) Rope handling
Kinking or hoisting of the rope shall be avoided. Sufficient tension shall be provided while
spooling the rope to the drum initially.
If the rope is supplied in a coil, it should be uncoiled by rolling the coil along the ground.
Similarly rope supplied in a reel shall be uncoiled by running the reel along the ground.
Alternatively the reel may be mounted on a support axle for unwinding.
The rope shall never be pulled from the coil or reel or unreeled when the reel / coil is flat on
the ground.
e) Incorrect spooling
In cases where the ropes jump out from proper spooling during operation, the rope shall be
payout, thoroughly examined by a competent person for possible damage, and spooled back.
f) Rope guards
All rope guards shall not be removed for any purpose other than maintenance and repair.
g) Guide rollers and pulleys
Guide rollers and pulleys which protect the wire rope from rubbing against the crane boom or
other non-rotating structures shall be maintained in good condition.
h) Rope terminal fittings
Rope terminal fittings shall be of correct size. Wedge and sockets used shall be matching
pairs. In cases where wire rope clips are used, they shall be of correct size for the wire rope,
and the U bolt shall be positioned on the dead end of the rope. The number of wire rope clips
to be used for termination shall be determined from the Table 11. The wire rope clips shall be
tightened periodically.
Table 11 – Minimum number of wire rope clips to be used
Diameter of the rope Minimum no. of wire rope clips to be used

Up to and including 22 mm 3
Over 22 mm but up to and including 32 mm 4
Over 51 mm 7
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i) Wire rope examination
Wire rope shall be examined for wear, damage and corrosion. Tucked splices, terminal
fittings, areas where wire rope reversal or bending takes place shall be examined carefully.
Where there are indications of internal damage, it may be necessary to open up the wire rope
to inspect the inner layers for damage. The broken wires shall be snipped off and tucked in.
The replacement of damaged wire rope shall be done in accordance with Annex H and the
rope manufacturer's recommendations.
j) Wire rope storage
The ropes intended for storage shall be reeled up or properly coiled. Suitable dressing shall
be applied periodically. The wire rope shall be stored safely and protected from water and
any corrosive matter.
13 Crane logs
13.1 All owners of mobile cranes shall maintain the following crane logs to document the
information on the use and maintenance of the mobile crane till the end of life of the mobile crane.
The crane logs are namely:
a) Operator’s log; and
b) Maintenance log.
These crane logs shall be made available to the relevant parties for inspection and review, when
requested.
13.2 The operator’s log shall be duly recorded by the crane operator after each operation and shall
include, but not be limited to, the following details:
a) Operator’s name;
b) Date of operation;
c) Start and end time of operation; and
d) Work description on load lifted (in tons) and number of lifts per load lifted.
13.3 The maintenance log shall be duly recorded by the owner after each maintenance and repair
on the mobile crane. The maintenance log shall include, but not be limited to, the following details:
a) Name of maintenance or repair personnel;
b) Date of maintenance or repair; and
c) Type of maintenance or repair.
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Annex A
Types of mobile cranes
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Annex B
Tipping line of mobile cranes
NOTE – Figures 7 to 11 are illustrative only. In practice, tipping lines are dependent on individual designs.
B.1 Cranes on wheels (tyres)
B.1.1 Crane on wheels (tyres) without suspension or with the suspension locked
(see Figures 7 and 8)
The tipping line is the line joining the points of contact of the wheels. For axles mounted on twin tyres,
the following two cases should be considered:
a) In the case where the axle is fixed or blocked, the point of contact of the outer wheel;
b) In the case where the wheel is on a rocking axle, the pivot axis of this rocking axle.
Figure 7 – Cranes on wheels (tyres)
Figure 8 – Crane on wheels (tyres) without suspension or with the suspension locked
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B.1.2 Crane on wheels with the suspension unlocked (see Figure 9)
The tipping line is the line joining the points of application of the suspension.
Figure 9 – Crane on wheels with the suspension unlocked
B.2 Cranes on riggers (see Figure 10)

