Answers to

Even-Numbered Problems

Chapter 1
1.4 (a) Hypothesis. (b) Law. (c) Theory. 1.10 71.2 g. 1.12 (a) 41°C.
(b) 11.3°F. (c) 1.1 × 104°F. (d) 233°C. 1.14 (a) −196°C. (b) −269°C.
(c) 328°C. 1.18 (a) 0.0152. (b) 0.0000000778. 1.20 (a) 1.8 × 10−2.
(b) 1.14 × 1010. (c) −5 × 104. (d) 1.3 × 103. 1.22 (a) One. (b) Three.
(c) Three. (d) Four. (e) Two or three. (f ) One. (g) One or two.
1.24 (a) 1.28. (b) 3.18 × 10−3 mg. (c) 8.14 × 107 dm. (d) 3.8 m/s.
1.26 Tailor X’s measurements are the most precise. Tailor Y’s
measurements are the least accurate and least precise. Tailor Z’s
measurements are the most accurate. 1.28 (a) 1.10 × 108 mg.
(b) 6.83 × 10−5 m3. (c) 7.2 × 103 L. (d) 6.24 × 10−8 lb. 1.30 3.1557 ×
107 s. 1.32 (a) 118 in/s. (b) 1.80 × 102 m/min. (c) 10.8 km/h.
1.34 178 mph. 1.36 3.7 × 10−3 g Pb. 1.38 (a) 1.5 × 102 lb. (b) 4.4
× 1017 s. (c) 2.3 m. (d) 8.86 × 104 L. 1.40 6.25 × 10−4 g/cm3.
1.42 27 y. 1.44 Float: 8 lb, 9 lb, 10 lb, 11 lb, 12 lb. 1.50 (a) Cs.
(b) Ge. (c) Ga. (d) Sr. (e) U. (f ) Se. (g) Ne. (h) Cd. 1.52 (a) Homo-
geneous mixture. (b) Element. (c) Compound. (d) Homogeneous
mixture. (e) Heterogeneous mixture. (f ) Heterogeneous mixture.
(g) Element. 1.58 (a) Physical change. (b) Chemical change.
(c) Physical change. (d) Chemical change. (e) Physical change.
Chapter 2
2.8 0.12 mi. 2.14 145. 2.16 N(7,8,7); S(16,17,16); Cu(29,34,29);
Sr(38,46,38); Ba(56,74,56); W(74,112,74); Hg(80,122,80).
2.18 (a) 18674W. (b) 80Hg. 2.24 (a) Metallic character increases down
201
a group. (b) Metallic character decreases from left to right.
2.26 F and Cl; Na and K; P and N. 2.32 (a) Diatomic molecule and
compound. (b) Polyatomic molecule and compound. (c) Polyatomic
(i) CO2 + 2KOH ⟶ K2CO3 + H2O. ( j) CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 +
2H2O. (k) Be2C + 4H2O ⟶ 2Be(OH)2 + CH4. (l) 3Cu + 8HNO3
⟶ 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O. (m) S + 6HNO3 ⟶ H2SO4 +
6NO2 + 2H2O. (n) 2NH3 + 3CuO ⟶ 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O. 3.62 (d).
3.64 1.01 mol. 3.66 20 mol. 3.68 39.3 g S. 3.70 (a) 2NaHCO3 ⟶
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O. (b) 78.3 g. 3.72 255.9 g; 0.324 L.
3.74 0.294 mol. 3.76 (a) NH4NO3 ⟶ N2O + 2H2O. (b) 20 g.
3.78 18.0 g. 3.82 1 mole H2 left and 6 moles NH3 produced.
3.84 (a) 2NH3 + H2SO4 ⟶ (NH4)2SO4. (b) 5.23 g NH3; 21.0 g
H2SO4. 3.86 HCl; 23.4 g. 3.90 (a) 7.05 g. (b) 92.9%. 3.92 3.48 ×
103 g. 3.94 8.55 g; 76.6%.
Chapter 4
4.8 (c). 4.10 (a) Strong electrolyte. (b) Nonelectrolyte. (c) Weak
electrolyte. (d) Strong electrolyte. 4.12 (b) and (c). 4.14 HCl does
not ionize in benzene. 4.18 (b). 4.20 (a) Insoluble. (b) Soluble.
(c) Soluble. (d) Insoluble. (e) Soluble. 4.22 (a) Ionic: 2Na+ + S2− +
Zn2+ + 2Cl− ⟶ ZnS + 2Na+ + 2Cl−. Net ionic: Zn2+ + S2− ⟶
ZnS. (b) Ionic: 6K+ + ​​2PO​  3− 4​  ​​ + 3Sr
2+ + ​​6NO​  −​  ​​ ⟶ Sr (PO ) +
3
3 4 2
6KNO3. Net ionic: 3Sr2+ + ​​2PO​  3− ​ 4 ​​ ⟶ Sr3(PO4)2. (c) Ionic: Mg2+
+ ​​2NO​  −3​  ​​ + 2Na+ + 2OH− ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + 2Na+ + ​​2NO​  −3​  ​​. Net
ionic: Mg2+ + 2OH− ⟶ Mg(OH)2. 4.24 (a) Add chloride ions.
