Civil Engineering Hydraulics (CEHDRA1 and CEHDRA2) Formulas

Kyle Michael Sy Civil Engineering Hydraulics September 25, 2020
CEHDRA1/CEHDRA2 6th Update
Table of Contents
Fluids Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Viscosity 3
Surface Tension 3
Pressure 3
Forces on Plane Areas 4
Fluid Statics ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Buoyancy 4
Linearly Accelerating Containers 4
Rotating Containers 4
Kinematics of Fluid Flow ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Eulerian Descriptions 4
Fluid Mechanics ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Conservation of Mass 5
Efficiency 5
Power 6
Bernoulli Equation 6
Energy Equation 6
Momentum Equation 7
Other Equations 7
Internal Flow .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Laminar Flow in a Circular Pipe 7
Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates 8
Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders 8
Turbulent Flow 8
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude .................................................................................................................. 9
Concept of Losses .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Losses in Developed Pipe Flow 9
Major Loss in Laminar Flow 9
Major Loss in Turbulent Flow 10
Minor Loss 10
System Demand Curve ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Losses in Piping System ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Resistance Coefficient 11
Friction Factor 11
Series Piping ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
Parallel and Branching Piping ............................................................................................................................ 11
Pipe Network Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Generalized Network Equations 12
Hardy Cross Method 13
1 https://www.facebook.com/CompleteFormulas
Open Channel Flow ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Channel Geometry 14
Uniform Flow 14
Most Efficient Sections 14
Specific Energy 15
Gradually Varied Flow 16
Rapidly Varying Flow 17
Water Surface Profile 18
Dams ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Loads 20
Stability 20
Spillways............................................................................................................................................................... 21
Side-Channel Spillway 21
Side Weir 21
Culvert .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Inlet Control 21
Storm Sewer Design ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Inlet Design 23
Pipe Design 23
Fluids Introduction
Mean Free Path Absolute Pressure Specific Weight
𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 + 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑊 𝑚𝑔
𝜆 = 0.225 ( 2 ) 𝛾= = = 𝜌𝑔
𝜌𝑑 𝑉 𝑉
Specific Gravity Specific Volume

𝜌 𝛾 1 𝑉
𝑆= = 𝜈= =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌 𝑚
Viscosity
Viscosity Andrade’s Equation Torque in a Cylinder
𝑑𝑢 𝐵𝑡
𝜇 = 𝐴𝑒
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
Kinematic Viscosity Shear Stress
𝜇 𝜇𝑈
𝜈= 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
𝜌 ℎ
2𝜋𝑅3 𝜔𝐿𝜇
𝑇=
ℎ
Sutherland’s Equation
3 𝝁 is the viscosity at input temperature 𝑻
0.555𝑇𝑖0 + 𝑆𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑇 2 𝝁𝟎 is the reference viscosity at reference temperature 𝑻𝒊𝟎
𝜇 = 𝜇0 ( ) 𝑻𝒊𝒏 is the input temperature in Kelvin.
0.555𝑇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑇0 𝑺𝒖𝒕𝒉 is the Sutherland’s constant.
Surface Tension
Surface Tension Small Bubble Thickness Liquid in Capillary Tube
2𝜎 4𝜎 4𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
𝑝= 𝑝= ℎ=
𝑅 𝑅 𝛾𝐷
Pressure
In Liquids at Rest In the Atmosphere 𝑻𝟎 is the temperature.
𝑔
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ 𝑇0 − 𝛼𝑧 𝛼𝑅 𝜶 is the lapse rate.
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 ( ) 𝒛 is the elevation.
𝑇0 𝑹 is the Rydberg constant.
Forces on Plane Areas
Distance to a Centroid
1
𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
Total Force of the Liquid
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
𝐹 = 𝛾𝑦̅𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴

Distance to the Force/Center of Pressure
𝐼̅
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦̅ +
𝐴𝑦̅
Fluid Statics
Buoyancy
Buoyant Force Metacentric Height Hydrometer
𝐹𝐵 = 𝛾𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝐼𝑜 𝑉 1
̅̅̅̅̅ =
𝐺𝑀 ̅̅̅̅
− 𝐶𝐺 𝛥ℎ = (1 − )
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝐴 𝑆𝑥
Linearly Accelerating Containers
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑔 + 𝑎𝑧
Rotating Containers
Constant-Pressure Surface Free Surface Pressure
2
𝜔2 𝑟22 𝜔 𝜌𝜔2 𝑟 2
= 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 𝑧𝑠 (𝑟) = ℎ0 − (𝑅2 − 2𝑟 2 ) 𝑝 = 𝑝0 + − 𝜌𝑔𝑧
2 4𝑔 2
Kinematics of Fluid Flow

Eulerian Descriptions
Velocity Vector
⃗
⃗ = (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)𝑘
𝑉
⃗
⃗ = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + 𝑤𝑘
𝑉
Angular Velocity
1 𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑣 1 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑤 1 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑢
𝜔
⃗ = ( − )𝑖 + ( − )𝑗 + ( − )𝑘 ⃗
2 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 2 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
Cartesian Components of Local Acceleration
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑤
𝑎𝑥 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 𝑎𝑦 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 𝑎𝑧 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
Material Acceleration Material Derivative of Pressure Streamline Equation

