Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

CE-402: Irrigation Engineering

Lecture 1b
Water Resources

8th Semester (4th Year)

Civil Engineering
Spring 2023

Lecturer: Alamgir Khalil

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources

➢ Occurrence of water in space and time with a feasible potential

to be put into multiple consumption and use, and for sustaining
the environmental balance.

Water:
✓ is a “single” resource (has no substitute)
✓ is a ‘‘limited’’ resource (accessibility, quantity and quality)
✓ has ‘social’, ‘economic’ and ‘environmental’ value

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

A Unique Resource

➢ Every organism, individual, and ecosystem on the planet

depends on water for survival.

➢ Water impacts all aspects of life on the planet.

➢ Poor water management and water shortages can lead to

disease, malnutrition, reduced economic growth, social
instability, conflict, and environmental disaster.

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources

There are three resources of Water

1) Rainfall
2) Surface Water
3) Ground Water

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Hydrological Cycle

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8b.html 5
 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Hydrological Cycle (cont.)

➢ The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous circulation of

water throughout our environment as it moves from the
oceans, to the atmosphere and the land, eventually returning
to the oceans once again.

➢ The hydrologic cycle is driven by the energy of the sun and the
gravity of the earth and proceed endless with or without
human intervention.

➢ The hydrologic cycle is also referred to as the “water cycle”,

the hydrologic cycle is actually made up of a series of complex
processes and storages.
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

The Global View

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Visualize the availability of water like this:

Source: watersaving.com/media/filer_public/2013/08/26/freshwater-on-earth.jpg 8
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

FRESH WATER AVAILABLE

Source: WBCSD (2009) 9

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan

Glaciers of Pakistan Rainfall

Indus river Groundwater 10

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan (cont.)

➢ Pakistan has been blessed with a variety of water resources in the

form of glaciers, seasonal precipitation, groundwater and surface
water.

1) Glaciers
✓ Significant part of the Indus River flow originates from Karakoram
Himalaya, Western Himalaya, and Hindu Kush Mountains.
✓ The glaciers carry great significance in the flow volume and timing of the
Indus River and its tributaries.
✓ The glacier runoff contributes approximately 24.1 BCM to the total
annual flow of the Upper Indus Basin: 17.3 BCM from the Karakoram
Himalaya, 2.8 BCM from the western Himalaya, and 3.9 BCM from the
Hindu Kush.
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan (cont.)

2) Rainfall

✓ The regional distribution of average annual rainfall varies from less than
100 mm in Balochistan and Sindh provinces to more than 1500 mm in
Northern mountainous areas.

✓ About 70 percent of annual rainfall is received during the monsoon

period, i.e., the months of July and August. During Rabi season (October
to March), it is less than 50 mm in parts of Sindh and more than 500 mm
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) provinces.

✓ Similarly, the mean rainfall for the Kharif (April to September) season
varies from 50 mm in Balochistan to more than 800 mm in the Northern
Punjab and KPK.

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan (cont.)

2) Rainfall

✓ The extreme changing pattern of rainfall results in large variations in

flows during the Rabi and the Kharif seasons. Due to this severe
aridity, about 92% of area of Pakistan is facing extreme shortage of
water and hence classified as semi-arid to arid.

✓ About 16.5 BCM of rainwater contributes to crops in the Indus Basin

Irrigation System (IBIS), which is only 13% of the average annual canal
diversions.

Source: Bakhsh, A., & Choudhry, M. R. (2017). Applied Irrigation Engineering.

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 13
 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan (cont.)

3) Groundwater

✓ Groundwater provides an alternate water resource for agriculture. It is

estimated that around 33% of the world’s population utilizes
groundwater.
✓ Many countries, such as Pakistan, India, intensively exploit groundwater
to supplement the canal water.
✓ The rice-wheat region (Central Punjab) of Pakistan is meeting 70% of
their crop water requirements from groundwater.
✓ In Pakistan, most of the groundwater resources are stored in alluvial
deposits formed by the Indus River and its joining tributaries starting
from the Himalayan Mountains to Arabian Sea.

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan (cont.)