(b) Add hydroxide ions. (c) Add carbonate ions. (d) Add sulfate
ions. 4.32 (a) Brønsted base. (b) Brønsted base. (c) Brønsted acid.
(d) Brønsted base and B ­ rønsted acid. 4.34 (a) Ionic: CH3COOH +
K+ + OH− ⟶ K+ + CH3COO− + H2O; Net Ionic: CH3COOH +
OH− ⟶ CH3COO− + H2O. (b) Ionic: H2CO3 + 2Na+ + 2OH−
⟶ 2Na+ + ​​CO​  2− 3​  ​​ + 2H2O; Net Ionic: H2CO3 + 2OH ⟶ ​​CO​  3​  ​​
− 2−
−
+ 2H2O. (c) Ionic: 2H + ​​2NO​  3​  ​​ + Ba + 2OH ⟶ Ba + ​​
+ 2+ − 2+

molecule and element. 2.34 (a) H2 and F2. (b) HCl and CO. (c) S8
and P4. (d) H2O and C12H22O11 (sucrose). 2.36 (protons, electrons):
K+(19,18); Mg2+(12,10); Fe3+(26,23); Br−(35,36); Mn2+(25,23);
C4−(6,10); Cu2+(29,27). 2.38 (a) 52 25Mn. (b) 10Ne. (c) 47Ag. (d) 53I.
22 107
(e) 239
94Pu. 2.46 (a) CuBr. (b) Mn O
2 3 . (c) Hg I
2 2 . (d) Mg 3 (PO )
4 2 .
2.48 (a) AlBr3. (b) NaSO2. (c) N2O5. (d) K2Cr2O7. 2.50 C2H6O.
2.52 Ionic: NaBr, BaF2, CsCl. Molecular: CH4, CCl4, ICl, NF3.
2.60 (a) Potassium hypochlorite. (b) Silver carbonate. (c) Iron(II)
chloride. (d) Potassium permanganate. (e) Cesium chlorate.
(f ) Hypoiodous acid. (g) Iron(II) oxide. (h) Iron(III) oxide.
(i) Titanium(IV) chloride. ( j) Sodium hydride. (k) Lithium nitride.
(l) Sodium oxide. (m) Sodium peroxide. (n) Iron(III) chloride
hexahydrate. 2.62 (a) CuCN. (b) Sr(ClO2)2. (c) HBrO4. (d) HI(aq).
(e) Na2(NH4)PO4. (f ) PbCO3. (g) SnF2. (h) P4S10. (i) HgO. ( j) Hg2I2.
(k) SeF6. 2.64 (a) Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). (b) Boron trifluoride
(BF3). (c) Dialuminum hexabromide (Al2Br6).
Chapter 3
3.6 7.5% and 92.5%. 3.8 5.1 × 1024 amu. 3.12 5.8 × 103 light-yr.
3.14 9.96 × 10−15 mol Co. 3.16 3.01 × 103 g Au. 3.18 (a) 1.244 ×
10−22 g/As atom. (b) 9.746 × 10−23 g/Ni atom. 3.20 6.0 × 1020 Cu
atoms. 3.22 Pb. 3.24 (a) 73.89 g. (b) 76.15 g. (c) 119.37 g.
(d) 176.12 g. (e) 101.11 g. (f ) 100.95 g. 3.26 6.69 × 1021 C2H6
molecules. 3.28 C: 1.10 × 1026 atoms; S: 5.50 × 1025 atoms;
H: 3.30 × 1026 atoms; O: 5.50 × 1025 atoms. 3.30 8.56 × 1022 mole-
cules. 3.34 7. 3.38 C: 10.06%; H: 0.8442%; Cl: 89.07%.
3.40 (d) Ammonia, NH3. 3.42 5.97 g F. 3.44 (a) CH2O. (b) KCN.
3.48 C6H6. 3.50 C2H3NO5. 3.52 C5H8O4NNa. 3.58 (a) 2N2O5 ⟶
2N2O4 + O2. (b) 2KNO3 ⟶ 2KNO2 + O2. (c) NH4NO3 ⟶ N2O
+ 2H2O. (d) NH4NO2 ⟶ N2 + 2H2O. (e) 2NaHCO3 ⟶ Na2CO3
+ H2O + CO2. (f ) P4O10 + 6H2O ⟶ 4H3PO4. (g) 2HCl + CaCO3
⟶ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2. (h) 2Al + 3H2SO4 ⟶ Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2.
