Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering Crop Water Requirements and Its Measurement
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering Crop Water Requirements and Its Measurement
Lecture 3
Crop water requirements and its
measurement
1
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Ø The term ‘Water requirements of crops’ means the total quantity and the
way in which a crop requires water from the time it is sown to the time it is
harvested.
Ø Different crops will have different water requirements, and the same crop
may have different water requirements at different places of the same
country depending upon the variations in climate, type of soils, methods of
cultivation, and useful rainfalls etc.
2
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
3
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
4
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
ü The time period that elapses from the instant of its sowing to
the instant of its harvesting is called the crop-period.
ü The time between the first watering of a crop at the time of its
sowing to its last watering before harvesting is called the Base
period.
ü Crop period is slightly more than the base period, but for all
practical purposes, they are taken as one and the same thing,
and generally expressed in B days.
5
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Delta of a Crop
6
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Example
Solution
7
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
8
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Important Units
1 hectare = 104 m2
1 acre = 43,560 ft2
1 acre-foot = 43,560 ft3
1 acre = 0.4047 hectare
1 acre/cusec = 14.3 hectare/cumec
9
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Duty of Water
Let, base period of the crop be B days, and one cumec of water be
applied to this crop on the field for B days.
By definition of duty (D), one cubic meter supplied for B days matures D
hectares of land.
11
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
𝐵
∆ = 8.64 (m)
𝐷
𝐵
∆ = 864 (cm)
𝐷
In FPS system
𝐵 𝐵
∆ = 1.985 ≈ 2 (ft)
𝐷 𝐷
where
Δ is in ft
B is in days
D is duty in acres/cusec
13
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Type Coarse
Percolation
losses are Low
of soil grained soil duty
high
14
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Type
of crop
Large quantity of
Crop A Low duty
water
Less quantity of
Crop B High duty
water
15
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Structure
of Soil
Good structure is called Good Tilth of Soil
Evaporation
Good structure High duty
losses are less
16
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Equal
Properly
distribution of High duty
prepared field water
17
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Climatic
Conditions
Temperature and
more evaporation
wind velocity are Low duty
losses
high
18
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Method of
Cultivation
number of
Properly ploughed & water retention
watering High duty
made quite loose capacity increase
reduced
19
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
System of
Only during wasteful use of
Irrigation Non-perennial
flood season water Low duty
Water
application soil remains
less quantity High
Perennial throughout continuously
of water duty
the growth wet
period
20
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
More waste of
Surface irrigation Low duty
water
21
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
22
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
24
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
𝑁𝐼𝑅
𝐹𝐼𝑅 = Where 𝜂! is the water application efficiency
𝜂!
𝐹𝐼𝑅
𝐺𝐼𝑅 = Where 𝜂" is the water conveyance efficiency
𝜂"
25
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
26
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
1) Blaney-Criddle Equation
2) Hargreaves class A pan evaporation
3) Penman’s equation
27
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Ø Tanks are containers set flush with the ground level having area of 10
m square and 3 m deep. Larger the size of the tank greater is the
resemblance to root development.
29
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
31
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
32
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
4) Integration method
Ø Thus, in this method, annual consumptive use for the whole of the
area is found, in acre-feet or hectare-meter units.
33
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Ø In this method also, annual consumptive use is found for large areas. If
U is the valley consumptive use, its value is given by;
Where
𝑈 = Valley consumptive use (in acre-feet or hectare-meter)
𝐼 = Total inflow during 12-months year
𝑃 = Yearly precipitation on valley floor
𝐺# = Ground storage at the beginning of the year
𝐺" = Ground storage at the end of the year
𝑅 = Yearly outflow 34
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
1) Blaney-Criddle Equation
𝑘7𝑝
𝐶! = 1.8𝑡 + 32
40
Where
𝐶! = Monthly consumptive use in cm
𝑘 = Crop factor determined by experiments for each crop under
the environmental conditions of the area
𝑡 = Mean monthly temperature in oC
𝑝 = Monthly percent of annual day light hours that occur during
the period
35
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
𝑝
Let 𝑓= 1.8𝑡 + 32 then 𝐶! = 𝑘 7 𝑓
40
It as found that 𝑘 was too low for the short periods between irrigations. So, the
formula was modified as;
𝐶! = 𝑘 $ 𝑓
Where
𝐶! = Seasonal consumptive use i.e. consumptive use during the period of
growth for a given crop in a given area.
36
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
37
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
38
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
39
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
𝐸" 𝑜𝑟 𝐶! = 𝐾𝐸#
Where
𝐸# = Evapotranspiration or 𝐶$ = Consumptive use
𝐸% = Pan evaporation
𝐾 = Consumptive use coefficient
ü Consumptive use coefficient is different for different crops and is different for the
same crop at different places. It also varies with the crop growth and is different
at different crop stages for the same crop.
40
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
In the absence of local figures for specific crops, the data given in Table 3.13,
recommended by Hargreaves, can be used. In the table various crops have been
divided into the following groups;
41
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
42
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
43
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
44
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
45
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Where,
𝐶' = Coefficient of relative humidity
= 1.250 − 0.0087𝐻 + 0.75 × 10( 𝐻 % − 0.85× 10)* 𝐻 (
where H is mean percentage relative humidity at noon or
average relative humidity for 11 and 18 hours.
𝐶+ = Coefficient of percent of possible sunshine
= 0.542 + 0.008𝑆 − 0.78 × 10)( 𝑆 % + 0.62× 10), 𝑆 -
where S is the mean sunshine percentage
𝐶. = Coefficient of elevation
= 0.97 + 0.00984𝐸
where E is the elevation in 100 meters.
46
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
3) Penman Equation
𝐴 7 𝐻 + 𝛼𝐸&
𝐸% = Penman
𝐴+𝛼
(1909-1984)
Where,
𝐸$ = Evapotranspiration, mm/day
𝛼 = psychromatic constant = 0.49 mm Hg/oC
𝐴 = Slope of the curve between saturated vapor pressure and temperature
at mean air temperature
𝐸! = drying power of air which includes wind velocity and saturation deficit
and is given by
𝐸! = 0.002187(160 + 𝑢& )(𝑒' − 𝑒! )
47
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
0.55𝑛 0.9𝑛
𝐻 = 𝑅0 1 − 𝑟 0.29𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + − 𝜎𝑇!( 0.56 − 0.092 𝑒! 0.10 +
𝑁 𝑁
ü The wind speed measured at any other height can be reduced to 2 m height
by the relation (known as 1/7th power law)
(/* +.(-.
2 2
𝑢& = 𝑢 =𝑢
𝑧 𝑧
49
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
50
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
51
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
52
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
53
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Compute the consumptive use of rice for the month of January by using
Penman’s formula, for the following data available at the field;
1) Latitude of place : 20o N
2) Mean monthly temperature : 15 oC
3) Relative humidity in January : 50%
4) Elevation of area : 250 m
5) Wind velocity at 2 m height : 25 km/day
54