3) Groundwater

✓ The Indus Plain area is 1600 km long and extends over an area of
21 Mha. This alluvial deposited plain has extensive unconfined aquifer,
which is providing a supplemental source of water for irrigation.
✓ This groundwater reservoir has been enriched by the direct recharge
from rainfall, river flow, and the continued seepage from the
irrigation network of canals, distributaries and watercourses since
the last 90 years.
✓ In the Punjab and Sindh, about 79 and 28% of the area is underlain
by fresh groundwater, which is used as supplemental irrigation
pumped through tubewells.

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan (cont.)

4) Surface water

✓ The major sources of surface water contributing to the Indus Basin

irrigation system, are the snow melts and precipitation over the
mountainous regions.

✓ Runoff water through streams and rivers is stored in the reservoirs or

is diverted directly through canal systems to the fields for irrigation.

✓ The Indus Basin irrigation system primarily comprised of 6 rivers

namely, Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. In Pakistan,
however, the surface water resources, because of Indus Water Treaty
(1960), were limited to the water of the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab
rivers.
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources of Pakistan (cont.)

4) Surface water

✓ Considering the temporal distribution of water availability in the

irrigation system, about 84% of the total annual river flow occurs during
Kharif season and about 16% during Rabi season giving a Rabi:Kharif
Ratio of 1:5.2
✓ The crop water requirements on the other hand occur at the ratio of 3:5
between Rabi and Kharif. Thus, there exists incompatibility between the
water availability and requirements, particularly, during Rabi season,
which has partially been regulated through managed releases from dams
and reservoirs.
✓ It shows that storing of water during high flows and releases during low
flows through dams and reservoirs is indispensable for sustainable
agriculture.
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Indus Water Treaty (1960)

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Indus Water Treaty (1960) (cont.)

➢ The Indus Water Treaty is a water-distribution

treaty between India and Pakistan, negotiated by
the World Bank, to use the water available in the
Indus River and its tributaries.

➢ The Indus Water Treaty was signed in Karachi on

September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan.

➢ This treaty divided the use of rivers between the two countries.

➢ The treaty gives control over the waters of the three "eastern rivers" — the
Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of the three
"western rivers" — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan.

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Indus Water Treaty (1960) (cont.)

➢ The treaty also guaranteed ten years of uninterrupted water supply. During
this period Pakistan was to build huge dams, financed partly by long-term
World Bank loans and compensation money from India.

➢ Three multipurpose dams, Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela were built.

➢ A system of eight link canals was also built, and the remodeling of existing
canals was carried out.

➢ Five barrages and a gated siphon were also constructed under this treaty.

➢ The treaty allows India to use the western river waters for limited irrigation
use and unlimited non-consumptive use for such applications as power
generation.
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

THE WATER ACCORD - 1991

➢ In 1991, an agreement to share waters of the Indus River was reached

between the four provinces of Pakistan in the form of the Water
Apportionment Accord (WAA).
➢ In the light of the accepted water distributional principles the following
apportionment was agreed to:
PROVINCE KHARIF (MAF) RABI (MAF) TOTAL (MAF)
PUNJAB 37.07 18.87 55.94
SINDH* 33.94 14.82 48.76
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3.48 2.30 5.78
(b) CIVIL CANALS** 1.80 1.20 3.00
BALOCHISTAN 2.85 1.02 3.87
77.34 37.01 114.35
TOTAL
+ 1.80 +1.20 +3.00

* Including already sanctioned Urban and Industrial uses for Metropolitan Karachi.
** Ungauged Civil Canals above the rim stations.
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Use around the World

World High-income
Countries

Industrial use of water increases

Low-income with country income, going from
Countries 10% for low- and middle-income
countries to 59% for high-income
countries.
Source: “Water for People, Water for Life” United National Water Development Report,
UNESCO, 2003. (http://unesdoc.unesco.org)
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Water Resources Engineering

Water Resources Engineering is that branch of Civil Engineering

concerned with maximizing the social and economic benefits associated
with the world’s water resources while minimizing the adverse
environmental impacts due to modifications to the natural environment.

Tarbela Dam Indus River

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