2NO​  −3​  ​​ + 2H2O; Net Ionic: H+ + OH− ⟶ H2O. 4.44 (a) Fe ⟶
Fe3+ + 3e−;​ O2 + 4e− ⟶ 2O2−. Oxidizing agent: O2; reducing
agent: Fe. (b) 2Br− ⟶ Br2 + 2e−; Cl2 + 2e− ⟶ 2Cl−. Oxidizing
127
agent: Cl2; reducing agent: Br−. (c) Si ⟶ Si4+ + 4e−; F2 + 2e−
⟶ 2F−. Oxidizing agent: F2; reducing agent: Si. (d) H2 ⟶ 2H+
+ 2e−; Cl2 + 2e− ⟶ 2Cl−. Oxidizing agent: Cl2; reducing agent:
H2. 4.46 (a) +5. (b) +1. (c) +3. (d) +5. (e) +5. (f ) +5. 4.48 All are
zero. 4.50 (a) −3. (b) −1/2. (c) −1. (d) +4. (e) +3. (f ) −2. (g) +3.
(h) +6. 4.52 (b) and (d). 4.54 (a) No reaction. (b) No reaction.
(c) Mg + CuSO4 ⟶ MgSO4 + Cu. (d) Cl2 + 2KBr ⟶ Br4 + 2KCl.
4.56 (a) Combination. (b) Decomposition. (c) Displacement.
(d) Disproportionation. 4.58 ​​O​  +2​  ​​. 4.64 Dissolve 15.0 g NaNO3 in
enough water to make up 250 mL. 4.66 10.8 g. 4.68 (a) 1.37 M.
(b) 0.426 M. (c) 0.716 M. 4.70 (a) 6.50 g CsI. (b) 2.45 g H2SO4.
(c) 2.65 g Na2CO3. (d) 7.36 g K2Cr2O7. (e) 3.95 g KMnO4.
4.74 0.0433 M. 4.76 126 mL. 4.78 1.09 M. 4.82 35.73%.
4.84 0.00975 M.
Chapter 5
5.14 0.797 atm; 80.8 kPa. 5.18 (1) b. (2) a. (3) c. (4) a.
5.20 53 atm. 5.22 (a) 0.69 L. (b) 61 atm. 5.24 1.3 × 102 K.
5.26 ClF3. 5.32 6.2 atm. 5.34 745 K. 5.36 1.9 atm. 5.38 0.82 L.
5.40 45.1 L. 5.42 6.1 × 10−3 atm. 5.44 35.1 g/mol. 5.46 N2: 2.1 ×
1022; O2: 5.7 × 1021; Ar: 3 × 1020. 5.48 2.98 g/L. 5.50 SF4.
5.52 F2: 59.7%; Cl2: 40.3%. 5.54 370 L. 5.56 88.9%. 5.58 M +
3HCl ⟶ (3∕2)H2 + MCl3; M2O3, M2(SO4)3. 5.60 2.84 × 10−2 mol
CO2; 94.7%. The impurities must not react with HCl to produce
CO2. 5.62 1.71 × 103 L. 5.64 86.0%. 5.68 (a) 0.89 atm. (b) 1.4 L.
5.70 349 mmHg. 5.72 19.8 g. 5.74 H2: 650 mmHg; N2: 217 mmHg.
5.76 (a) Box on right. (b) Box on left. 5.82 N2: 472 m/s; O2: 441 m/s;
O3: 360 m/s. 5.84 2.8 m/s; 2.7 m/s. Squaring favors the larger
­values. 5.86 1.0043. 5.88 4. 5.94 No.
AP-2 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems

Chapter 6 9.40 (a) Covalent. (b) Polar covalent. (c) Ionic. (d) Polar covalent.
6.16 (a) 0. (b) −9.5 J. (c) −18 J. 6.18 48 J. 6.20 −3.1 × 103 J.
6.26 1.57 × 104 kJ. 6.28 −553.8 kJ/mol. 6.32 0.237 J/g · °C. 9.44 (a) (b) (c)
6.34 3.31 kJ. 6.36 98.6 g. 6.38 22.39°C. 6.46 O2. 6.48 (a) ΔHf°[Br2,
(l)] = 0; ΔHf°[Br2, (g)] > 0. (b) ΔHf°[I2, (s)] = 0; ΔHf°[I2, (g)] > 0.
6.50 Measure ΔH° for the formation of Ag2O from Ag and O2
and of CaCl2 from Ca and Cl2. 6.52 (a) −167.2 kJ/mol.
(b) −56.2 kJ/mol. 6.54 (a) −1411 kJ/mol. (b) −1124 kJ/mol. (d) (e) (f )
6.56 218.2 kJ/mol. 6.58 71.58 kJ/g. 6.60 2.70 × 102 kJ.
6.62 −84.6 kJ/mol. 6.64 −847.6 kJ/mol.

Chapter 7 · ·
7.8 (a) 6.58 × 1014/s. (b) 1.22 × 108 nm. 7.10 2.5 min. 9.46 (a) (b) HTe H (c)
· ·
7.12 4.95 × 1014/s. 7.16 (a) 4.0 × 102 nm. (b) 5.0 × 10−19 J.