⃗
𝑑𝑉 ⃗
𝛿𝑉 𝑑𝑃 𝛿𝑃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑎(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = = ⃗ ∙ 𝛻⃗ )𝑉
+ (𝑉 ⃗ = ⃗ ∙ 𝛻⃗ )𝑃
+ (𝑉 = = =
𝑑𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝛿𝑡 𝑉 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
Linear Strain Rate
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑤
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 𝜀𝑧𝑧 =
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
Bulk Strain Rate
1 𝑑𝑉
= 𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧𝑧
𝑉 𝑑𝑡
Shear Strain Rate
1 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 1 𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑢 1 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑤
𝜀𝑥𝑦 = ( + ) 𝜀𝑧𝑥 = ( + ) 𝜀𝑦𝑧 = ( + )
2 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑧 2 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑦
Vorticity Vector
𝜁 = 𝛻⃗ × 𝑉
⃗ 𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑢
𝜁=( − )𝑖 + ( − )𝑗 + ( − )𝑘 ⃗
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦
Fluid Mechanics
Conservation of Mass
Continuity Equation Flow Rate Mass Flux
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
Efficiency
Pump Efficiency
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛥𝐸̇𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ, 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝, 𝑢
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = = =
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡, 𝑖𝑛 𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
Turbine Efficiency
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = =
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 |𝛥𝐸̇𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ, 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 | 𝑊̇𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑒
Motor Efficiency
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡, 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑖𝑛
Generator Efficiency
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡, 𝑖𝑛
Pump-Motor Overall Efficiency
𝑊̇𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝, 𝑢 𝛥𝐸̇𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ, 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝−𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑊̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑖𝑛 𝑊̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑖𝑛
Turbine-Generator Overall Efficiency
𝑊̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑊̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒−𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑊̇𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑒 |𝛥𝐸̇𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ, 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 |
Power
Turbine Pump
𝑊̇𝑇 = 𝑚̇𝑔ℎ 𝑇 𝜂 𝑇 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ 𝑇 𝜂 𝑇 𝑚̇𝑔ℎ𝑃 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑃
𝑊̇𝑃 = =
𝜂𝑃 𝜂𝑃
Bernoulli Equation
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22 𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑔𝑧1 = + + 𝑔𝑧2 + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) Dynamic Head Energy Grade Line (EGL)
𝑝 𝑣2
𝑝 𝑣2
+𝑧 +𝑧+
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Energy Equation
General Equation
𝑸̇ is the rate of energy transfer.
𝐷
𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇ = ∫ 𝑒𝜌 𝑑𝑉 𝑾̇ is the work-rate term.
𝐷𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝒆 is the specific energy.
Energy Equation in Terms of Heads Head of the Pump

𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝, 𝑢 𝑊̇𝑃 𝜂𝑃
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑃 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿 ℎ𝑃 = =
𝜌1 𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌2 𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 𝑚̇𝑔
Head of the Turbine Head Loss Head Loss Coefficient
𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑒 𝑊̇𝑇 𝐸̇𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣2
ℎ𝑇 = = ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾
𝑔 𝜂 𝑇 𝑚̇𝑔 𝑚̇𝑔 2𝑔
Momentum Equation Other Equations

One Entrance and Exit, Uniform and Steady Stagnation Pressure
𝛴𝐹 = 𝑚̇(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) 𝜌𝑣 2
𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔 =𝑝+
One Entrance and Exit, Non-uniform but Steady 2
𝛴𝐹 = 𝑚̇(𝛽2 𝑣2 − 𝛽1 𝑣1 )
Moving Deflectors
−𝑅𝑥 = 𝑚̇𝑟 (𝑣1 − 𝑣𝐵 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − 1)
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑚̇𝑟 (𝑣1 − 𝑣𝐵 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝑊̇ = 𝑁𝑅𝑥 𝑣𝐵
Internal Flow
Reynold’s Number Kinematic Viscosity Friction Factor
𝑣𝑙 𝑣𝜌𝑙 𝜇 𝜏0
𝑅𝑒 = = 𝜈= 𝑓=
𝜈 𝜇 𝜌 1 2
𝜌𝑣
8
Laminar Flow in a Circular Pipe
Entrance Length Poiseuille Flow
𝐿𝐸 1 𝑑(𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) 2
= 0.04𝑅𝑒 𝑢(𝑟) = (𝑟 − 𝑟02 )
ℎ 4𝜇 𝑑𝑥
Navier-Stokes Equation
𝐷𝑣
𝜌 = −𝛻𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜇𝛻 2 𝑣
𝐷𝑡
𝛿𝑝 𝛿 2𝑢 𝛿 2𝑢 𝛿 2𝑢 𝐷𝑢
𝜌𝑔𝑥 − + 𝜇 ( 2 + 2 + 2) = 𝜌
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝐷𝑡
𝛿𝑝 𝛿 2𝑣 𝛿 2𝑣 𝛿 2𝑣 𝐷𝑣
𝜌𝑔𝑦 − + 𝜇 ( 2 + 2 + 2) = 𝜌
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝐷𝑡
𝛿𝑝 𝛿 2𝑤 𝛿 2𝑤 𝛿 2𝑤 𝐷𝑤
𝜌𝑔𝑧 − + 𝜇( 2 + 2 + 2) = 𝜌
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝐷𝑡
Average Velocity Pressure Drop Max. Velocity at r=0
𝑟02 𝑑(𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) 8𝜇𝑣𝐿 1
𝑣=− 𝛥𝑝 = 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
8𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑟02 2
2𝜏0 𝐿 𝑟02 𝑑(𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 =−
𝑟0 4𝜇 𝑑𝑥
Friction Factor Head Loss
64 32𝜇𝐿𝑣
𝑓= ℎ𝐿 =
𝑅𝑒 𝛾𝐷2
Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates
Velocity Distribution
1 𝑑 𝑈
𝑢(𝑦) = (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)(𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑦
2𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
Pressure Drop Average Velocity Head Loss
12𝜇𝑣𝐿 2 12𝜇𝐿𝑣
𝛥𝑝 = 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝐿 =
𝑎2 3 𝑟𝑎2
2𝜏0
𝛥𝑝 = 𝐿
𝑎
Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders
[SECTION UNDER CONSTRUCTION. Apologies for the inconvenience]
Turbulent Flow
Reynold’s Number Force Eddy Viscosity Correlation Coefficient
𝑣𝐷 𝑑𝐹 = −𝜌𝜈 𝑑𝐴 𝑢′ ′ 𝑑𝑢̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑢′ 𝜈 ′
𝑅𝑒 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑢′ 𝜈 ′ = 𝜂 𝐾𝑢𝜈 =
𝜈 𝑑𝑦 √̅̅̅̅
𝑢′2 √̅̅̅̅
𝜈 ′2
Relative Roughness Shear Velocity Viscous Length
𝑒 𝜈
𝜏0
𝐷 𝑢𝜏 = √ 𝑢𝜏
𝜌
Velocity Distribution for a Small Pipe
𝑢̅ 𝑢𝜏 𝑦 𝑢𝜏 𝑦
= ; 0≤ ≲ 5 (𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟)
𝑢𝜏 𝜈 𝜈
𝑢̅ 𝑢𝜏 𝑦 𝑢𝜏 𝑦 𝑦
= 2.44 𝑙𝑛 + 4.9; 30 < , < 0.15 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑢𝜏 𝜈 𝜈 𝑟0
Velocity Profile
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
𝛥𝑝 𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
= ℎ𝐿 =
𝛾 2𝐷𝑔
Colebrook Equation
1
= 0.86 𝑙𝑛 𝑅𝑒√𝑓 − 0.8; (𝑆𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)
√𝑓
1 𝑒
= −0.86 𝑙𝑛 ; (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)
√𝑓 3.7𝐷
1 𝑒 2.51
= −0.86 𝑙𝑛 ( + ) ; (𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)
√𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒√𝑓
Swamee and Jain Equation

