IMC151

ORGANIZATION AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION

PAIR ASSIGNMENT
TITLE : SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT LIBRARY

PREPARED BY:

NAME STUDENT ID

NOR ELISYA NAZIRAH BT 2022593023

MOHD YUSNIZAN

NUR HAZIRAH BT
ZULHIZAM 2022355675

PREPARED FOR:
MADAM NURHAFIZAH BT AZIZAN
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
2.1 CATALOGING 2
2.1.1 ANGLO AMERICAN CATALOGING RULES (AACR) 3
2.1.2 MACHINE READABLE CATALOG (MARC) 5
2.1.3 RESOURCE DESCRIPTION ACCESS (RDA) 6
2.2 CLASSIFICATION 7
2.2.1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION 7
2.2.2 DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION 9
2.3 SUBJECT CATALOGING 10
2.3.1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADING 10
2.4 ARRANGEMENT OF UTHM LIBRARY 12

2.5 CONCLUSION 15

REFERENCES 16

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION

According to Ashrafi-Rizi and Kazempour (2020), academic libraries have always been
centers of self-learning and information acquisition. They provide information to individuals and
the local community. The value of libraries stems from the fact that they contain reliable
information and critical resources that communities need to thrive. Furthermore, Adebayo et al.
(2019) noted that academic libraries and librarians need to fully understand their expected roles
in online and blended learning environments. Academic libraries can also contribute to ensuring
public health awareness and providing up-to-date information to all members of society. In
addition, academic libraries must improve and digitize their existing services and update new
digital services. This reflects the need to hire more technologically skilled people to use new
technologies. In addition, the information needs of academic library users increase during
emergencies and quarantines. For example, students need access to information resources for
homework and tasks supporting distance learning, because the learning has become a
self-learning process under quarantine conditions and largely depends on the students
themselves (Tsekea & Chigwada, 2020).

Nowadays, academic libraries face a variety of challenges in today's higher education

environment, including an explosion of information resources, conversion from print to electronic
formats, services to diverse patrons, and innovative technology (Aslam, 2020). Besides,
academic libraries are no longer constrained by the perception of being buildings housing
materials for circulation that are systematically collected and organised by librarians who serve
as interpreters, navigators, and gatekeepers of information. The advent of electronic catalogues
and resources has not only shifted the boundaries of traditional academic libraries, but has also
created self-sufficient users by allowing them to access collections and services from a distance
via the internet, without the need for librarian input (Knight, 2017).

2.0 LIBRARY SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

2.1 CATALOGING

Yusuf (2015) defined cataloguing as the description of information materials, whether

monographs, series publications, or other non-book materials, that includes important
bibliographic elements such as the author, title, publisher, place of publication, and other block
areas.Electronic resources and advanced publishing methods made available via the internet
are indicators of a qualitative shift from traditional to new digital libraries. Cataloguers must stay

2
current on new methods for managing digital information resources in order to keep up with
these new developments. Cataloguers face additional challenges in making the vast amount of
online and electronic resources available to their patrons at all times and from any location.

2.1.1 ANGLO AMERICAN CATALOGING RULES (AACR)

AACR is the result of a succession of ideas on how to approach the cataloging process to
create catalogs that provide the best possible access to library collections.1 The first cataloging
rules were thus drawn up by the individuals. Similarly, Anthony Panizzi, the keeper of the printed
books at the British Museum, constructed a set of rules for that institution which was published
in 1841. This set of rules is often referred to as Panizzi's "91 rules".2 Likewise, Charles A. Cutter,
who is a librarian at the Boston Athenaeum, also created an important set of rules. Its rules for a
catalog of dictionaries.3 In addition, the Catalog Code Revision Committee developed the
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR). The same goes for the many rule changes in
AACRs.4