7.18 1.2 × 102 nm (UV). 7.20 (a) 3.70 × 102 nm. (b) UV. (c) 5.38 ×
10−19 J. 7.22 8.16 × 10−19 J. 7.26 Use a prism. 7.28 Compare
the emission spectra with those on Earth of known elements.
7.30 3.027 × 10−19 J. 7.32 6.17 × 1014/s. 486 nm. 7.34 5. (d) (e)
7.40 1.37 × 10−6 nm. 7.42 1.7 × 10−23 nm. 7.52 ℓ = 0: mℓ = 0.
ℓ = 1: mℓ = −1, 0, 1. ℓ = 2: mℓ = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2. 7.54 (a) n = 0;
ℓ = 0; mℓ = 0; ms = +1∕2 or −1∕2. (b) n = 4; ℓ = 1; mℓ = −1, 0, 1;
ms = +1∕2 or −1∕2. (c) n = 3; ℓ = 2; mℓ = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2; (f ) (g)
ms = +1∕2 or −1∕2. 7.56 ℓ = 2: mℓ = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2. ℓ = 1:
mℓ = −1, 0, 1. ℓ = 0: mℓ = 0. 7.62 6s, 6p, 6d, 6f, 6g, and 6h.
7.64 2n2. 7.66 (a) 3. (b) 6. (c) 0. 7.68 There is no shielding 9.48 (a) The double bond between C and H; the single bond
in an H atom. 7.70 (a) 2s < 2p. (b) 3p < 3d. (c) 3s < 4s. ­between C and the end O; the lone pair on C atom.
(d) 4d < 5f. 7.76 Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1. B: 1s22s22p1.
F: 1s22s22p5. 7.78 B(1), Ne(0), P(3), Sc(1), Mn(5),
Se(2), Kr(0), Fe(4), Cd(0), I(1), Pb(2) . 7.88 [Kr]5s24d 5. (b)
7.90 Ge: [Ar]4s23d104p2. Fe: [Ar]4s23d 6. Zn: [Ar]4s23d10.
Ni: [Ar]4s23d 8. W: [Xe]6s24f 145d 4. Tl: [Xe]6s24f 145d106p1.
7.92 S+. 9.52 (a) (b) (c)
Chapter 8
8.20 (a) 1s22s22p63s23p5. (b) Representative. (c) Paramagnetic. 9.56
8.22 (a) and (d); (b) and (e); (c) and (f ). 8.24 (a) Group 1.
(b) Group 15. (c) Group 18. (d) Group 10. 8.26 Fe. 8.28 (a) [Ne].
(b) [Ne]. (c) [Ar]. (d) [Ar]. (e) [Ar]. (f ) [Ar]3d 6. (g) [Ar]3d 9.
(h) [Ar]3d10. 8.30 (a) Cr3+. (b) Sc3+. (c) Rh3+. (d) Ir3+. 8.32 Be2+ 9.58
and He; F− and N3−; Fe2+ and Co3+; S2− and Ar. 8.38 Na > Mg >
Al > P > Cl. 8.40 F. 8.42 The effective nuclear charge that the out-
9.60
ermost electrons feel increases across the period. 8.44 Mg2+ < Na+
< F− < O2− < N3−. 8.46 Te2−. 8.48 H− is larger. 8.52 K < Ca < P
< F < Ne. 8.54 The single 3p electron in Al is well shielded by the
1s, 2s, and 3s electrons. 8.56 1s22s22p6: 2080 kJ/mol. 8.58 8.40 × 9.66 Not plausible. 9.68 The octet rule
106 kJ/mol. 8.62 Greatest: Cl; least: He. 8.64 The ns1 configuration
enables them to accept another electron. 8.68 Fr should be the
most reactive toward water and oxygen, forming FrOH and Fr2O,
Fr2O2, and FrO2. 8.70 The Group 11 elements have higher ioniza- is not obeyed. 9.70 Coordinate covalent bond.
tion energies due to the incomplete shielding of the inner d elec-
trons. 8.72 (a) Li2O + H2O ⟶ 2LiOH. (b) CaO + H2O ⟶
9.74 303.0 kJ/mol. 9.76 (a) −2759 kJ/mol. (b) −2855 kJ/mol.
Ca(OH)2. (c) SO3 + H2O ⟶ H2SO4. 8.74 BaO.

Chapter 9 Chapter 10
9.16 (a) RbI, rubidium iodide. (b) Cs2SO4, cesium sulfate. 10.8 (a) Trigonal planar. (b) Linear. (c) Tetrahedral.
(c) Sr3N2, strontium nitride. (d) Al2S3, aluminum sulfide. 10.10 (a) Tetrahedral. (b) T-shaped. (c) Bent. (d) Trigonal planar.
9.18 (a) (e) Tetrahedral. 10.12 (a) Tetrahedral. (b) Bent. (c) Trigonal
planar. (d) Linear. (e) Square planar. (f ) Tetrahedral. (g) Trigonal
(b)
bipyramidal. (h) Trigonal pyramidal. (i) Tetrahedral. 10.14 SiCl4,
(c) CI4, CdC​​l​  2−
4​  ​​. 10.20 Electronegativity decreases from F to I.