The tipping line is the line joining the centres of the support but, if flexible supporting surfaces exist
besides the outriggers (such as wheels with pneumatic tyres), then these may be taken into account.
Figure 10 – Cranes on riggers
B.3 Cranes on crawlers (see Figure 11)

The tipping line is the line joining the axis of the sprocket wheels and the axis of the idler wheel.
Figure 11 – Cranes on crawlers
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Annex C
Commissioning and acceptance testing of mobile cranes
C.1 General
The aim of testing is to demonstrate that the crane conforms to the requirements of the specifications
and to verify the behaviour of component parts. When conducting acceptance tests, the
manufacturer shall be entitled to employ their own driver/operator.
The tests shall be the responsibility of the manufacturer and shall be carried out at the manufacturer's
works or at a place to be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Additional tests may
be carried out subject to agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.
All tests shall be carried out on a firm and level surface (± 0.5 % slope) during weather conditions in
which the wind speed does not exceed 8.3 m/s. Tyres, where fitted, shall be inflated to pressures
specified by the manufacturer for normal crane duties.
When testing blocked crane performance, outriggers shall be extended in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. Outrigger jacks shall not be used when testing free on wheels/crawler
performance.
The weight of slings, equalising beams and other similar devices for handling test loads shall be taken
as part of the test load.
The manufacturer shall clearly indicate whether or not the hook block is to be considered as part of
the test load.
C.2 Functional tests

The operational functions of the complete crane shall be tested with no load to demonstrate the
following:
a) Satisfactory operation of each control device, motion limit device and LRI;
b) Satisfactory operation of each crane motion at the specified unladen operating speeds or
times.
C.3 Static overload tests
C.3.1 Static overload tests shall be conducted for the purpose of demonstrating the structural
competence of the crane and its components.
C.3.2 Static overload tests shall be performed separately for each hoisting mechanism and for
concurrent operation of hoisting mechanisms, if permitted by the crane specifications, in such
positions and configurations as will impose maximum rope loads, maximum bending moments and/or
maximum axial forces, as applicable, in the major crane components and anchorages.
C.3.3 For cranes where such positions and configurations cannot be identified, tests shall be
carried out for all applicable lengths and configurations of jib, jib with fly jib, mast/tower with jib and
mast/tower with jib and fly jib as specified in Tables 12, 13 and 14, commensurate with the equipment
ordered by the purchaser. The tests shall be carried out at maximum radius or lowest jib angle and at
the appropriate radius or jib angle for the maximum safe working load for the particular configuration
under test.
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Table 12 – Test configurations for telescopic jib arrangements
Arrangement Length of Lengths of Length of fly jib

mechanical extended
telescopic manual
sections telescopic
sections
1 Mechanical telescopic jib 1.1 Shortest – –
1.2 Intermediate – –
1.3 Longest – –
2 Mechanical telescopic jib 2.1 Longest – 2.1.1 At minimum Shortest
with fly jib appropriate to offset Longest
maximum fly jib
rating 2.1.2 At maximum Shortest
offset Longest
2.2 Longest – 2.2.1 At minimum Shortest
offset Longest
2.2.2 At maximum Shortest
offset Longest
3 Mechanical telescopic jib 3.1 Longest 3.1.1 Shortest –
with manual telescopic sections 3.1.2 Longest –
4 Mechanical telescopic jib 4.1 Longest 4.1.1 Shortest 4.1.1 At minimum Shortest
with manual telescopic sections offset Longest
and fly jib
4.1.2 At maximum Shortest
offset Longest
4.1.2 Longest 4.1.2.1 At minimum Shortest
offset Longest
4.1.2.2 At maximum Shortest
offset Longest
NOTE 1 – If fly jib ratings for test 2.1 are similar to those for test 2.2, then test 2.1 is not applicable.
NOTE 2 – If fly jib ratings at minimum offset are similar to those at maximum offset, then tests at minimum offset
are not applicable.
Table 13 – Test configurations for strut jib arrangements
Arrangement Jib length Fly jib length