ISBD is IFLA's development of the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) has
proven to be its most successful international standardization activity. The various ISBDs define
mandatory and optional data elements and format the bibliographic record in such a way that it
is possible to discern the nature of each data element without the language skills required to
understand the content. In a way, ISBDs were much more important in the card catalog with its
fixed physical structure, since the online catalog can use the MARC-formatted
machine-readable content tag to format the same records in different ways. In addition, the
ISBD requires that a publication be fully identified by description. ISBD was devided into specific
types of materials:
● ISBD (G): General International Standard Bibliographic Description, revised edition 2004
● ISBD (A): Older Monographic Publications (Antiquarian), revised edition 1991
● ISBD (CF): Computer Files, 1990
● ISBD (CM): Cartographic Materials, revised edition 1987

1
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules. (n.d.). North American Text (Chicago: American Library
Association, 1967); Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, British Text (London: Library Association, 1967)
2
Panizzi, A. (n.d.). Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue in British Museum. The Catalogue
of Printed Books in the British Museum.
3
Cutter, C. A. (n.d.). Rules for a Dictionary Catalog. Rewritten (Washington, D.C.:GPO, 1904).
4
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules. (n.d.). North American Text (Chicago: American Library
Association, 1967); Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, British Text (London: Library
Association, 1967)

3
 ● ISBD (CR): Serials and Other Continuing Resources, 2002
● ISBD (ER): Electronic Resources, 1997
● ISBD (M): Monographic Publications, revised edition 2002
● ISBD (NBM): Non-Book Materials, revised edition 1987
● ISBD (PM): Printed Music, revised edition 1991
● ISBD (S): Serials, revised edition 1988

ISBD categories item descriptions divides by 8 areas which is:

1. Title and statements of responsibility
2. Edition
3. Material or type of resource specific details
4. Publication, production, distribution etc.
5. Physical description
6. Series
7. Notes
8. Resources identifier and terms of availability

The AACR2 has undergone extensive review in the library community and is maintained by a
national and international consensus committee, but has not been subject to a formal,
industry-wide voting process. the community. In 1974, representatives of national library
associations and national libraries in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States
planned to prepare the AACR2. This is how AACR2 was released in 1978. Thus, AACR2 is
divided into the following parts such as:
Part I (chapters 1 to 13) concerns the description of the objects to be catalogued:

● Chapter 1 – General Rules for Description

● Chapter 2 – Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets
● Chapter 3 – Cartographic Materials
● Chapter 4 – Manuscripts (Including Manuscript Collections)
● Chapter 5 – Music
● Chapter 6 – Sound Recordings
● Chapter 7 – Motion Pictures and Videorecordings
● Chapter 8 – Graphic Materials
● Chapter 9 – Electronic Resources

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 ● Chapter 10 – Three-Dimensional Artefacts and Realia
● Chapter 11 – Microforms
● Chapter 12 – Continuing Resources
● Chapter 13 – Analysis

Part II (chapters 21-26) deals with defining and establishing headings (access points) and
making references to those headings:

● Chapter 21 – Choice of Access Points

● Chapter 22 – Headings for Persons
● Chapter 23 – Geographic Names
● Chapter 24 – Headings for Corporate Bodies
● Chapter 25 – Uniform Titles
● Chapter 26 – References

2.1.2 MACHINE READABLE CATALOG (MARC)

The importance of LC in creating catalog practices has become even more evident with the
advent of MARC distribution services.5 Additionally, MARC records for documents in multiple
non-Roman-alphabet languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Persian, and
Yiddish) are entered using these character sets. In addition, the goal was to format nearly five
million titles cataloged by LC between 1897 and 1968 in MARC format. Eventually, a MARC
format for naming authority records was developed in the late 1970s, and LC began capturing
naming authority records in 1978. Later, the MARC format for authorities was expanded to
include subject, series, and uniform titles.6 "Catalog record" means a bibliographic record, which
is information traditionally displayed on a catalog card. The record contains:

● Description: Librarians follow the rules in Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd ed.,
2002 revision to compile the bibliographic description of a library item. This "description"
appears in the paragraph sections of a card. Contains the title, disclaimer, edition,
material specific details, publication information, physical description, series, notes and
standard numbers.