(d) 9.20 (a) BF3,
covalent. Boron triflouride. (b) KBr, ionic. Potassium bromide.
9.26 2195 kJ/mol. 9.36 CH < BrH < FH < LiCl <
NaCl < KF. 9.38 ClCl < BrCl < SiC < CsF.
10.22 Higher. 10.24 (b) = (d) < (c) < (a). 10.32 sp3 for both.
10.34 B: sp2 to sp2sp3; N: remains at sp3. 10.36 sp3d. 10.38 ​​IF​  −4​  ​​.
10.40 From left to right. (a) sp3. (b) sp3, sp2, sp2. (c) sp3, sp, sp, sp3.
(d) sp3, sp2. (e) sp3, sp2. 10.42 sp. 10.44 9 pi bonds and 9 sigma
bonds.

Chapter 11
11.8 Methane. 11.10 (a) Dispersion forces. (b) Dispersion and
­dipole-dipole forces. (c) Same as (b). (d) Dispersion and ion-ion
forces. (e) Same as (a). 11.12 Only (e). 11.14 Only 1-butanol can
form hydrogen bonds. 11.16 (a) Xe. (b) CS2. (c) Cl2. (d) LiF.
(e) NH3. 11.18 (a) Hydrogen bond and dispersion forces.
(b) Dispersion forces. (c) Dispersion forces. (d) Covalent bond.
11.20 The compound on the left can form an intramolecular
hydrogen bond, reducing intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
11.32 Between ethanol and glycerol. 11.38 scc: 1; bcc: 2; fcc: 4.
11.40 6.20 × 1023 Ba atoms/mol. 11.42 458 pm. 11.44 XY3.
11.48 0.220 nm. 11.52 Molecular solid. 11.54 Molecular solids:
Se8, HBr, CO2, P4O6, SiH4. Covalent solids: Si, C. 11.56 Each C
atom in diamond is covalently bonded to four other C atoms.
Graphite has delocalized electrons in two dimensions.
11.76 2.67 × 103 kJ. 11.78 47.03 kJ/mol. 11.80 Freezing,
­sublimation. 11.82 When steam condenses at 100°C, it releases
heat equal to heat of vaporization. 11.84 331 mmHg. 11.86 The
small amount of liquid nitrogen will evaporate quickly, extracting
little heat from the skin. Boiling water will release much more
heat to the skin as it cools. Water has a high specific heat.
11.90 Initially ice melts because of the increase in pressure.
As the wire sinks into the ice, the water above it refreezes. In this
way, the wire moves through the ice without cutting it in half.
11.92 (a) Ice melts. (b) Water vapor condenses to ice. (c) Water
boils.
Chapter 12
12.10 Cyclohexane cannot form hydrogen bonds. 12.12 The longer
chains become more nonpolar. 12.16 (a) 25.9 g. (b) 1.72 × 103 g.
12.18 (a) 2.68 m. (b) 7.82 m. 12.20 0.010 m. 12.22 5.0 × 102 m;
18.3 M. 12.24 (a) 2.41 m. (b) 2.13 M. (c) 0.0587 L. 12.28 45.9 g.
12.36 CO2 pressure is greater at the bottom of the mine.
12.38 0.28 L. 12.50 1.3 × 103 g. 12.52 Ethanol: 30.0 mmHg;
1-propanol: 26.3 mmHg. 12.54 128 g. 12.56 0.59 m.
12.58 120 g/mol; C4H8O4. 12.60 −8.6°C. 12.62 4.3 × 102 g/mol;
C24H20P4. 12.64 1.75 × 104 g/mol. 12.66 343 g/mol.
Chapter 13
13.6 (a) Rate = −(1∕2)Δ[H2]∕Δt = −Δ[O2]∕Δt = (1∕2)
Δ[H2O]∕Δt. (b) Rate = −(1∕4)Δ[NH3]∕Δt = −(1∕5)Δ[O2]∕Δt =
(1∕4) Δ[NO]∕Δt = (1∕6)Δ[H2O]∕Δt. 13.8 (a) 0.049 M/s.
(b) 0.025 M/s. 13.14 2.4 × 10−4 M/s. 13.16 (a) Third order.
(b) 0.38 M/s. 13.18 (a) 0.046 s−1. (b) 0.13∕M · s. 13.20 First order.
1.08 × 10−3 s−1. 13.26 (a) 0.0198 s−1. (b) 151 s. 13.28 3.6 s.
13.30 (a) The relative rates for (i), (ii), and (iii) are 4:3:6. (b) The
relative rates would be unaffected, but each of the absolute rates
would decrease by 50%. (c) The relative half-lives are 1:1:1.
13.38 135 kJ/mol. 13.40 103 kJ/mol. 13.42 644 K.
13.44 9.25 × 103 s−1. 13.46 51.0 kJ/mol. 13.56 (a) Rate = k[X2][Y].