1 Jib 1.1 Shortest –
1.2 Intermediate –
1.3 Longest –
2 Jib with fly jib 2.1 Longest appropriate to maximum 2.1.1 At minimum offset Shortest
fly jib ratings Longest
2.1.2 At maximum offset Shortest
Longest
2.2 Longest 2.2.1 At minimum offset Shortest
Longest
2.2.2 At maximum offset Shortest
Longest
NOTE 1 – If fly jib ratings for test 2.1 are similar to those for test 2.2, then test 2.1 is not applicable.
NOTE 2 – If fly jib ratings at minimum offset are similar to those at maximum offset, then tests at minimum offset
are not applicable.
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SS 536 : 2008
Table 14 – Test configurations for mast/tower and jib arrangements
Arrangement Length of mast / tower Lengths of jib (telescopic or strut)

and fly jib
1 Mast / tower with jib 1.1 Shortest As in Table 12 or 13
1.2 Longest As in Table 12 or 13
2 Mast / tower with jib and fly jib 2.1 Shortest As in Table 12 or 13
2.2 Longest As in Table 12 or 13
C.3.4 The static overload test load shall be 1.25p, where p is the manufacturer’s rated load
capacity. The test load shall be lifted 100 mm to 200 mm from the ground and kept suspended for a
period necessary for the test but not less than 10 min
C.4 Testing of indicators
C.4.1 The settings and satisfactory operation of the automatic safe load indicator, if fitted, shall be
confirmed during the course of the test procedure.
C.4.2 The settings and satisfactory operation of the radius and/or jib angle indicator, if fitted, shall
be confirmed during the course of the test procedure.
C.5 Stability test
C.5.1 General
A stability test shall be carried out to demonstrate that the crane complies with the requirements
under both static and service conditions.
The tests shall be carried out in those positions or configurations of minimum stability. If different
loads are specified for different arcs or working areas, tests shall be carried out to check the stability
for such conditions.
To compensate for tyre and other deflections when a load is applied, the radius shall be adjusted to
the appropriate rated working radius measured at ground level.
The manufacturer shall provide information relating to minimum stability when requested.
NOTE – See Annex B for tipping lines for stability testing.
C.5.2 Static overload test criteria
The crane shall be considered to have passed the tests in C.1 to C.3 if no crack, permanent
deformation, paint flaking or damage which affects the function and safety of the crane is visible and
no connection or anchorage has loosened or been damaged.
C.5.2.1 Calculation
The test load used shall be determined according to the following formula:
Tk = 1.25p + 0.1F ……………………………………………………………… (1)
where (see Figure 12)
F is the load from jib weight G and fly jib weight g. It is F1 when referred to the head
of the jib, and F2 when referred to the head of the fly jib.
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SS 536 : 2008
L, l are the lengths of the jib and fly jib
X, Y, x, y are the coordinates of centres of gravity for jib and fly jib
j, k are the horizontal projections of jib and fly jib
m, n are the radii of centres of gravity for jib and fly jib
p is the manufacturer’s rated load capacity
The manufacturer shall supply the value of F where requested by the purchaser. The following is an
example of the calculation of F to get F2, using the designations shown in Figure 12.
F = mG + g (j + n) ……………………………………………………………… (2)
j+k
NOTE 1 – Where testing a crane with fixed jib, equation (1) becomes Tk = 1.25p.
NOTE 2 – When testing a jib crane equipped with a fly jib and the load is lifted by the main hoisting mechanism,
in equation (2) k = 0.
NOTE 3 – If requested by the customer, values of p, G and g as well as locations of G and g should be provided
by the manufacturer in the crane documentation for each length of jib and fly jib.
Figure 12 – Elevation of typical jib configuration
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SS 536 : 2008
C.6 Dynamic tests
C.6.1 General
Dynamic tests are conducted primarily for the purpose of verifying the functioning of crane
mechanisms, brakes, relief valves and other safety features.
Dynamic tests shall be performed separately for each crane motion or, if stated in the specifications of
the crane, for concurrent crane motions in such positions and configurations as will impose maximum
loading on the mechanisms. Tests shall include repeated starting and stopping of each motion
throughout the range of the motion and shall continue for 1 h minimum.
The test load shall be 1.1 times the safe working load.
The crane shall be set up as specified by the manufacturer and the tests carried out for all applicable
lengths and configurations of jib, jib with fly jib, mast/tower with jib and mast/tower with jib and fly jib
as specified in Tables 12, 13 and 14 corresponding to the equipment ordered by the purchaser. The
tests shall be carried out at maximum radius or lowest jib angle and at the appropriate radius or jib
angle for the maximum safe working load for the particular configuration under test. The foregoing
does not exclude a customer requiring two motions to be tested at one time where this is permissible.
During the tests described in C.2 to C.6, speeds up to the maximum specified may be attained but
operating speeds, accelerations and decelerations shall be those consistent with safe handling and
control of load. To compensate for tyre and other deflections when load is applied, the radius shall be
adjusted to the appropriate rated working radius measured at ground level.
C.6.2 Hoisting and lowering
The rope shall be reeved in accordance with the manufacturer's specified arrangement for the
configuration under test. The load shall be hoisted to maximum height and lowered to near ground
level. A similar test shall be carried out on other auxiliary hoisting units where fitted.
C.6.3 Slewing
The revolving portion shall be stewed in both directions through 360° or, in the case of a part sIewing