5
Avram, H. D. (1975). MARC, Its history and Implications. Washington, D.C. :
Library of Congress.
6
Library of Congress. (n.d). Cataloging Distribution Services. http://www.loc.gov/cds/

5
 ● Main entry and added entries: Access points are the recovery points in the library
catalog where users should be able to find the item.
● Subject headings: Using an approved list is important for consistency, to ensure that all
items on a given subject end up under the same heading and therefore in the same
place in the catalog.
● Call number: The purpose of the call number is to put together items on the same topic
on the same shelf in the library. Most of the articles are listed alphabetically by author.
The second part of the call number usually represents the author's name, which
facilitates this subordination.7

2.1.3 RESOURCE DESCRIPTION ACCESS (RDA)

RDA is short for Resource Description and Access, a new standard for metadata content used
to support the discovery, identification and distribution of information assets. The standard is
designed for the digital environment and intended for multinational use. It is intended for all end
users who need to find, identify, select, obtain or use the information and for all those who need
to manage and organize information assets in a professional way. RDA only manages the
content of the metadata, so it is independent of any specific technical storage or communication
format. Additionally, RDA is still under development. It is halfway through its development
schedule and is scheduled for release in early 2009.8

The RDA structure consists of 2 parts, namely Part A and Part B. Firstly, Part A covers the
description, relationships and related resources. The general guidelines will cover the
identification of the source type, the technical description, the description of the content and
procurement and specific information about the article. New categories of media and content will
be introduced. The section on relationships covers those between FRBR bibliographic entities
and agents (people, etc.). This simplifies the choice of primary access points for citations of
works and simplifies or eliminates special rules.Furthermore, Part B on authority control will
cover the scope, scope and forms authorized and unauthorized. The appendices cover display
standards, ISBD, capital letters, abbreviations, numbers, and a glossary.9

7
LOC. (2019). What is a marc record, and why is it important?. Library of Congress.
8
Dunsire, G. (2007). RDA and library systems. Bid. https://bid.ub.edu/19dunsir.htm
9
Chapman, A. (2006). RDA: A New International Standard - Ariadne.

6
2.2 CLASSIFICATION

A classification system should lead an information seeker to the required sets of information.
Meanwhile, beginning in the 16th century, librarians shared many different classification
schemes for organizing books, but fixed locations dominated most European and American
libraries until the mid-19th century. The most significant developments in the arrangement of
library collections coincided with the rapid growth of libraries and their use in the 19th century. At
the time, librarians felt a clear need for better organizational methods to make the contents of
their holdings available and clearer to the user.

2.2.1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION

The Library of Congress (LC) was founded in 1800. Their first classification system was by size
(folios, quartos, octaves, etc.) divided by accession numbers. Although many were destroyed in
a later fire, the classification associated with them was used until the end of the 19th century. By
this point, it had undergone so many ad hoc modifications, largely based on shelving and other
physical limitations, that it was almost unrecognizable and woefully inadequate. Additionally, LC
classifiers have examined both, as well as the German Halle scheme developed by Otto
Hartwig. They didn't take it in full, but the experience they gained was invaluable, and their debt,
particularly to Cutter, is inherent in the basic structure of their system.
A call number is the number on the spine label of a library item that identifies its location on the
shelf. It usually consists of a class number, a book number, and often a location symbol. This is
an example of a call number in LCC:

A General Works (1998)

BL-BJ Religion (General). Hinduism. Judaism. Islam. Buddhism (2001)

C Auxiliary Sciences of History (1996)

DS-DX History of Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc. (1998)

E-F History: America (2000)

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 G Geography. Maps. Anthropology. Recreation (2005)

H Social sciences (2005)

L Education (2005)

N Fine Arts (1996; ne ed. Expected 2006)

PR, PS, English and American Literatures, Juvenile Belles Lettres (2005)
PZ

This is example of class number in catalog :

Figure 1

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2.2.2 DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION

The oldest and most used classification system in the US is the dewey decimal system. It has a
sizable following as well. Such vast use is a testimony to Melvil Dewey, whose original approach
was adaptive enough to include new subjects as they appeared and flexible enough to resist the
changes imposed by the passage of time. Dewey, who was born on December 10th, 1851,
attended Amherst College before graduating in 1874 and going on to work as an assistant
college librarian. He actually started creating the initial version of his book organisation system
in 1873 while working as a student assistant in the college library. He quickly rose to
prominence as an American librarian, contributing to the founding of the American Library
Association and (ALA).10