(b) Reaction is zero order in Z. (c) X2 + Y ⟶ XY + X(slow).
X + Z ⟶ XZ (fast). 13.58 Mechanism I. 13.66 Rate = (k1k2∕k−1)
[E] [S].
Chapter 14
14.14 (a) A + C ⥫⥬ AC. (b) A + D ⥫⥬ AD. 14.16 1.08 × 107.
14.18 3.5 × 10−7. 14.20 (a) 0.082. (b) 0.29. 14.22 0.105; 2.05 × 10−3.
14.24 7.09 × 10−3. 14.26 3.3. 14.28 0.0353. 14.30 4.0 × 10−6.
14.32 5.6 × 1023. 14.36 0.64∕M2 · s. 14.40 [NH3] will increase and
[N2] and [H2] will decrease. 14.42 NO: 0.50 atm; NO2: 0.020 atm.
14.44 [I] = 8.58 × 10−4 M; [I2] = 0.0194 M. 14.46 (a) 0.52.
(b) [CO2] = 0.48 M, [H2] = 0.020 M, [CO] = 0.075 M, [H2O] =
0.065 M. 14.48 [H2] = [CO2] = 0.05 M, [H2O] = [CO] = 0.11 M.
14.54 (a) Shift position of equilibrium to the right. (b) No effect.
(c) No effect. 14.56 (a) No effect. (b) No effect. (c) Shift the
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-3
position of equilibrium to the left. (d) No effect. (e) To the left.
14.58 (a) To the right. (b) To the left. (c) To the right. (d) To the
left. (e) No effect. 14.60 No change. 14.62 (a) More CO2 will
form. (b) No change. (c) No change. (d) Some CO2 will combine
with CaO to form CaCO3. (e) Some CO2 will react with NaOH so
equilibrium will shift to the right. (f ) HCl reacts with CaCO3 to
produce CO2. Equilibrium will shift to the left. (g) Equilibrium will
shift to the right.
Chapter 15
15.4 (a) ​​NO​  −2​  ​​. (b) ​​HSO​  −4​  ​​. (c) HS−. (d) CN−. (e) HCOO−.
15.6 (a) H2S. (b) H2CO3. (c) ​​HCO​  −3​  ​​. (d) H3PO4. (e) H2P​​O​  −4​  ​​.
(f  ) H​​PO​  2− − −
4​  ​​. (g) H2SO4. (h) HS​​O​  4​  ​​. (i) HS​​O​  3​  ​​. 15.8 (a) CH2ClCOO .
−
(b) ​​IO​  4​  ​​. (c) H2P​​O​  4​  ​​. (d) HP​​O​  4​  ​​. (e) ​​PO​  4​  ​​. (f  ) HS​​O​  −4​  ​​. (g) ​​SO​  2−
− − 2− 3−
3​  ​​.
(h) ​​IO​  −3​  ​​. (i) ​​SO​  2−
3​  ​​. (j) NH3. (k) HS . (l) S . (m) OCl . 15.16 1.6 ×
− 2− −
10−14 M. 15.18 (a) 10.74. (b) 3.28. 15.20 (a) 6.3 × 10−6 M.
(b) 1.0 × 10−16 M. (c) 2.7 × 10−6 M. 15.22 (a) Acidic. (b) Neutral.
(c) Basic. 15.24 1.98 × 10−3 mol. 0.444. 15.26 0.118. 15.32 (1) (c).
(2) (b) and (d). 15.34 (a) Strong. (b) Weak. (c) Weak. (d) Weak.
(e) Strong. 15.36 (b) and (c). 15.38 No. 15.44 [H+] = [CH3COO−] =
5.8 × 10−4 M, [CH3COOH] = 0.0181 M. 15.46 2.3 × 10−3 M.
15.48 (a) 3.5%. (b) 33%. (c) 79%. Percent ionization increases
with dilution. 15.50 (a) 3.9%. (b) 0.30%. 15.54 (c) < (a) < (b).
15.56 7.1 × 10−7. 15.58 1.5%. 15.64 HCl: 1.40; H2SO4: 1.31.
15.66 [H+] = [HCO​​]​  −3​  ​​= 1.0 × 10−4 M, [​​CO​  2− 3​  ​​] = 4.8 × 10
−11 M.
15.70 (a) H2SO4 > H2SeO4. (b) H3PO4 > H3AsO4. 15.72 The
conjugate base of phenol can be stabilized by resonance.
15.78 (a) Neutral. (b) Basic. (c) Acidic. (d) Acidic. 15.80 HZ <
HY < HX. 15.82 4.82. 15.84 Basic. 15.88 (a) Al2O3 < BaO <
K2O. (b) CrO3 < Cr2O3 < CrO. 15.90 Al(OH)3 + OH− ⟶ ​​
Al(OH)​  −4​  ​​. Lewis acid-base reaction. 15.94 AlCl3 is the Lewis acid,
Cl− is the Lewis base. 15.96 CO2 and BF3.