crane, the maximum angle through which slewing is permissible.
C.6.4 Derricking
The jib shall be derricked in both directions through the full range of radii and jib angles that are
permissible for the safe working load.
C.6.5 Telescoping
For cranes fitted with telescopic jibs, telescoping motion shall be tested through the range of
applicable actions.
C.6.6 Travelling
Where travelling with load is permissible, the travelling motion shall be tested in both directions with
the jib in any position within the slewing arc specified by the manufacturer. Precautions shall be
taken to limit the swinging of the load.
C.6.7 Safety devices
For the dynamic and functional testing of safety devices, the relief valves and the LRI (if fitted) shall
be adjusted to operate at their correct settings. The positive overload protection device, if fitted, shall
be disconnected during the tests.
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SS 536 : 2008
The correct functioning of relief valves and the LRI (if fitted) shall be checked by the operation of all
motions through their full range of movement.
The correct functioning of the load de-accelerating relief system shall be checked by sudden arrests
of the moving suspended load.
At the end of this continuous period of testing, the temperature of the hydraulic oil shall be checked
and shall be within limits recommended for the oil used.
The positive overload protection device, if fitted, shall be reconnected after the tests and adjusted; the
set point for operation in terms of radius and load shall be noted.
At the end of the tests all adjustable relief valves shall be sealed with tamper-proof seals.
C.7 Performance tests
C.7.1 The prototype crane shall be tested for conformity with the manufacturer's specifications, and
tests shall be performed according to the crane load characteristics, aimed to verify the following
parameters as applicable:
a) Load lifting height;
b) Load lifting speed;
c) Precision load lowering speed;
d) Crane travelling speed;
e) Slewing speed;
f) Derricking time;
g) Telescoping time;
h) Cycle time.
C.7.2 Visual inspection of all cranes shall include checking for compliance with specifications and/or
for checking the condition of the following items:
a) Mechanisms, electrical equipment, safety devices, brakes, controls, lighting and signalling
systems;
b) Crane metal structures and their connections, ladders, means of access, cabins, and
platforms
c) All guarding devices;
d) Hooks or other load handling attachments and their connections;
e) Ropes and their fastenings;
f) Pulley blocks, their pivots and fastening details, as well as jib linkage elements.
It shall not be inferred that dismantling of any parts is necessary during this inspection.
The inspection procedure shall include verification that all certificates required by the purchase
contract have been submitted and/or checked.
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SS 536 : 2008
C.8 Mobile crane travelling tests (crane without load, in travelling order)
C.8.1 Speed
The maximum speed of the crane (mobile or truck mounted) shall be measured on a dry, straight,
level road after the vehicle has gathered speed. This measurement shall be the average of two runs
in opposite directions.
The speed shall comply with that specified by the manufacturer.
C.8.2 Manoeuvrability
With the steering wheels at maximum lock, the turning circle radius on left lock and right lock of the
track traced by the tread extremity of the outside wheel shall be measured.
C.8.3 Braking
Depending on the classification of the crane, the travelling brakes shall be checked for satisfactory
operation.
The tests shall be demonstrated on dry, hard, level ground, and shall be carried out in calm weather
without inducing skidding.
C.9 Acceptance of tests
The tests given in C.1 and C.5 to C.9 shall be considered to be successful if components have been
found to perform their functions, and if visual inspection subsequent to the tests reveals no damage to
the mechanisms or structural components, and if bolted structural connections and anchorages have
not become loose.
C.10 Manufacturer’s test certificates
On the satisfactory completion of the commission and acceptance tests, certificates appropriate to the
crane and/or vehicle shall be supplied to the purchaser. These certificates shall contain the following
information:
a) Description of crane, maker's name, serial number and date of test;
b) All safe working loads and their appropriate radii or jib angles;
c) The test loads that were applied and their corresponding radii or jib angles;
d) Length of jib, fly jib and mast/tower tested;
e) Method of crane chassis support, i.e. free on wheels/crawler tracks, on wheels/crawler tracks
assisted by stabilizing jacks, or on stabilizing jacks;
f) Any attachments fitted and included in the tests.
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SS 536 : 2008
Annex D
Recommended crane signals
NOTE – The signalman shall be in a safe position from where he can be seen clearly by the crane operator and
from which he can see the crane load throughout the lifting operation, if this is practical. The signalman should
face the operator.
Additional competent signalmen must be posted if obstructions prevent the load from being seen
continuously by a single signalman during part of the lifting operation.
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SS 536 : 2008
Annex E
Example of certificate of test / Thorough visual examination of lifting
equipment (LE)
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Annex F
Factor of safety for foundation areas
Figures 13 and 14 give foundation areas for a range of factors of safety against bearing failure and
excessive settlement of the ground.
where
- Ø is the friction angle
- FOS is the factor of safety
Figure 13 – Outrigger foundation areas on granular soils