This is structure of Dewey Decimal Classification ;

000 Computer science, information & general works

100 Philosophy & Psychology

200 Religion

300 Social Sciences

400 Language

500 Science

600 Technology

700 Arts and Technology

800 Literature

900 History and Geography

This is example of Dewey Decimal Classification class number;

173 Ethics of family relationships

10
Online Computer Library Center. (2006, February 20), A biography of Melvil Dewey.

9
 241.63 Christian family ethics

296.4 Jewish religious family rites, celebration,

services

306.8 Marriage and family

362.82 Families with specific problems

363.96 Family planning

392.36 Dwelling places (including those for families)

616.89156 Family psychotherapy

796 Sports for families

929.2 Family histories

2.3 SUBJECT CATALOGING

The cataloger must examine the information package in order to determine what it is about in
original subject cataloguing. With the concept of "aboutness" in mind, the library's subject
heading list and subject authority file must be consulted for consistent selection and recording of
accepted headings and references.

2.3.1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADING

The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is a set of headings, which are words and
phrases used to denote the subjects of library resources. Many public and school libraries as
well as the majority of academic and research libraries in the US use it. Additionally, it is utilised
by libraries all across the world. By organising subjects into logical groups and regulating
synonyms, alternate spellings, and homographs, LCSH improves the consistency of library
collections. One author might use the term soda pop, another might use soft drink, a third might
use soda, a fourth might use something else, but they are all referring to the same beverage.
One of those terms serves as the heading in LCSH, while the rest make reference to it.

10
Librarians may ensure that all of the information on a topic will be grouped together and
therefore be simple for users to find by utilising only one term or phrase for each topic. Since its
first version was released in 1914, LCSH has undergone continuous revision. The Library of
Congress catalogers alone proposed new titles and changed old headings up to the second half
of the 20th century.11
The tools of Library of Congress Subject Headings;
Titles of LC subject headings are made available in various forms. For many years these lists
have been published in new editions every five years, but since 1988 with the eleventh edition
they are published annually. In addition, the print format can be supplemented with weekly lists
of LC subject headings, available on the World Wide Web. These provide information on new
and changed subject headings, class numbers, references and scope notes. A fully updated
version is available via Classification Web by subscription.12

Structure of Library of Congress Subject Headings ;

Below are one of the example of an LCSH entry structure, in this case for the official subject
heading "Early Childhood Education." The term is followed by the subject's Library of Congress
classification range, which indicates where books on the subject might be found in physical
book stacks.13

11
Library of Congress. (nd). Cataloguing and acquisition. Process for adding and revising Library of
Congress. The Library of Congress.
12
Classification Web. Library of Congress, Cataloging Distribution Service
13
Columbia University. (2022, April 8) Gottesman Libraries at Teachers College. Library of congress
subject heading.

11
 Figure 2
This is example of subject heading in catalog ;

Figure 3

2.4 ARRANGEMENT OF UTHM LIBRARY

The library creates and maintains print and digital resources to support the university
community's teaching and research activities. Engineering, information technology, education,
management, sciences, social sciences, languages, and self-development are among the topics

12
covered in the collections. The library has a large collection of over 230,000 books, 15,000
thesis titles, and 25,000 audio-visual units. The collections are mostly open to the public and
organised according to the Library of Congress classification system (LCC). The digital
collection includes 18 databases, 6 e-books services, 170 e-journal titles, and over 10,000
digitised documents such as journal articles, research reports, conference proceedings, and
exam papers.

● ONLINE RESOURCES
● Online (Databases, E-Books & E-Journals)
● Covers subscribed databases, e-books & e-journals.

● DIGITAL DOCUMENT
● Online (Exam Papers, Thesis Abstracts, Conference Papers, Journal Article and
other UTHM publications)
● Covers all documents that can be accessed through library catalog.