−2 𝑒
𝑄2 𝐿 𝑒 𝜈𝐷 0.9 10−6 < < 10−2
ℎ𝐿 = 1.07 {𝑙𝑛 [ + 4.62 ( ) ]} ; 𝐷
𝑔𝐷5 3.7𝐷 𝑄
3000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 3 × 108
0.5 0.5
𝑔𝐷5 ℎ𝐿 𝑒 3.17𝜈 2 𝐿
𝑄 = −0.965 ( ) 𝑙𝑛 [ +( ) ] ; 𝑅𝑒 > 2000
𝐿 3.7𝐷 𝑔𝐷3 ℎ𝐿
4.75 0.04 𝑒
1.25
𝐿𝑄2 9.4
𝐿 5.2 10−6 < < 10−2
𝐷 = 0.66 [𝑒 ( ) + 𝜈𝑄 ( ) ] ; 𝐷
𝑔𝐻𝐿 𝑔ℎ𝐿
5000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 3 × 108
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
Concept of Losses
NOTE: This section contains some formulas from previous sections. This is done for
your convenience so that you will not have to jump back to previous sections.
Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
Darcy-Weisbach Equation Colebrook Equation
𝛥𝑝 𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 1
= ℎ𝐿 = = 0.86 𝑙𝑛 𝑅𝑒√𝑓 − 0.8; (𝑆𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)
𝛾 2𝐷𝑔 √𝑓
1 𝑒
= −0.86 𝑙𝑛 ; (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)
√𝑓 3.7𝐷
1 𝑒 2.51
= −0.86 𝑙𝑛 ( + ) ; (𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)
√𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒√𝑓
Major Loss in Laminar Flow

Friction
Factor Head Loss in a Pipe Head Loss Between Parallel Plates
64 32𝜇𝐿𝑉 12𝜇𝐿𝑉
𝑓= ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝐿 =
𝑅𝑒 𝛾𝐷2 𝑟𝑎2
Major Loss in Turbulent Flow
Swamee and Jain Equation
−2 𝑒
𝑄2 𝐿 𝑒 𝜈𝐷 0.9 10−6 << 10−2
ℎ𝐿 = 1.07 {𝑙𝑛 [ + 4.62 ( ) ]} ; 𝐷
𝑔𝐷5 3.7𝐷 𝑄
3000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 3 × 108
0.5 0.5
𝑔𝐷5 ℎ𝐿 𝑒 3.17𝜈 2 𝐿
𝑄 = −0.965 ( ) 𝑙𝑛 [ +( ) ] ; 𝑅𝑒 > 2000
𝐿 3.7𝐷 𝑔𝐷3 ℎ𝐿
4.75 0.04 𝑒
1.25
𝐿𝑄2 9.4
𝐿 5.2 10−6 < < 10−2
𝐷 = 0.66 [𝑒 ( ) + 𝜈𝑄 ( ) ] ; 𝐷
𝑔𝐻𝐿 𝑔ℎ𝐿
5000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 3 × 108
Minor Loss
Minor Loss in Pipe Flow Loss Coefficient for Sudden Expansion
2 2
𝑉 𝑄 𝐴1 2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾 =𝐾 𝐾 = (1 − )
2𝑔 2𝑔𝐴2 𝐴2
Vena Contracta in Sudden Contraction Vena Contracta in Concentric Orifice
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴2 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑜
𝐴2 3 𝐴𝑜 2
𝐶𝑐 = 0.62 + 0.38 ( ) 𝐶𝑐 = 0.60 + 0.40 ( )
𝐴1 𝐴1
Equivalent Length of Pipe