Chapter 16
16.6 (a) 11.28. (b) 9.08. 16.10 (a), (b), and (c). 16.12 4.74 for both.
(a) is more effective because it has a higher concentration. 16.14
7.03. 16.16 10. More effective against the acid.
16.18 (a) 4.82. (b) 4.64. 16.20 HC. 16.22 (l) (a): 5.10.
(b): 4.82. (c): 5.22. (d): 5.00. (2) 4.90. (3) 5.22. 16.24 0.53 mol.
16.28 90.1 g/mol. 16.30 0.467 M. 16.32 [H+] = 3.0 × 10−13 M,
[OH−] = 0.0335 M, [Na+] = 0.0835 M, [CH3COO−] = 0.0500 M,
[CH3COOH] = 8.4 × 10−10 M. 16.34 8.23. 16.36 (a) 11.36.
(b) 9.55. (c) 8.95. (d) 5.19. (e) 1.70. 16.38 (1) (c). (2) (a). (3)
(d). (4) (b). pH < 7 at the equivalence point. 16.40 6.0 × 10−6.
16.44 CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3, which neutralizes
NaOH. 16.46 5.70. 16.54 (a) 7.8 × 10−10. (b) 1.8 × 10−18.
16.56 1.80 × 10−10. 16.58 2.2 × 10−4 M. 16.60 2.3 × 10−9.
16.62 [Na+] = 0.045 M, [​​NO​  −3​  ​​] = 0.076M, [Sr2+] = 0.016 M,
[F−] = 1.1 × 10−4 M. 16.64 pH greater than 3.34 and less than 8.11.
16.70 (a) 0.013 M. (b) 2.2 × 10−4 M. (c) 3.3 × 10−3 M.
16.72 (a) 1.0 × 10−5 M. (b) 1.1 × 10−10 M. 16.74 (b), (c), (d), and
(e). 16.76 (a) 0.016 M. (b) 1.6 × 10−6 M. 16.78 Yes. 16.80 [Cd2+] =
1.1 × 10−18 M, [Cd(CN​​)​  2−
4​  ​​] = 4.2 × 10 M, [CN ] = 0.48 M.
−3 −
16.82 3.5 × 10−5 M. 16.84 (a) Cu2++ 4NH3 ⥫⥬ Cu(NH3​​)​  2+ 3​  ​​.
(b) Ag+ + 2CN− ⥫⥬ Ag(CN​​)​  −2​  ​​. (c) Hg++ 4Cl− ⥫⥬ HgC​​l​  2−
4​  ​​.
Chapter 17
17.6 (a) 0.25. (b) 8 × 10−31. (c) ≈ 0. For a macroscopic system, the
probability is practically zero that all the molecules will be found
only in one bulb. 17.10 (c) < (d) < (e) < (a) < (b). Solids have
smaller entropies than gases. More complex structures have higher
entropies. 17.12 (a) 47.5 J/K · mol. (b) −12.5 J/K · mol.
(c) −242.8 J/K · mol. 17.14 (a) ΔS < 0. (b) ΔS > 0. (c) ΔS > 0.
(d) ΔS < 0. 17.18 (a) −1139 kJ/mol. (b) −140.0 kJ/mol.
(c) −2935.0 kJ/mol. 17.20 (a) At all temperatures. (b) Below 111 K.
17.24 8.0 × 101 kJ/mol. 17.26 4.572 × 102 kJ/mol. 7.2 × 10−81.
AP-4 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems

17.28 (a) −24.6 kJ/mol. (b) −1.33 kJ/mol. 17.30 −341 kJ/mol. Chapter 20
17.32 −2.87 kJ/mol. The process has a high activation energy.
17.36 1 × 103. glucose + ATP ⟶ glucose 6 − phosphate + ADP. 20.12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl. CH3CH2CH2CHClCH3.
1 × 103. CH3CH2CHClCH2CH3.
20.14
Chapter 18
18.2 (a) Mn2+ + H2O2 + 2OH− ⟶ MnO2 + H2O. (b) 2Bi(OH)3 +
3Sn​​O​  2− 2− 2− 2−
2​  ​​⟶ 2Bi + 3H2O + 3Sn​​O​  3​  ​​. (c) ​​Cr2O​  7​  ​​ + 14H + 3C2​​O​  4​  ​​
+

⟶ 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7H2O. (d) 2Cl− + 2Cl​​O​  −3​  ​​ + 4H+ ⟶ Cl2 +

2ClO2 + 2H2O. 18.12 2.46 V. Al + 3Ag+ ⟶ 3Ag + Al3+.
18.14 Cl2(g) and Mn​​O​ −4​  ​​(aq) 18.16 Only (a) and (d) are spontaneous.
18.18 (a) Li. (b) H2. (c) Fe2+. (d) Br−. 18.20 −1.79 V.
