Nursing Informatics DIAGNOSIS PHASE

• Validate/organize data
Lesson 11. Computer Application that Supports Nursing
Research • Analyze and interpret actual and potential health
problems
• Formulate nursing diagnosis
Computer Applications
DEFINITION
• An application, or application program, is a software
Computer Application in Literature
program that runs on computer. Searches in Nursing
• Web browsers, e-mail programs, word processors, PUBMED FOR HANDHELDS (PUBMED4HH)
games, and utilities are all applications.
• The word "application" is used because each
program has a specific application for the user.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE EXAMPLES

• Microsoft suite of products (Office, Excel, Word,
PowerPoint, Outlook, etc.)
• Internet browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Chrome.
• Mobile pieces of software such as Pandora (for music
appreciation), Skype (for real-time online
communication), and Slack (for team collaboration)

Nursing Research • It is available as a mobile optimized website as well

DESCRIPTION as an App for iOS. It allows you to search in PICO
• It is a research that provides evidence used to format as well as free text.
support nursing practices. • It is a free resource supporting the search and
• Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has retrieval of biomedical and life sciences literature
been developing since the time of Florence with the aim of improving health–both globally and
Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses personally.
now work as researchers based in universities as o The PubMed database contains more than 32
well as in the health care setting. million citations and abstracts of biomedical
literature.
RESEARCH AND NURSING PROCESS • Its records contain citation information (e.g., title,
NURSING RESEARCH authors, journal, publication date) and abstracts of
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION published articles and books.
• Conceptualize topic • It looks for the search phrase in other fields of the
• Curiosity about the topic document. It first attempts to match the phrase to a
• Brainstorm with peers journal name, then to an author name, then to a
• Review related literature name of a research investigator, and finally it
• Develop conceptual framework searches for the phrase in [all fields].
• State specific problem
ADVANTAGES
METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT • It is a huge, reliable, and highly authoritative
• Identify variables resource
• Formulate hypothesis • It is specific to medicine and health
• Develop sampling size • In Basic Search, you can just enter your search
• Develop instruments needed and validate terms, without operators or formatting. PubMed
• Balance validity with reliability uses various tools to get the most relevant results.
• You can use Advanced Search, or the MeSH Database
NURSING PROCESS (Medical Subject Headings), if you wish. The Search
ASSESSMENT PHASE Builder and Search History enables you to build and
• Collect data from various sources using appropriate carry out very complex searches, including searches
techniques. using MeSH Terms
• It is free and publicly available.