[Extracted from SP131 – Crane Stability on Site (CIRIA, London, 1996)]
where
- Cu is the undrained shear
strength
- FOS is the factor of safety
Figure 14 – Outrigger foundation areas on cohesive soils
[Extracted from SP131 – Crane Stability on Site (CIRIA, London, 1996)]
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SS 536 : 2008
The recommended factor of safety for a particular application is as follows:
1.5 – is a minimum and is used only when the ground condition has been accurately
identified under the guidance of an experienced geotechnical engineer.
2 – is adequate for most situations.
3 – is conservative and is used when minimum ground information is available, or where
the soil is variable, or when precision lifting and placing operation makes minor soil
settlement critical.
NOTE 1 – If the site is liable to flooding then the foundation area should be increased by 50%.
NOTE 2 – If the foundation is not approximately square in shape, but rectangular, then the foundation area
should be increased by 10%. The ratio of width to length should not be less than 0.5.
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Annex G
Example of standard daily checklist
Items Check point Condition Remarks

Truck
a) Carrier structure • Crack or deformation

b) Tyre pressure • Pressure
c) Wheel nuts • Loosen nuts
d) Radiator water • Water level
e) Engine oil level • Engine oil level
f) Diesel level • Diesel level
g) Battery water level
• Water level
Power transmission system
a) Power take-off (PTO) • Loose installation

b) Propeller shaft • Abnormal sound
• worn splices
Hydraulic system
a) Hydraulic tank • Installation, leakage, oil

b) Hydraulic pump level and contamination
c) Hydraulic hose • Oil pressure
d) Hydraulic oil • Loose and leaking pipe
joints
Slewing system
a) Slewing table • Crack or deformation

b) Slewing Gear and
bearing
Boom elevation system
a) Elevating cylinder • Operation, oil leak,

