PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME :- ANUJ KIRAN PATIL

STD :- 11TH DIV:- C
ROLL NO :- 11C07
CLASS TEACHER :- MRS. SAPNA
TIWARI
 INDEX

SR NO TOPIC PG NO
1. AIM 5
2. INTRODUCTION 5
3. THEORY 6
4. MATERIAL REQUIRED 8
5. PROCEDURE 9
6. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS 11
7. PRECAUTIONS 12
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 12
 AIM :- absorption of radiant energy from
different types of colour.

 INTRODUCTION :- Everyone has experienced

the warmth provided by a shaft of sunlight through
a window. In this physics science fair project, you
will determine how the colour of an object affects
the amount of radiant energy that is absorbed. You
will then use the Stefan-Boltzmann equation to
determine the amount of energy that is absorbed
and re-emitted by the different colours.

 THEORY :-
1. The focus of this science fair project is how the
colour of an object affects its absorption
of radiant energy. The absorption of light
involves an interaction between photons, which
are packets of light energy, and electrons, which
are the negatively charged particles that whirl
around atomic nuclei.
2. When a photon is absorbed by an electron, the
electron jumps to a higher energy level. For
example, a photon of green light carries energy
in the range of 2.2 electron volts (eV).
3. An electron volt is a unit of energy. When an
electron absorbs the energy of a 2.2-eV green
light photon, the energy of the electron increases
by 2.2 eV.
4. Energy is not lost or gained. It is transmitted
from the photon, which disappears, to the
electron, which now has increased its energy by
2.2 eV. When sunlight hits a surface, such as
your skin, the energy of many trillions of photons
is changed from radiant energy to a form
of electronic energy, in the sense of energy
stored in electrons.
5. The electrons tend to return to the energy level
they were at before they absorbed the photons,
called the ground state. In the process, they re-
emit the energy as infrared photons. Infrared
photons are invisible to our eyes, but can be
 detected as heat, and measured with an infrared
thermometer. 

Materials and Equipment

 Scissors
 Colored construction paper
 Infrared thermometer; available online
from stores such as www.amazon.com
 Lightly colored surface
 Lab notebook
 Graph paper
Experimental Procedure
1. Cut out a 4-inch construction paper square of each of the
following colors: white, yellow, blue, red, and black.
2. Place the squares in a location where they are in the sunlight,
not touching each other.
a. Place the squares on a lightly colored surface, such as
white or tan carpet.
b. Don't put the squares on a hot surface. If you can't find a
lightly colored surface, use the Styrofoam plates to isolate
the squares from the surface.
c. There should not be any shadows over the paper.
d. The squares should be protected from any breezes.
3. Make a note of the time and date in your lab notebook.
4. Wait for several minutes so that the temperatures of the squares
become stable.
5. Take the temperature of each square with the infrared
thermometer, three times over a time period of about 1 minute.
Record the data in a data table in your lab notebook.
6. Average the results for each colored square.
7. Now that you have the data, calculate the energy flow and the
energy carried by the visible and infrared photons.
8. Answer the following questions:
a. What is the power output from the squares? Calculate the
power that each square is producing, using Equation 2
from the Introduction.
 Power equals energy (joules or electron volts) per
unit time (seconds).
 Use the temperature of the white paper as the
"surrounding" temperature (s) in Equation 2.
 Use the temperature of the colored or black square as
"T" in Equation 2.
b. How many photons are being emitted by the heated
squares? Calculate the number of infrared photons that are
being emitted by the squares, assuming each photon has an
energy of 0.000124 eV.
c. How does the power output and the number of photons
that are emitted depend on the color?
9. Graph the temperature of each square, with color on the x-axis.
10. Graph the power output of each square. Since power
depends on the fourth power of the temperature, a small
difference in temperature can cause a big difference in power
output.
11. Graph the number of photons emitted per second (use an
energy of 0.000124 eV for each infrared photon).
12. Graph the number of photons emitted relative to the black
square. That is, graph the black square as 100 percent, and the
other squares relative to this standard.
  OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS

RESULTS:-
 THE DATA SHOWS THAT AS THE COLORS
GET DARKER FROM WHITE TO BLACK, THE
TEMPRETURE (C), POWER OUTPUT (W),AND
NUMBER OF PHOTON PER SECOND ALL
INCREASE GRADUALLY.

 PRECAUTIONS :-

1. THE MEASUREMENTS MUST BE

ACCURATE.
2. BE CAREFUL WITH SCISSORS
3. THE COLORED SURFACE MUST BE LIGHT
ONLY NO DARKER SURFACE

 BIBLIOGRAPHY :-
1. NCERT CLASS 11TH
2. RADIOMETRY VOLUME 1
3. SOME SITES LIKE WIKIPEDIA,
www.sciencebuddies.org