𝐷
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐾
𝑓
System Demand Curve

𝐻𝑃 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑄2
Losses in Piping System
Head Loss 𝒉𝑳 is the head loss over length L of pipe.
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑅𝑄𝛽 𝑹 is the resistance coefficient.
𝜷 is an exponent.
Resistance Coefficient
Resistance Coefficient
𝑒
𝑓𝐿 8𝑓𝐿 0.01 > > 10−8
𝑅= = ; 𝐷
2𝑔𝐷𝐴2 𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷5 8
10 > 𝑅𝑒 > 5000
Swamee and Jain
−2 𝑒
𝐿 𝑒 1 0.9 0.01 > > 10−8
𝑅 = 1.07 ( 5 ) {𝑙𝑛 [0.27 ( ) + 5.74 ( ) ]} ; 𝐷
𝑔𝐷 𝐷 𝑅𝑒 8
10 > 𝑅𝑒 > 5000
Hazen-Williams
𝐾1 𝐿 10.59 (𝑆𝐼) 𝑪 is the Hazen-Williams coefficient dependent on the roughness.
𝑅= ; 𝐾1 = { 𝒎 is 4.87.
𝛽
𝐶 𝐷 𝑚 4.72 (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ)
𝜷 is 1.85.
Chezy-Manning
10.29𝑛2 𝐿 1 (𝑆𝐼) 𝒏 is the Manning roughness coefficient.
𝑅= ; 𝐾2 = {
𝐾2 𝐷 5.33 2.22 (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ)
Friction Factor
Swamee and Jain Chezy-Manning
−2 𝑒 124.5𝑛2
𝑒 1 0.9 0.01 > > 10−8 𝑓=
𝑓 = 1.325 {𝑙𝑛 [0.27 ( ) + 5.74 ( ) ]} ; 𝐷 𝐷0.33
𝐷 𝑅𝑒 8
10 > 𝑅𝑒 > 5000
Friction Factor for Fully Rough Regime Reynold’s Number for a Fully Rough Regime
𝑒 −2 200𝐷
𝑓 = 1.325 {𝑙𝑛 [0.27 ( )]} 𝑅𝑒 =
𝐷 𝑒√𝑓
Series Piping
Flow Rate
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = ⋯ = 𝑄𝑛 = 𝑄
Energy Equation
𝑛
𝑝 𝑝 𝛴𝐾 2
( + 𝑧) − ( + 𝑧) = [∑ (𝑅𝑖 + 2 )] 𝑄
𝛾 𝐴 𝛾 𝐵 2𝑔𝐴 𝑖
𝑖=1
Parallel and Branching Piping
Flow Rate Energy Equation
𝑛
𝑝 𝑝 𝛴𝐾 2
𝑄 = ∑ 𝑄𝑖 ( + 𝑧) − ( + 𝑧) = (𝑅𝑖 + 2 ) 𝑄𝑖 ; 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛
𝛾 𝐴 𝛾 𝐵 2𝑔𝐴 𝑖
𝑖=1
Equivalent Length Resistance Coefficient Idk what equation this is Ano to

𝐷𝑖 8𝑓𝑖 [𝐿𝑖 + (𝐿𝑒 )𝑖 ] 2
(𝐿𝑒 )𝑖 = 𝛴𝐾 𝑅̅𝑖 = 𝑊
𝑓𝑖 𝑔𝜋 2 𝐷𝑖5 𝑄 𝑄𝑖 = √
𝑅̅𝑖
𝑊=
1
∑𝑛𝑖=1
√𝑅̅𝑖
( )
Pipe Network Analysis
Generalized Network Equations
Drop in Hydraulic Grade Line for any Pipe i
𝑊𝑖 = 𝑅̅𝑖 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
2
𝒋 refers to the pipes connected to a node.
Continuity at the jth interior node 𝑸𝒆 is the external demand.
𝛴(±)𝑗 𝑄𝑗 − 𝑄𝑒 = 0 +𝑸𝒋 for flow into the junction, −𝑸𝒋 for flow out of the junction.
Energy Balance around an Interior Loop

𝒊 refers to the pipes that make up the loop
𝛴(±)𝑖 𝑊𝑖 = 0
Energy Balance along a Unique Path/Pseudoloop connecting two fixed-grade nodes
𝛴(±)𝑖 [𝑊𝑖 − (𝐻𝑃 )𝑖 ] + 𝛥𝐻 = 0
𝚫𝑯 is the difference in magnitude of the two fixed-grade nodes in the
path in clockwise fashion across the imaginary pipe in the pseudoloop.
𝚫𝑯𝑷 is the head across a pump that could exist in the ith pipe element.
Number of Pipe Elements in a Network

𝑃 =𝐽+𝐿+𝐹−1
𝑷 is the number of pipe elements in a network.
𝑱 is the number of interior nodes.
𝑳 is the number of interior loops.
𝑭 is the number of fixed-grade nodes. There are 𝑭 − 𝟏 unique path equations.
Relation Between Discharge and Loss in each Pipe Approximate Pump Head-Discharge
𝛴𝐾 2 𝐻𝑃 (𝑄) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑄 + 𝑎2 𝑄2
𝑊 = 𝑅𝑄𝛽 + 𝑄
2𝑔𝐴2 Pump Head-Discharge Using Power
Minor Loss Defined by Equivalent Length 𝑊̇𝑓
𝑊 = 𝑅̅𝑄𝛽 𝐻𝑃 (𝑄) =
𝛾𝑄
Hardy Cross Method
Assume Initial Estimate
𝛴(±)𝑗 𝑄𝑗 − 𝑄𝑒 = 0
Evaluate Δ𝑄 for each Loop/Path
−𝛴(±)𝑖 [(𝑊0 )𝑖 − (𝐻𝑃0 )𝑖 ] − 𝛥𝐻
𝛥𝑄 =
𝛴𝐺𝑖
𝛴(±)𝑖 (𝑊0 )𝑖
𝛥𝑄 =
𝛴𝐺𝑖
Update Flow in each Pipe in all Loops/Paths
𝑄𝑖 = (𝑄0 )𝑖 + 𝛴𝛥𝑄
Repeat 2 & 3, check for Accuracy
𝛴|𝑄𝑖 − (𝑄0 )𝑖 |
≤𝜀
𝛴|𝑄𝑖 |
Open Channel Flow

Mean Velocity Froude Number Hydraulic Radius
1 𝑉 𝐴
𝑉= ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝐴 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑅=
𝐴 𝐴 √𝑔𝐿 𝑃
Channel Geometry
Rectangular Trapezoidal Circular
2
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑦 𝑦 𝑑2
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑦 + (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝐴= (𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼)
𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦 2 4
𝑃 = 𝛼𝑑
𝑃 = 𝑏 + 𝑦 (√1 + 𝑚12 + √1 + 𝑚22 )
𝐵 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝐵 = 𝑏 + 𝑦(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 2𝑦
𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − )
𝑑
𝑨 is the cross-sectional area.