18.24 0.368 V. 18.26 (a) −432 kJ/mol, 5 × 1075. (b) −104 kJ/mol, 20.16 (a) Alkene or cycloalkane. (b) Alkyne. (c) Alkane. (d) Like
2 × 1018. (c) −178 kJ/mol, 1 × 1031. (d) −1.27 × 103 kJ/mol, 8 × (a). (e) Alkyne. 20.18 No, too much strain. 20.20 (a) is alkane
10211. 18.28 0.37 V, −36 kJ/mol, 2 × 106. 18.32 (a) 2.23 V, 2.23 V, and (b) is alkene. Only an alkene reacts with a hydrogen
−430 kJ/mol. (b) 0.02 V, 0.04 V, −23 kJ/mol. 18.34 0.083 V. halide and ­hydrogen. 20.22 −630.8 kJ/mol. 20.24 (a) cis-1,2-
18.36 0.010 V. 18.40 1.09 V. 18.48 (b) 0.64 g. 18.50 (a) $2.10 × dichlorocylopropane. (b) trans-1,2-dichlorocylopropane.
103. (b) $2.46 × 103. (c) $4.70 × 103. 18.52 (a) 0.14 mol. 20.26 (a) 2-methylpentane. (b) 2,3,4-trimethylhexane.
(b) 0.121 mol. (c) 0.10 mol. 18.54 (a) Ag+ + e− ⟶ Ag. (c) 3-ethylhexane. (d) 3-methyl-1,4-pentadiene. (e) 2-pentyne.
(b) 2H2O ⟶ O2 + 4H+ + 4e−. (c) 6.0 × 102 C. 18.56 (a) 0.589 Cu. (f ) 3-phenyl-1-pentene.
(b) 0.133 A. 18.58 2.3 h. 18.60 9.66 × 104 C. 18.62 0.0710 mol.
18.64 (a) Anode: Cu(s) ⟶ Cu2+(aq) + 2e−. Cathode: Cu2+(aq) +
20.28 (a) (b)
2e− ⟶ Cu(s). (b) 2.4 × 102 g. (c) Copper is more easily oxidized
than Ag and Au. Copper ions (Cu2+) are more easily reduced than
Fe2+ and Zn2+.
(c) (d)
Chapter 19
19.12 (a) + 3. (b) 6. (c) Oxalate. 19.14 (a) Na: +1, Mo: +6. (b) Mg:
+2, W: +6. (c) Fe: 0. 19.16 (a) cis-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)
cobalt(III). (b) pentaamminechloroplatinum(IV) chloride.
20.32 (a) 2,4-dichloro-1-methylbenzene. (b) 2-ethyl-1,4-
(c) pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride. 19.18 (a) [Cr(en)2Cl2]+.
dinitrobenzene. (c) 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene. 20.36 (a) Ether.
(b) Fe(CO)5. (c) K2[Cu(CN)4]. (d) [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2.
(b) Amine. (c) Aldehyde. (d) Ketone. (e) Carboxylic acid.
19.24 (a) 2. (b) 2. 19.26 (a) Two geometric isomers:
(f ) Alcohol. (g) Amino acid. 20.38 HCOOH + CH3OH ⟶
HCOOCH3 + H2O. Methyl formate. 20.40 (CH3)2CHOCH3.
20.42 (a) Ketone. (b) Ester. (c) Ether.

Chapter 21
21.8 (a) −10 β. (b) 40
20Ca. (c) 2α. (d) 0n. 21.16 (a) 3Li. (b) 11Na.
4 1 9 25
(b) Two optical isomers: (c) 48 Sc. 21.18 (a) 17Ne. (b) 45Ca. (c) 92Tc. (d) 195Hg. (e) 242Cm.
21 10 20 43 80 96
21.20 6 × 109 kg/s. 21.22 (a) 4.55 × 10−12 J; 1.14 × 10−12
J/nucleon. (b) 2.36 × 10−10 J; 1.28 × 10−12 J/nucleon. 21.26 0.251 d−1.
2.77 d. 21.28 2.7 d. 21.30 208 82Pb. 21.32 A: 0; B: 0.25 mole;
C: 0; D: 0.75 mole. 21.34 224 88Ra. 21.38 (a) 34Se + 1H ⟶ 1p +
80 2 1
81Se. (b) 9Be + 2H ⟶ 21p + 9Li. (c) 10B + 1n ⟶ 4α + 7Li.
34 4 1 1 3 5 0 2 3
21.40 19880Hg + 0n ⟶ 79Au + 1p. 21.52 IO3 is only formed from
1 198 1 −

IO−4 . 21.54 Incorporate Fe-59 into a person’s body. After a few

days isolate red blood cells and monitor radioactivity from the he-
moglobin molecules.
19.34 CN− is a strong-field ligand. Absorbs near UV (blue) so
appears yellow. 19.36 (a) Orange. (b) 255 kJ/mol.
19.38 [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl. 2 moles. 19.42 Use 14CN− label (in NaCN).
19.44 First Cu(CN)2 (white) is formed. It redissolves as Cu(CN​​)​ 2−
4​  ​​.
19.46 1.4 × 102.