DISADVANTAGES
• Its interface can be a little daunting, and it is
sometimes not clear how a search has worked
• It does not necessarily contain links to full-text, and
you might have to use Primo Search to track down
the full item.
CLINICAL KEY (CK)
• It is a clinical search engine and point-of-care
database that provides access to thousands
of online resources.
• It provides access to thousands of Elsevier journals
and textbooks on medicine, surgery and many other
areas.
o Browse and/or search for books, journals,
guidelines etc.
o First Consult is not available while using the CK
App at this time.
USERS SEARCHING CLINICAL KEY WILL FIND:
MEDICAL TEXTBOOKS
• Over 1,200 online textbooks from a variety of
healthcare professions.
JOURNALS
• Access to over 650 eJournals, covering a variety of
medical and surgical specialties.
DRUG MONOGRAPHS
• More than 1,100 drug monographs to help
healthcare professionals to make accurate patient-
centered decisions.
GUIDELINES
• Over 4,500 practice guidelines.
PATIENT EDUCATION
• Over 15,000 patient education handouts that can be
customized with special instructions, preferred
languages, and varying text sizes.
FIRST CONSULTS/CLINICAL OVERVIEWS
• Access to over 300 procedures consult videos and
articles, 850 first consult monographs, and 1,400
clinical overviews separated by topic.
MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES
• Comprehensive database containing over 3,000,000
images and 33,00 medical and surgical videos.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (NEJM)
• NEJM iPad Edition combine weekly issues and all
content from the New England Journal of Medicine
print edition with key multimedia features found on
NEJM.org. It brings together the best of print and
digital to deliver a truly enhanced, unique reading
experience.
• It is a weekly medical journal published by
the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is among the
most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals as
well as the oldest continuously published one.
• The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is the
world’s leading medical journal and website.
Published continuously for over 200 years, NEJM
delivers high-quality, peer-reviewed research and
interactive clinical content to physicians, educators,
and the global medical community.
DOCPHIN
• It allows users to select their favorite medical
journals and store articles for viewing and keep
them in one place.
• Available for free online and as an app for iOS and
Android devices.
• It is a free platform that personalizes medical news
and research instantly
• In an environment that includes over a thousand
medical journals with content that is increasingly
complex and fragmented, physicians have grown
tired of searching for relevant medical news.
o Docphin was created to address the “find”
problem which has challenged physicians for
decades.
• Docphin’s technology combines comprehensive
information from journals, news, and twitter while
filtering out meaningless articles to bring physicians
only the information they want.
• Docphin’s goal is keep physicians current and to
save them time.
READ BY QXMD
• It provides access to medical literature reviews to
help you to keep current and personalize the
content by selecting the specialty or journals.
• It can also function as a single place to discover new
research, read outstanding topic reviews and search
PubMed. Available for Android and iOS.
• It is a personalized medical & scientific journal that
allows clinicians to keep up with the latest new
research that impacts their practice in minutes per
day.
• It is integrated with full text holdings at thousands of
institutions around the globe, including Harvard,
Yale and the Massachusetts General Hospital.
• It is available for iPhone, iPad, Android tablets &
smartphone, and the web.
Computer Application Programs
GENERAL PURPOSE
• A number of general-purpose or specific software
packages can be used in qualitative analysis:
1. Package is a free text retrieval program such as
that available in a word processing program
2. Any number of standard database
management or indexing program
3. It is a program specifically developed for the
purpose of qualitative analysis.
SPECIAL PURPOSE SOFTWARE
• Several software products have evolved and
improved for the specific purpose of analyzing
qualitative data.
• Ethnograph from Quali Research is one such older
program, which is used after the data have been
entered with a word processing program and
converted to an ASCII file.
o Each file can be designated by its context and
identifying features using markers provided by
the computer program.
o The researcher can have the program to
produce a file that numbers each line of the
narrative data.
o From this line file, the researcher can begin to
assign each line or paragraph a category.
• A file that contains data made up of ASCII characters.
It is essentially raw text just like the words you are
reading now. Each byte in the file contains one
character that conforms to the standard ASCII code.
Program source code, batch files, macros and
scripts are straight text and stored as ASCII files.
HTML and XML files are also ASCII files.
Note.
• The researcher keeps track of the category
definitions and is alert to dimensions that
emerge. Recoding can be done to provide for
inductive thinking and iterative comparisons.
Through the use of a search command, the
computer program can be made to search or data
segments by categories throughout the type
document building, it also can manage
documents, audio and video files as categories,
attributes, or nodes in visual displays that show
the structure and properties of the document.
• The latest version of NVivo 10 also allows
researchers to import exported data from other
applications such as the online survey tool,
Survey Monkey, as well as bibliographic
management programs, Facebook and Twitter.
New analysis tools provide the research ways to
cluster, map, and visualize text and images in
meaningful ways to aid the interpretive process in
the qualitative analysis.
Data Collection and Statistical Tool
DATA CAPTURE AND COLLECTION
• These are processes that are viewed differently from
the quantitative and qualitative perspectives.
• Nurses may already be familiar with data collection
that is focused on the management of patient care.
• Patient monitoring, patient care documentation,
and interview data are collected by nurses, although
not always for research purposes.
• Data collection can take a number of forms
depending on the type of research and variables of
interest.
• Computers are used in data collection for paper-
and-pencil surveys and questionnaires as well as to
capture physiologic and clinical nursing information
in quantitative or descriptive patient care research.
DATA COLLECTION
• It is a systematic method of collecting and
measuring data gathered from different sources of
information in order to provide answers to relevant
questions. An accurate evaluation of collected data
can help researchers predict future phenomenon
and trends.
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA COLLECTION
PRIMARY DATA
• These are raw data i.e. fresh and are collected for the
first time.
SECONDARY DATA
• These are data that were previously collected and
tested.
Note.
• The system of data collection is based on the type
of study being conducted. Depending on the
researcher’s research plan and design, there are
several ways data can be collected.
• The most commonly used methods are:
o Published literature sources
o Surveys (email and mail)
o Interviews (telephone, face-to-face or focus
group)
o Observations
o Documents and records
o Experiments
DATA CODING DISADVANTAGES
• In most quantitative studies, the data for the 1. Dishonest answers 8. Hidden agenda
variables of interest are collected in a numerical 2. Skipped questions 9. Accessibility issues
form. These numerical values are entered into 3. Interpretation issues 10. Survey fatigue
designated fields in the process of coding. 4. Lack of nuance
o Coding may be inherent in software programs 5. Analysis issues
for the physiologic data and many of the 6. Uncosientious responses
electronic surveys 7. Lack of personalization
• It is an aspect of data processing and refers to an
analytical process in which data, in PURSPOSE
both quantitative form (such as questionnaire • Reasons for collecting relevant data from customers
results) or qualitative (such as interview transcripts) can includes:
are categorised to facilitate statistical analysis. o Collating information from customers or
• Coding means the transformation of data into a participants
form understandable by computer software. The o Ascertaining levels of satisfaction with products
classification of information is an important step in and services
preparation of data for computer processing with o Documenting opinions, demands and needs
statistical software. o Finding out preferences, likes and dislikes
o Analyzing customer data to obtain greater
Note. insight
• One code should apply to only one category and o Developing a general picture about products
categories should be comprehensive. There and services which need improvement.
should be clear guidelines for coders (individual
who do the coding) so that code is consistent. GUIDELINES IN MAKING ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRES
• Some studies will employ multiple coders • Know your question types.
working independently on the same date. • Keep it brief, when possible.
o This minimizes the chance of errors from • Choose a simple visual design.
coding and increases the reliability of data. • Use a clear research process.
• Create questions with straightforward, unbiased
Online Questionnaires language.
DEFINITION • Ensure every question is important.
• It is an online questionnaire is basically a web-based • Ask one question at a time.
survey that companies and other organizations use • Order your questions logically.
to both deliver information and collect information • Consider your target audience.
from their customers or another target audience • Test your questionnaire.
(stakeholders, employees, potential customer).
• It is also known as online or internet survey. Digital Polls
• It is one of the most popular data-collection sources, DEFINITION
where a set of survey questions is sent out to a target
sample and the members of this sample can respond
to the questions over the world wide web.
• Respondents receive online surveys via various
mediums such as email, embedded over website,
social media etc.