𝑷 is the wetted perimeter.
𝑩 is the width of the free
surface.
Uniform Flow 𝑟2
𝐴 = (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
Velocity 2
𝑉 = 𝐶 √𝑅𝑆0 𝑺0 is the slope of the channel bottom. 𝑃 = 𝑟𝜃
Chezy-Manning Coefficient
𝑐1 6 𝑐1 1 1 (𝑆𝐼)
𝐶= √𝑅 = 𝑅6 ; 𝑐1 = {
𝑛 𝑛 1.49 (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ)
Flow Rate
5
𝑐1 2 𝑐1 ∙ √𝑆0 𝐴3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅3 √𝑆0 = ∙ 2 𝒏 is the Manning roughness coefficient.
𝑛 𝑛
𝑃3
Most Efficient Sections
Rectangle Trapezoid
2𝐴 𝑏 = 2𝑦 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 = 60° (𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)
=1 𝑦=
𝑏2 2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
√3
𝑦 𝑦= 𝑏; (@ 𝜃 = 60°)
Circle 𝑅= 2
2
𝐷 𝑃 = 3𝑏; (@ 𝜃 = 60°)
𝑦=
2
3 √3 2
𝐴= 𝑏 ; (@ 𝜃 = 60°)
4
Specific Energy
Total Energy Energy Balance Specific Energy Froude Number Celerity
𝑉2
𝐻1 = 𝐻2 + ℎ𝐿 𝑉 2 𝑉 𝑉
𝐻 =𝑧+𝑦+ 𝐸=𝑦+ 𝐹𝑟 = = 𝑔𝐴
2𝑔 2𝑔 √𝑔𝐿 √𝑔𝑦 𝑐=√
𝐵
𝑄2 𝑄 ⁄𝐴 𝑉
Hydraulic Depth Critical Velocity 𝐸 = 𝑦 + 𝐹𝑟 = = Slope
2𝑔𝐴2
𝐴 𝑉𝑐 = √𝑔𝑦 √𝑔𝐴 √𝑔𝐴 𝑑𝐸
𝐵 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐹𝑟 2
𝐵 𝑑𝑦
Rectangle
Specific Discharge Specific Energy Critical Depth Critical Energy Celerity
𝑄 𝑞 2 1
2 3
3 𝑐 = √𝑔𝑦
𝑞= = 𝑉𝑦 𝐸 =𝑦+ 𝑞 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑦𝑐
𝑏 2𝑔𝑦 2 𝑦𝑐 = ( ) 2
𝑔
𝑞 = √2𝑔𝑦 2 (𝐸 − 𝑦)
Froude Number
𝑞
𝐹𝑟 =
√𝑔𝑦 3
Transition in Channel Beds
Specific Energy
𝑉12 𝑉22
𝑦1 + = 𝛥𝑧 + 𝑦2 +
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐸2 = 𝐸1 − 𝛥𝑧
Total Energy Total Energy (Rectangular)
𝑉22 𝑄 2
𝑞2
𝑦2 = 𝐸1𝑇 − (𝛥𝑧 + ) = 𝐸1𝑇 − (𝛥𝑧 + ) 𝑦2 = 𝐸1𝑇 − (𝛥𝑧 + )
2𝑔 2𝑔𝐴2 2𝑔𝑦22
Energy Losses
Channel Expansion
𝑉12 𝑉22 𝐾𝑒 = 1.0 (𝑆𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛/𝐴𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡)
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝑒 ( − ) ; {
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐾𝑒 = 0.2 (𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑/𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑)
Channel Contraction
𝑉22 𝑉12 𝐾𝑐 = 0.5 (𝑆𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛/𝐴𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡)
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝑐 ( − ) ; {
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐾𝑐 = 0.1 (𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑/𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑)
Rectangular Weirs
Orifice Equation Flow Rate Flow Rate w/ Losses
𝑉2 = √2𝑔𝐻 2 2
𝑄 = 𝐿√2𝑔𝐻3 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐿√2𝑔𝐻3
3 3
Francis Equation Coefficient of Discharge
3 𝐶 = 1.84 (𝑆𝐼) 𝐻
𝑄= 𝐶𝐿𝐻 2 ; { 𝐶𝑑 = 0.611 + 0.08
𝐶 = 3.32 (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ) 𝑍
′
3 𝐶 = 1.84 (𝑆𝐼)
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿 𝐻2 ; {
𝐶 = 3.32 (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ)
𝐿′ = (𝐿 − 0.2𝐻)
Triangular Weirs Trapezoidal Weirs
Flow Rate Flow Rate w/ Losses
8 5 𝜃 3 8 5 𝜃
𝑄= 𝐻2 √2𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑄= 𝐶𝐿𝐻 2 + 𝐶𝑑 𝐻2√2𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛
15 2 15 2
3
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙: 𝐶𝑤 = 3.367
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿𝐻2 ; { ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝐶𝑤 = 3.32
𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑖 𝑛𝑖 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑤 = 3.97 𝑑𝑎𝑤 𝑑𝑖 𝑘𝑜 𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚
Broad-Crested Weirs
Flow Rate
3
2𝐻 2
𝑄 = √𝑔𝐿 ( )
3
3
𝑄 = 3.09𝐿(𝐻)2 ; (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ, 𝐶 = 3.09)
3
𝑄 = 1.7𝐿(𝐻)2 ; (𝑆𝐼, 𝐶 = 1.7)
Gradually Varied Flow