• Erratic cylinder
retraction during lifting
Boom telescopic system
a) Boom structure • Crack or deformation

b) Fly-jib • External appearance
c) Single Top • Spontaneous retraction
• Lubrication of sliding
surfaces
Sheave and hook block • Free rotation,
deformation, wear and
tear, latching for hook
block
Wire rope
a) Boom hoist wire • Deformation, broken

b) Load hoist wire wire, corrosion, kink
and excessive wear
and tear
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SS 536 : 2008
Items Check point Condition Remarks

Hoisting system
a) Winch motor • Installation

b) Clutch • Performance and
c) Brake operation
d) Wire rope • Worn lining
e) Hook block • Condition of wire rope,
kinks, deformation,
rope socket. corrosion
• Safety latch
• Wire rope reeving
Crane control system
a) Operation control • Movement of lever

b) Selector switch • Switch in good working
order
Safety devices
a) Angle indicator • Installation

b) Pressure gauge • Correct pressure
c) LRI • LRI calibrated.
d) Anti-two block • Function of switches
e) Boom stop and operation of limit
devices
Crane control system
a) Operation control • Movement of lever

b) Selector switch • Switch in good working
order
Outrigger system
a) Outrigger • Installation
b) Jack cylinder • Oil leak
c) Float
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SS 536 : 2008
Annex H
Discard criteria for wire ropes
Wire rope is the principal means of connection between the crane boom or jib and the load it carries.
Therefore, it is of the utmost importance that the wire rope is properly reeved, used, cared for, and
inspected if the safe operation of the crane is to be assured.
Whenever defects are discovered in a wire rope, an assessment has to be made as to whether or not
the condition warrants a replacement. The criteria listed below provide a guide as to whether or not
the wire rope needs to be replaced.
There are four important criteria for determining when a wire rope needs to be replaced:
a) Broken wires;
b) Severe corrosion;
c) General wear;
d) Other critical defects.
H.1 Broken wires

The presence of broken wires is an indication of failure due to fatigue. Fatigue failure occurs over a
period of time. The effect of broken wires on the strength of a rope can be assessed by noting the
number of broken wires and their distribution among the various strands. It is recommended that the
wire rope be replaced when the following occurs:
a) For running ropes used in the main hoist, auxiliary hoist and boom hoist (except rotation-
resistant ropes): If there are 6 randomly broken wires in one lay length, or if there are 3
broken wires in one strand within one lay length.
b) For running ropes using rotation-resistant construction: If there are 4 randomly broken wires
in one lay length, or if there are 2 broken wires in one strand within one lay length.
c) For standing ropes such as boom pendants: If there are 3 broken wires within one lay length.
d) For both running and standing ropes: If there are 2 broken wires at the attached fitting or end
connection.
H.2 Severe corrosion

Severe corrosion is more dangerous than wear. It can exist internally for some time before it is
detected visually. The remaining strength cannot be calculated with accuracy on the safety aspect.
The way to control corrosion is by proper and constant lubrication. When severe corrosion is
detected, the wire rope should be replaced immediately.
H.3 General wear

Wear of wire rope can be either general or localised and results from contact of the wire rope with the
sheaves, drums, or other hard surfaces or from rope to rope pressure. Wear may be all round the
surface of the rope or only along one side of the rope. The rope is considered worn out and should
be replaced when the diameter is reduced to 90% of the original diameter.
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SS 536 : 2008
H.4 Other critical defects