ADVANTAGES
1. Inexpensive 6. Easy analysis
2. Practical 7. Validity and reliability
• An electronic sampling or collection of opinions on a
3. Fast results 8. Standardized
subject, taken from either a selected or a random
4. Scalability 9. No pressure
group of persons, as for the purpose of analysis.
5. Comparability 10. Respondent anonimity
• A poll allows you to ask one multiple choice
question. Participants can choose from among
answers that you predefine. You can restrict voters
 to select just one answer to your question or allow
them to choose multiple answers.
EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL POLLS
MULTIPLE CHOICE POLL QUESTION
• Multiple-choice questions have two or more answer
options.
• Most multiple-choice questions are limited to 5-6
choices.
• Based on their preferences, respondents can select
the best from the available options.
• The target audience can have a significant effect on
the poll results.
• Make sure to consider your audience when creating
your poll questions
DICHOTAMOUS POLL QUESTION
• Dichotomous is the most common type of all poll
questions to ask.
• It provides simple and straightforward answer
options: Yes or No.
o These poll questions may also occasionally
include a choice for “Maybe.”
• This question helps to understand your customers’
most essential opinions on your products or
services.
o For example, whether customers think the price
is appropriate for a product.
• You can also use this type of poll question to help
filter respondents. Because this type of poll is so
easy to answer, they are often used in short and
quick polls without any open-ended questions.
NET PROMOTER SCORE POLL QUESTION
• Understanding brand shareability is critical in
determining customer satisfaction.
• The Net Promoter Score (NPS) question measures
brand loyalty on a scale of 0-10.
• This question identifies promoters, detractors, and
passive customers by asking them whether they’ll
share their experience with your company with their
family and friends.
LIKERT SCALE POLL QUESTION
• Likert scale questions measure the degree of
agreement or disagreement respondents might
have with the subject.
• This type of question is ideal for both market
research as well as social science research.
• Likert scale questions are classified into:
1. Even Likert Scale questions do not feature a
neutral response option.
2. Odd Likert Scale questions offer a neutral
response for respondents.
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE POLL QUESTION
• A semantic differential scale question asks
respondents to rate a particular entity such as a
product, brand, or organization on a scale with
grammatically polar adjectives.
• For instance, to measure the power of a product in
the market in comparison to competitors, the
semantic differential scale will have strong/weak as
the polar adjectives.
• It’s an extremely reliable poll question type to
collect precise respondent data.
CONSTANT SUM POLL QUESTION
• Some poll questions have answer options that are
more important to respondents than others.
• The Constant Sum question helps to understand the
importance of different answer options.
• The respondent can allot weight to each answer
option, depending on their preferences.
DEMOGRAPHIC POLL QUESTION
• Demographic online poll questions collect private
information about a respondent, such as age,
occupation, income, or ethnicity.
• The demographic question type provides
information to help you divide your customer
database based on background.
• Poll creators can use this segregated customer list to
conduct better marketing activities cost-effectively.
IMAGE CHOOSER POLL QUESTION
• Good poll questions work to enhance the user’s
experience. Images are one easy way to spice up
polls and catch the attention of your customers.
• Most people are more willing to answer survey
questions with image answers instead of text
responses.
• Using images helps you increase your response rates
for opinion polls.
RANK ORDER POLL QUESTION
• Knowing customer priorities about various products
or brands can provide an edge over the competition.
• Using rank order poll questions, you can ask the
respondents to rate the options based on a
characteristic.
HOW TO WRITE GREAT POLL QUESTIONS & AVOID BIASn
nRESPONSE?
1. Be direct and ask multiple-choice questions
2. Speak your respondent’s language
3. No double barrel questions
4. Find the right sample size
5. Find the right medium to ask your questions
6. Remove All bias
7. Great polls have a flow. Order questions accordingly.