This is examples of online catalog of UTHM Library ;

Figure 4

13
 Figure 5

UTHM Library is organised according to the Library of Congress classification system (LCC) and
used MARC as their cataloging system.

Figure 6

This is example of catalog record of book from UTHM Library.

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3.0 CONCLUSION

Liibraries and their librarians have steadily taken on other functions much beyond just lending
out books, which is one reason why they are considered as such significant third-place
organisations. Ad hoc social workers and navigators are common roles played by librarians in
many communities. They assist locals in navigating life's complications, from utilising the
healthcare system to assisting those who require housing. With libraries offering guidance and
links to health, housing, literacy, and other sectors, this "go-to" role has shaped library
programming and activities. Libraries are becoming recognised as a vital community connection
by other industries, such the health care industry.By regularly hosting webinars and training
sessions for local librarians on how to navigate social services, ageing, mental health, welfare
and public assistance, housing resources, health care, and education and employment
resources, for instance, the National Library of Medicine is assisting local librarians to be more
effective local navigators.14

14
Cabello, M., & Butler, S. M. (2017). How public libraries help build healthy communities.
Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/03/30/how
public-libraries-help-build-healthy-communities/

15
REFERENCES

Anglo-American Cataloging Rules. (n.d.). North American Text (Chicago: American Library
Association, 1967); Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, British Text (London: Library
Association, 1967)

Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules. (2002). prepared under the

direction of the Joint Steering Comittee for Revision of AACR (Ottawa: Canadian Library
Association; Chicago: American Library Association, 2002).

Aslam, M. (2020), Leadership in challenging times of academic libraries,

Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 69 (3), 135-149.

https://doi.org.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/10.1108/GKMC-03-2019-0038

Avram, H. D. (1975). MARC, Its history and Implications. Washington, D.C. :

Library of Congress.

Cabello, M., & Butler, S. M. (2017). How public libraries help build healthy communities.

Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/03/30/how
public-libraries-help-build-healthy-communities/

Chapman, A. (2006, October 30). RDA: A New International Standard. Ariadne.

http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue/49/chapman/

Cutter, C. A. (n.d.). Rules for a Dictionary Catalog. Rewritten (Washington, D.C.:GPO, 1904).

Columbia University. (2022, April 8) Gottesman Libraries at Teachers College. Library

of congress subject heading

https://support.library.tc.columbia.edu/support/solutions/articles/36000043209-library-of-c
ongress-subject-headings

Dunsire, G. (2007). RDA and library systems. Bid. https://bid.ub.edu/19dunsir.htm

16
Knight, J.A. (2017), Academic librarians as change champions: a framework for managing

Change, Library Management, 38(6/7), 294-301.

https://doi-org.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/10.1108/LM-03-2017-0031

Lazarinis, F. (2015). Descriptive cataloguing codes and the ana tomy of AACR2. Cataloguing

and Classification, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100161-5.00002-6

Library of Congress. (n.d). Cataloging Distribution Services.

http://classificationweb.net/

Library of Congress. (n.d). Cataloging Distribution Services.

http://www.loc.gov/cds/

Library of Congress. (nd). Cataloguing and acquisition. Process for adding and revising

Library of Congress. The Library of Congress.

https://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/lcsh-process.html

LOC. (2019). What is a marc record, and why is it important?. Library of Congress.

https://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/um01to06.html

Otike, F. & Barat, A.H. (2021), Roles and emerging trends of academic libraries in Kenya,

Library Hi Tech News. 38(7). 19-23.

https://doi-org.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/10.1108/LHTN-09-2021-0058

Panizzi, A. (n.d.). Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue in British Museum. The Catalogue

of Printed Books in the British Museum.

UTHM. (2022, May 12). Official of Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah. Universiti Tun Hussein

Onn Malaysia. https://ptta.uthm.edu.my/v3/

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. (n.d). Tunku Tun Aminah.

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 https://ptta.uthm.edu.my/v3/

Wiegand, W. A. (1996). Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of

Melvil Dewey. Chicago: American Library Association.

18