In the event that any one of the following defects occurs, the wire rope shall be replaced.
a) Severe crushing (Figure 15)
Figure 15 – Severe crushing – the individual wires are distorted and displaced from their
normal position. Usually this is caused by rope scrubbing on itself
b) Severe flattening (Figures 16 and 17)
\
Figure 16 – Flattened portion due to local crushing, creating imbalance in the strands and
associated with broken wires
Figure 17 – Flattened portion of multi-strand rope caused by miscoiling on a drum
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SS 536 : 2008
c) Bird caging (Figure 18)
Figure 18 – A bird cage
d) Kinking (Figure 19)
(i) closed kink (ii) open kink (iii) kink
(iv) dog-leg
Figure 19 – A kinked rope
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SS 536 : 2008
e) Severe bulges (Figure 20)
Figure 20 – Local increase in diameter of a Lang Lay wire rope caused by distortion of the
steel core resulting from shock loading
f) Core protrusion (Figure 21)
Figure 21 – Local increase in rope diameter, due to the protrusion of the fibre core, in a
degraded condition between the outer strands
g) Excessive clearance between strands (Figure 22)
Figure 22 – Excessive clearance between strands
e) Heat damage due to torch burn or electric arc strike
H.5 Wire rope replacement

The defective wire rope should be discarded and replaced as follows:
a) Boom hoisting rope: Replace with new rope of the same diameter, length, construction, and
grade as originally furnished or as recommended by the crane or rope manufacturer.
Rotation-resistant rope should not be used to replace boom hoisting rope.
b) Pendant or standing ropes: Replace with new rope of the same diameter, length,
construction, and grade as originally furnished or as recommended by the crane or rope
manufacturer. End connections should be the same as originally furnished or as
recommended by the crane or rope manufacturer.
c) Load hoisting rope: Replace with new rope of the same diameter, length, construction, and
grade as originally furnished or as recommended by the crane or rope manufacturer.
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SS 536 : 2008
Annex I
Example of a standard checklist for inspection and testing of

mobile cranes
Owner’s name:
Location where inspection was done:
Date and time of inspection:
Name of approved crane contractor / erector:
YEAR MANUFACTURED /
LM NUMBER BRAND / MODEL
SERIAL NUMBER
S/No Item Y/N Remarks

1 The configuration is in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
2 Boom sections including the fly-jib:
a) have identification markings
b) are of the same lattice type
3 Boom sections including the fly-jib are free from

defects and corrosion that may affect their
structural integrity.
4 Boom sections including the fly jib show no sign

of significant thinning that may require them to
undergo thickness gauging.
5 Pins or connecting fasteners used are fitted

with safety pins or locking pins.
6 Sheaves are free from any defects that may

affect their serviceable use.
7 Wire ropes are properly reeved with the reeving

components and seated neatly on the drum.
8 Rope guards or other suitable devices are fitted

to prevent the ropes from slipping out of the
sheaves and are free from any defects.
9 Hooks with safety latch, hook blocks and

associated attachments are free from wear and
damage that may affect its serviceable use.
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SS 536 : 2008

10 Visible portion of the slew ring are free from
defects and corrosion that may affect its
structural integrity.
11 Boom angle indicator is provided at a suitable

location.
12 Set of safe working load charts or tables is

provided for the use of the crane operator.
13 Hydraulic system is free from any oil leaks.
14 Brake and clutch mechanisms are in good

working order.
15 Machine base is free from defects and

corrosion that may affect its structural integrity.
16 Ballasts and counterweights are properly

secured.
17 Holding device as with check valves is installed

for boom, and the boom is supported by a
hydraulic cylinder.
18 Boom stop is free from defects and corrosion.
19 Outriggers are free from defects and corrosion

that may affect their structural integrity.
20 Wire ropes are free from wear, damage,

corrosion and patent defects.
21 Wedge and sockets are of correct matching

pairs.
22 Number of bulldog clips used for termination is

sufficient and of correct size for the wire rope.
23 Wire ropes are anchored and secured safely.
24 Slewing system is capable of smooth starts and

stops in various operating conditions.
25 Slewing system is provided with a positive

mechanical lock to keep the crane structure
firmly in position when travelling.
26 Derricking limiter is provided to stop / warn

boom derricking operation from exceeding the
maximum allowable angle.
27 Anti-two block device is provided and in good

working condition.
28 LRI with warning signal is installed and in good

working condition, and the calibration certificate
is still valid.
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SS 536 : 2008