Slope of the Water Surface Energy Equation Slope of the Energy Grade Line
𝑑𝑦 𝑆0 − 𝑆 𝑑 𝑉2 𝜏0 𝑉2 𝑉𝑛 2
= 𝑆 − 𝑆0 = − (𝑦 + ) 𝑆= = =( )
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝐹𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥 2𝑔 𝛾𝑅 𝑅𝐶 2 𝑐1 𝑅2/3
Wide Rectangular Channel
Depth Normal Depth Slope of the Energy Grade Line Slope of the Channel Bed
2 2
𝑞𝑛
3 3
𝑞 𝑛 𝑞 2 𝑛2
𝑦=( )
5 𝑞𝑛 5 𝑆= 10 𝑆0 = 10
𝑦0 = ( )
√𝑆 √𝑆0 𝑦3 𝑦03
Rate at which the Flow Depth Varies
10
𝑦0 3
1 − (
𝑑𝑦 𝑦)
= 𝑆0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3
1 − ( 𝑐)
𝑦
Rapidly Varying Flow

Linear Momentum Equation Momentum Function Force
2
𝛾𝐴1 𝑦̅1 − 𝛾𝐴2 𝑦̅2 − 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) 𝑄 𝐹 = 𝛾𝑀
𝑀 = 𝐴𝑦̅ +
𝐹 𝑔𝐴
𝑀1 − 𝑀2 =
𝛾
Momentum Function (Rectangular) Condition for Minimum M
2 2 2 2
𝑏𝑦 𝑄 𝑦 𝑞 𝑄2 𝐵 = 𝑔𝐴3
𝑀= + = 𝑏( + )
2 𝑔𝐴 2 𝑔𝑦
Hydraulic Jump (Rectangular Sections)
Ratio of the Downstream to Upstream Depths
𝑞2 1 1 1
( − ) = (𝑦22 − 𝑦12 ) 𝑦2 1 2
1 𝑞2
𝑔 𝑦1 𝑦2 2 = (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟1 − 1) = (√1 + 8 ( 3 ) − 1)
𝑦1 2 2 𝑔𝑦1
1 𝑦2 𝑦2
𝐹𝑟12 = ( + 1)
2 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑦1 1 2
1 𝑞2
= (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟2 − 1) = (√1 + 8 ( 3 ) − 1)
𝑦2 2 2 𝑔𝑦2
Translating Hydraulic Jump Head Loss due to a Hydraulic Jump

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
𝑦2 1 (𝑉1 + 𝑤)2 ℎ𝑗 =
= [√ 1 + 8 − 1] 4𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑦1 2 𝑔𝑦1
Conjugate Depth
𝑦1 2
𝑦1 𝑞2
𝑦2 = (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟1 − 1) = (√1 + 8 ( 3 ) − 1)
2 2 𝑔𝑦1
𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑞2
𝑦1 = (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟22 − 1) = (√1 + 8 ( 3 ) − 1)
2 2 𝑔𝑦2
Momentum for a TRAPEZOIDAL Section

𝐹
𝑀2 − 𝑀1 + =0
𝛾
𝑦22 𝑄2 𝐹
(2𝑚𝑦2 + 3𝑏) + − 𝑀1 + =0
6 𝑔(𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑚𝑦22 ) 𝛾
Water Surface Profile

𝑑 𝑉2
𝑆 − 𝑆0 = − (𝑦 + )
𝑑𝑥 2𝑔
Classification of Surface Profiles
Channel Profile Depth 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝑬
𝐅𝐫 Diagram
Slope Type Range 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
M1 𝑦 > 𝑦0 > 𝑦𝑐 <1 >0 >0

Mild
𝑆0 < 𝑆𝑐 M2 𝑦0 > 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 <1 <0 <0
𝑦0 > 𝑦𝑐
M3 𝑦0 > 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦 >1 >0 <0
S1 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦0 <1 >0 >0

Steep
𝑆0 > 𝑆𝑐 S2 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦 > 𝑦0 >1 <0 >0
𝑦0 < 𝑦𝑐
S3 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦0 > 𝑦 >1 >0 <0
Critical c1 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 or 𝑦0 <1 >0 >0

𝑆0 = 𝑆𝑐
𝑦0 = 𝑦𝑐 c2 𝑦𝑐 or 𝑦0 > 𝑦 >1 >0 <0
Horizontal H2 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 <1 <0 <0

𝑆0 = 0
𝑦0 → ∞ H3 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦 >1 >0 <0
Adverse A2 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 <1 <0 <0

𝑆0 < 0
𝑦0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 A3 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦 >1 >0 <0
Numerical Analysis
Slope
𝑄 2 𝑛2
𝑆(𝑦) = 4
2 [𝐴(𝑦)]2 [𝑅(𝑦)]3
𝑐1
Standard Step Method Standard Step Method
𝐸𝑖+1 − 𝐸𝑖 Step 1: Choose 𝑦𝑖+1.
1: 𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑄2
Step 2: Compute 𝐸𝑖 from 𝐸 = 𝑦 + 2𝑔𝐴2 , 𝑦𝑚 knowing 𝑦𝑖 and 𝑦𝑖+1, and 𝑆(𝑦𝑚 )
𝑆0 − 𝑆(𝑦𝑚 )
from the slope equation.
𝑦𝑖+1 + 𝑦𝑖 Step 3: Compute 𝑥𝑖+1 using eqn. 1.
2: 𝑦𝑚 =
2 Step 4: At location 𝑘, trial values of 𝑦𝑘 are assumed until eqn. 1 is satisfied
for the known value of 𝑥𝑘 .
Numerical Integration Method

