Covalent Bonding

1 The Covalent Bond

REVIEW Recall the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY
chemical bond
chemical bond

NEW VOCABULARY Define each New Vocabulary term.

covalent bond covalent bond
molecule
molecule
Lewis structure
Lewis structure
sigma bond
pi bond
endothermic reaction sigma bond
exothermic reaction

pi bond

endothermic reaction

exothermic reaction

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Explain the octet rule by completing the following sentences.

The rule states that

.
Although exceptions exist, the rule provides a useful framework for

understanding .

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 1 The Covalent Bond (continued)
Complete the octet rule by completing the following sentences.

The force between two atoms is the result of

repulsion, nucleus-nucleus , and nucleus-electron

. At the point of , the

forces balance the forces. The most

stable arrangement of atoms exists at the point of ,

when the atoms bond covalently and a forms.

Get It? Compare the stability and energy of atoms and compounds,

including the role of valence electrons.

Solve Read Example Problem 1 in your text.

YOU TRY IT
 Problem
  Draw the Lewis structure for hydrogen chloride, HCl.
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1. Analyze the Problem

Write the electron-dot structures of each of the two
component atoms.

Known: H and CI

Unknown: of HCl

Hydrogen, C08-01A-874637_B
H, has only one valence electron. Chlorine, Cl, has
seven valence electrons. Cl needs one electron to complete
its octet.

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1 The Covalent Bond (continued)
2. Solve for the Unknown
Review each electron dot structure and indicate its name and
whether it is an atom or a molecule.
H.   +  H   CI →   H— 
H , CI

        

        

C08-01A-874637-A C08-01A-874637_B

3. Evaluate the Answer

Each atom in the molecule has achieved a

configuration and thus is .

Get It? List the orbitals that can form sigma bonds in a covalent
compound.

Identify each bond between the component atoms as sigma bonds

(single bonds), one sigma bond and one pi bond (double bonds), or
one sigma bond and two pi bonds (triple bonds).

H —C —
—C—H

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H—C — O
—

C08-04A-874637_1

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110
 1 The Covalent Bond (continued)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
7. Describe how the energy of a molecule compares to the same set of atoms separated.

8. Describehow the stability of an atom relates to the octet rule and the formation of covalent
bonds.

9. Illustratethe formation of single, double, and triple covalent bonds using Lewis structures.

10. Compare and contrast ionic bonds and covalent bonds.

11. Contrast sigma bonds and pi bonds.

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12. Apply Create a graph on a separate sheet of paper using the bond-dissociation

energy data and bond-length data in Table 1. Describe the relationship between
bond length and bond-dissociation energy.

13. Predict the relative bond-dissociation energies needed to break the bonds in the
structures below and describe how the flow of energy relates to the energy
needed to form or dissociate the compound.
a. H — C —
— C—H b.  H H
— —

— —

C— C
H H
C08-05A-874637_1

Science Notebook • Covalent Bonding

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