29 Valid copy of LM certificate is displayed inside
the cabin.
30 Load test is carried out at the max and min

radius indicated in the load chart and with the
correct test weights (Otherwise specify actual
radii and test weights used).
31 Operator’s cabin is in serviceable condition.
32 Controls are checked for correct identification

and function.
33 Approved fire extinguisher is provided at a

location accessible to the operator.
34 Operator’s log is kept in the operator’s cabin

and has been duly updated.
35 The crane is within its maximum allowable

service life as follows:
Design Safe Working Load Max. Service Life
≤ 50,000kg 20 years
50,00kg to < 100,000kg 25 years
≥ 100,000kg 30 years
If Item 35 is “N”, please complete items 36 - 41.

The authorised examiner shall notify the Ministry of Manpower if any item below is found with “N”.

36 Approval has been granted to extend the use of
the crane by the approving body (name the
approving body).
37 Expiry date (mm/yyyy) of the extension has
been granted by the approving body (provide
the date of extension).
38 An inspection regime has been developed for

the crane (attach relevant document).
39 A maintenance regime has been developed for

the crane.
40 Operator’s log has been duly recorded by the

crane operator after each operation and
includes at least the following details:
a) Operator’s name;
b) Date of operation;
c) Start and end time of operation; and
d) Work description on load lifted (in tons)
and number of lifts per load lifted.
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SS 536 : 2008
41 Maintenance or repair for the mobile crane has

been duly recorded in a maintenance log and
includes at least the following details:
a) Date of maintenance or repair;
b) Type of maintenance or repair;
c) Name of maintenance or repair
personnel.
Other remarks:
Name of authorised examiner Signature: Date:
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SS 536 : 2008
82
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Code of practice for the safe use of mobile

Code of practice for the safe use of mobile cranes

First published, 1987

Building and Construction Authority

1 Scope and normative references 8

A Types of mobile cranes 58

1 Safety factor for general purpose wire ropes 16

1 Basic terminology and functions of typical mobile cranes 14

In revising this Code, reference was made to the following publications:

1. ISO 4305 : 1991 Mobile cranes – Determination of stability

Code of practice for the safe use of mobile cranes

1 Scope and normative references

a) Demolition with the use of a demolition ball;

1.2 Normative references

ISO 3046 : Reciprocating internal combustion engines – Performance

2.1 Approved crane contractor

2.2 Appointed person

2.3 Authorised examiner

2.4 Auxiliary hoist line

2.5 Backward stability

Crane’s resistance to tipping in the backward direction.

2.8 Boom angle (or jib angle)

2.9 Boom hoist

2.10 Boom hoisting

2.11 Boom length

2.13 Competent authority

2.14 Competent person

2.15 Counter weights

2.16 Crane operator

2.17 Crane owner

2.18 Crawler-mounted crane

2.19 Crane user

Same as boom hoisting.

2.21 Fleet angle

The angle at which the rope leads onto the drum.

2.22 Fully-mobile crane

2.23 Functional testing

2.25 Hydraulic boom

2.27 Jib angle

Same as boom angle.

2.28 Lifting supervisor

2.29 Line pull

2.30 Load radius

2.31 Load radius indicator (LRI)

Same as boom hoisting.

2.33 Mobile crane

2.34 Non-destructive testing (NDT)

2.35 Operating radius

Same as load radius.

2.37 Overhauling weight

2.38 Overload testing (dynamic)

2.39 Performance testing

2.40 Pick and carry

2.42 Rope terminations

Means of securing ropes to a drum, hook block or structure of the crane.

2.43 Rope suspended boom

2.44 Rough terrain crane

2.45 Safe working load

2.48 Standing rope

2.49 Stowed weight

2.51 Tag line

2.52 Telescopic boom