Numerical Integration Method
𝑞 2 𝑛2 Step 1: Start from the given depth 𝑦𝑖 and calculate 𝑦𝑖′ using eqn. 1.
𝑆0 − 10
𝑑𝑦 Step 2: Let 𝑦𝑖+1
′
= 𝑦𝑖′ as a first trial.
𝑦3
1: = Step 3: Calculate the value of 𝑦𝑖+1 using eqn. 2.
𝑑𝑥 𝑞2 Step 4: Calculate 𝑦𝑖+1
′
using eqn. 1.
1−
𝑔𝑦 3 Step 5: Substitute 𝑦𝑖+1 into eqn. 2.
′
′ Step 6: If 𝑦𝑖+1 obtained from steps 3 & 4 are not close to each other,
𝑦𝑖+1 + 𝑦𝑖′
2: 𝑦𝑖+1 = 𝑦1 + 𝑑𝑥 repeat steps 3 & 4.
2 Step 7: Otherwise, proceed to next section of distance d, 𝑦𝑖+1 becomes 𝑦.
Step 8: Repeat until profile is completed.
Direct Step Method

𝑆1 + 𝑆2 2 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 𝛥𝐸
1: 𝑆̅ = 𝑄𝑛 3: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥1−2 = =
2 2: 𝑆 = ( 4) 𝑆0 − 𝑆̅ 𝑆0 − 𝑆̅
2
𝐴 𝑅3
Irregular Channels
Slope of the EGL for a Composite Section Conveyance of Subsection i Kinetic-Energy Coefficient
2
𝑄 2 (∑ 𝐴𝑖 )2 𝐾𝑖3
𝑆= 𝑐1 𝐴𝑅3 𝛼= ∑ ( 2)
(∑ 𝐾𝑖 )2 𝐾𝑖 = ( )𝑖 (∑ 𝐾𝑖 )3 𝐴𝑖
𝑛
Dams
Loads
Dead Load Uplift
Self-Weight of the Structure With Pressure Relief
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑐 ∙ 𝐴 𝑃𝑈 = 𝜂𝐴ℎ (𝛾𝑤 𝐻)𝑎𝑣𝑔
Headwater and Tailwater Without Pressure Relief
Hydrostatic Pressure 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑃𝑈 = 𝜂𝐴ℎ 𝛾𝑤
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 2
Resultant Horizontal Force 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑃𝑈 = 𝑇𝛾𝑤 ; 𝜂 = 1, 𝐴ℎ = 𝑇
𝛾𝑤 𝐻2 2
𝐹=
2 Pressure Distribution Centroid Location from Heel
Location of Resultant Horizontal Force
𝑇 2𝑧2 + 𝑧1
𝑦1 =
𝐻 3 𝑧2 + 𝑧1
𝑦=
3 Mean Effective Head
Resultant Vertical Force 𝑧𝑑 = 𝑧2 + 𝑘𝑑 (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
𝑅𝑉 = 𝛾𝑤 ∙ 𝐴 𝑘𝑑 = 0.33 if drainage is efficient
Stability
Overturning Stability Sliding Stability
Factor of Safety Sliding Factor
∑ Restoring moments ∑𝐻
FS = 𝐹𝑆𝑆 =
∑ Overturning moments ∑𝑉
Resultant Location (Base) ∑𝐻
− tan 𝛼
∑𝑀 ∑𝑉
Resultant location = 𝐹𝑆𝑆 =
∑𝑉 ∑𝐻
1+( ) tan 𝛼
∑𝑉
Spillways
Recall: Slope of the Energy Grade Line
𝜏0 𝑉2 𝑉𝑛 2
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑓 = = =( )
𝛾𝑅 𝑅𝐶 2 𝑐1 𝑅 2/3
Side-Channel Spillway Side Weir

Weight Component (x-direction) Change in Specific Energy
𝛾𝐴Δ𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐸
= 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓
Boundary Shear Force 𝑑𝑥
𝜏𝑜 𝑃Δ𝑥 𝑑 𝑄2
(𝑦 + ) = 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓
Change in Momentum 𝑑𝑥 2𝑔𝐴2
𝛾𝐴Δ𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝛾𝑅𝑆𝑓 𝑃Δ𝑥 Side Weir Profile
Δ𝑀 = −
𝛾 𝛾 𝑄 𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓 − 𝑔𝐴2 𝑑𝑥
For Small Slopes =
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑥 1 − Fr 2
= 𝐴(𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓 )
𝑑𝑥 Change in Flow Rate
𝑑𝑄 2
Side-Channel Profile = − 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔(𝑦 − 𝑤)3
2𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓 −
𝑔𝐴2 𝑑𝑥 Coefficient of Discharge
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − Fr 2 𝑤 𝐿
𝐶𝑑 = 0.7 − 0.48Fr − 0.3 + 0.06
Henderson Distance Formula 𝑦 𝐵
8𝑄𝑥2
𝑥=
𝑔𝑃 2
𝑔𝐵2 (𝑆𝑜 − 2 )
𝐶 𝐵
Culvert
Inlet Control
Box Culvert
Geometry Cc Ch
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑦𝑐 √𝑔𝑦𝑐 Side-tapered box culverts
15°-26° wingwalls and top bevel 0.59 0.84
Unsubmerged Flow (Box)
26°-90° wingwalls, no bevel 0.59 0.84
3
2 2 26°-45° wingwalls and top bevel 0.64 0.86
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐵√𝑔 ( 𝐻𝑊) 45°-90° wingwalls and side bevel 0.64 0.86
3 Circular culverts
Stephenson Discharge Eqn Square edge 0.57 0.79
𝐻𝑊 1.9 Bevel edge 0.65 0.83
𝑄 = 0.48𝐶𝑑 √𝑔𝐷5 ( )
𝐷
Upstream Specific Energy
𝑉2
𝐻𝑊 = 𝑦 + Type of structure and entrance design ke
2𝑔
Pipe
𝑉 = √2𝑔√𝐻𝑊 − 𝑦 Projecting from fill, socket end 0.2
Projecting from fill, square cut end 0.5
Flow Depth at Vena Contracta Headwall or headwall and wingwalls:
𝐶ℎ 𝐷 Socket end of pipe or rounded 0.2
Square edge 0.5
Discharge Mitered to conform to fill slope 0.7
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴√2𝑔√𝐻𝑊 − 𝐶ℎ 𝐷 End-section conforming to fill slope 0.5
Beveled edges, 33.7° or 45° bevels 0.2
Upstream Energy Level and HGL Side-tapered or slope-tapered inlet 0.2
Difference Metal pipe projecting from fill, no headwall 0.9
𝐻 = ℎ𝑒 + ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑣 Reinforced concrete box sections
Headwall parallel to embankment, no wingwalls
19.6𝑛2 𝐿 𝑉2 Square on three edges 0.5
𝐻 = (𝑘𝑒 + 4 + 1) Round three edges to radius 1/12 barrel or beveled three sides 0.2
2𝑔 Wingwalls 30°-75° to barrel
𝑅3
Square edge at crown 0.4
𝐻 = 𝐻𝑊 + 𝐿𝑆𝑜 − 𝑑 Crown edge rounded to radius 1/12 barrel or beveled top 0.2
Entrance Loss Wingwall 10°-25° to barrel, square edged at crown 0.5
Wingwalls parallel (extension of sides), square at crown 0.7
𝑉2
ℎ𝑒 = 𝑘 𝑒 Side-tapered or slope-tapered inlet 0.2
2𝑔
Friction Loss
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 𝑉 2 𝑛2 𝐿 19.6𝑛2 𝐿 𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = = 4/3 = ( 4/3 )
8𝑔𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 2𝑔
Velocity (Darcy-Weisbach)
2𝑔(𝐻𝑊 + 𝐿𝑆0 − 𝑑)
𝑉=√
𝑓𝐿
𝑘𝑒 + +1
4𝑅
Velocity (Manning)
2𝑔(𝐻𝑊 − 𝐿𝑆𝑜 − 𝑑)
𝑉=√
19.6𝑛2 𝐿
𝑘𝑒 + +1
𝑅4/3
Storm Sewer Design
Peak Flow Rate Kirpich Formula Overland Flow
0.77
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐼𝐴 0.06628𝑙 0.007(𝑛𝑙)0.8
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑐 =
𝑌 0.385 (𝑃2 )0.5 𝑆 0.4
𝒏 is the Manning roughness
𝑸 is the peak flow rate.
𝑻𝒄 is the time of concentration (hr). coefficient.
𝑪 is the runoff coefficient.
𝒍 is the longest flow length (km). 𝒍 is the longest flow length
𝑰 is the rainfall intensity.
𝒀 is the slope (m/m). (ft).
𝑨 is the area.
𝑷𝟐 is the 2-year frequency
24-hr rainfall (in.).
𝑺 is the land slope (ft/ft).
Inlet Design
Sump Inlet At-grade Inlet
Flow Rate Flow Rate Side-Flow Interception Ratio
3
𝑄𝑓 = 1 − 𝐶𝑓 (𝑉 − 𝑉0 ) 1
𝑄= 𝐶𝐿𝐻 2 𝑄𝑖 =
𝑘 𝑉 1.8
𝑸𝒇 is the ratio of the available frontal 1 + 𝑠 2.3
𝑪 is the weir coefficient. 𝑆0 𝐿
flow intercepted by the inlet.
𝑪𝒇 is the contraction coefficient. (SI: 𝑸𝑺 is the ratio of the available flow
0.3, English: 0.1) approaching the side of the inlet that
𝑽 is the average velocity of the will be intercepted.
approach flow. 𝒌𝑺 is the side coefficient. (SI: 0.08,
𝑽𝒐 is the bypass/splash-over velocity. English: 0.15)
𝑺𝟎 is the cross slope of the pavement.
𝑳 is the grate length of the inlet.
Pipe Design
Circular
Diameter
3
𝑄𝑛 8 𝑛 = 1 (SI)
𝐷 = 1.55 ( ) ;{
𝑛 √𝑆 𝑛 = 1.49 (English)
Angle (Circular)
𝑦𝑜
𝜃 = 2 cos −1 (1 − 2 )
𝐷
Area
𝐷2
𝐴 = (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
8
Wetted Perimeter
𝐷𝜃
𝑃=
2

Civil Engineering Hydraulics (CEHDRA1 and CEHDRA2) Formulas

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Civil Engineering Hydraulics (CEHDRA1 and CEHDRA2) Formulas

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Kyle Michael Sy Civil Engineering Hydraulics September 25, 2020

CEHDRA1/CEHDRA2 6th Update

Specific Gravity Specific Volume

𝐹 = 𝛾𝑦̅𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴

Linearly Accelerating Containers

Kinematics of Fluid Flow

Material Acceleration Material Derivative of Pressure Streamline Equation

Energy Equation in Terms of Heads Head of the Pump

Momentum Equation Other Equations

Swamee and Jain Equation

Major Loss in Laminar Flow

Equivalent Length of Pipe

System Demand Curve

Parallel and Branching Piping

Equivalent Length Resistance Coefficient Idk what equation this is Ano to

Energy Balance around an Interior Loop

Number of Pipe Elements in a Network

Open Channel Flow

𝑨 is the cross-sectional area.

Gradually Varied Flow

Rapidly Varying Flow

Translating Hydraulic Jump Head Loss due to a Hydraulic Jump

Momentum for a TRAPEZOIDAL Section

Water Surface Profile

M1 𝑦 > 𝑦0 > 𝑦𝑐 <1 >0 >0

M3 𝑦0 > 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦 >1 >0 <0

S1 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦0 <1 >0 >0

S3 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦0 > 𝑦 >1 >0 <0

Critical c1 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 or 𝑦0 <1 >0 >0

Horizontal H2 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 <1 <0 <0

Adverse A2 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑐 <1 <0 <0

Numerical Integration Method

Direct Step Method

Side-Channel Spillway Side Weir

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