UNIT III.

Measurement

MODULE IN MEASUREMENT

At the end of the unit, students will be able to:

o define measurement and explain the need for measurement;
o explain the need of a common system of units;
o define and differentiate base and derived units;
o determine the appropriate measuring device used in measuring length, time,
perimeter, area and volume.
o Solve problems on measurement, perimeter, area and volume.

Measurement is a basic skill which forms an essential part of our day to day activities
irrespective of what we do. You would have observed that while cooking food, measured
quantities of ingredients are cooked for a measured amount of time. You can identify who among
your friends run fastest. When you buy groceries, fruits, vegetables, meat or fish, you take them
in measured amounts.
In this module, we would like to seek several questions. What is measurement and why
do we need it? How do we measure? How do we quantify measurement? We would also earn
about commonly used tools for measurement of the physical quantities like length, time, area and
volume.

Who among you have seen already the Cagayan River? What can you say about its length?
Cagayan River, also called Río Grande De Cagayan, is the longest stream in Luzon,
Philippines. It begins its 220-mile (350 kilometer) course in a twisting pattern in the Sierra
Madre in northeastern Luzon. It then flows north into a 50mile (80 kilometer) wide fertile valley
that is important for the cultivation of rice and tobacco. It is 505 kilometers long and traverses
through the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino.
(https://www.britannica.com/place/Cagayan-River
 TOPIC I: LENGTH AND TIME

 At the end of the topic, students will be able to:

 Convert units of measure of length and time from smaller to larger and vice versa;
 Compute for the exact amount of time between two given times
 Solve word problems involving unit of measure of length and time.

Cagayan River begins its 220-mile (350 kilometers) course in a twisting pattern in the

Sierra Madre. It then flows north into a 50 mile (80 kilometers) wide and it is 505 kilometers

long. Mile and kilometer are units of length or distance. These are all used for measurements.

1.1 What is a measurement?

Suppose you are asked to measure the length of a classroom, what would you do? Maybe

you would walk from one end of the room to the other end and count the number of your steps.

The other possibility is that you may use any straight edge, or a measuring tape or a meter scale.

Then again go from one end and count how many times the meter scale was used to reach the

other end. Let us take another example, suppose you want to determine whether you had an

increase /decrease of weight for this lockdown period. You would use a weighing scale and see

how many kilograms did you gain or lose- again a kind of counting. Thus, we may define

measurement to be a counting of the number of times a chosen scale is used.

Measurement is the act of determining a target’s weight, length, capacity, size, or other

physical dimensions. Our measurement can either be accurate or simply an estimate or

approximation.
1.2. ACCURATE MEASUREMENT

Estimating Length

Why do we measure?

We measure the length of things to help compare things.

We use measures of length to

us describe our world.
1.3. Units of Measurement

Let’s suppose I’m making curtains for a friend ‘s windows. I ask her to measure the
window and give me the dimensions so that I can make the curtains the right size. My friend tells
me that her windows are 50 by 60, so that’s how big I make the curtains. When I go over to her
house, it turns out that my curtains are more than twice as big as her windows! My friend tells
me that she’s certain she measured the windows correctly, and I tell my friend that I’m certain I
measured the curtains correctly. How can this be? The answer is quite simple. My friend
measured the windows in centimeters. I, on the other hand, measured the curtains in inches. Our
problem was not caused by one of us measuring incorrectly. Instead, our problem was the result
of measuring with different units When we are making measurements, the units we use are just
as important as the numbers that we get. If my friend had told me that her windows were 50
centimeters by 60 centimeters, then there would have been no problem. I would have known
exactly how big to make the curtains. Since she failed to do this, the numbers that she gave me
(50 by 60) were essentially useless. Please note that a failure to indicate the units involved in
measurements can lead to serious problems. In science, numbers mean nothing unless there are
units attached to them.
There are two systems of measuring things—English and Metric. English measurements
are used only in the United States, while metric measurements are used in nearly every other
country. Measurements are used to give number values to distance (length, width, and height),
weight, time, volume (liquid measurements), and temperature.
To get you used to these measurements, here is a list of commonly used English and
metric measurements, and their equivalents.

A. LENGTH
Length describes how long a thing is from one end to the other.
 US Standard Unit (English Unit or Customary
Metric Unit
Unit)

Millimeter (mm)
Inch (in):
Used to measure very short lengths or
Used to measure the length of small objects.
thicknesses.
Example: Length of a bed.
Example, length of a pencil tip.
Foot (ft):
Centimeter (cm):
Used to measure short distances and heights.
Used to measure small lengths.
Example: Heights of buildings.
Example: Length of a pencil.
Yard (yd):
Meter (m):
It is bigger than a foot.
Used to measure big lengths.
Example: Length of a football field.
Example: Length of a classroom.
Mile (mi):
Kilometer (km):
Used to measure long distances.
Used to measure very long lengths or
distance

ENGLISH SYSTEM TO METRIC METRIC SYSTEM TO ENGLISH

SYSTEM SYSTEM
When You Multiply When You
To Find Multiply By To Find
Know By Know
inches 25.4 millimeters millimeters 0.04 inches
2.54 centimeters centimeters 0.39 inches
feet 30.48 centimeters meters 3.28 feet
yards 0.91 meters 1.09 yards
miles 1.61 kilometers kilometers 0.62 miles
square inches 6.45 square centimeters cubic meters 35.31 cubic feet
square feet 0.09 square meters 1.35 cubic yards
square
square yards 0.84 square meters 0.155 square inches
centimeters
square miles 2.59 square kilometers square meters 1.2 square yards
square
acres 0.4 hectares 0.39 square miles
kilometers
hectares 2.47 acres

1cm= 10mm 1foot = 12 inches

100cm=1m
1yard= 3 feet = 36 inches
1000m=1km
1 mile = 5280 feet = 1760 yards
Note: To
convert from one unit to another, the rules are:
From bigger to smaller unit - Multiply
From smaller to bigger unit - Divide

PREFIXES
A multiple of a unit in the International System is formed by adding a prefix to the name of that unit.
The prefixes change the magnitude of the unit by orders of ten from 10 24 to 10-24.
Prefix Symbol Multiplying Factor Prefix Symbol Multiplying Factor
1024 =
yotta- Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
deci- d 10-1 = 0.1
1021 =
zetta- Z centi- c 10-2 = 0.01
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
exa- E 1018 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 milli- m 10-3 = 0.001
peta- P 1015 = 1,000,000,000,000,000 micro- µ 10-6 = 0.000,001
tera- T 1012 = 1,000,000,000,000 nano- n 10-9 = 0.000,000,001
giga- G 109 = 1,000,000,000 pico- p 10 = 0.000,000,000,001
-12

mega- M 106 = 1,000,000 femto- f 10-15 = 0.000,000,000,000,001

kilo- k 103 = 1,000 atto- a 10-18 = 0.000,000,000,000,000,001
10-21 =
hecto- h 102 = 100 zepto- z
0.000,000,000,000,000,000,001
10-24 =
deca- da 10 = 10 yocto- y 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
Let us now have examples
Example 1.

Problem Convert 7,225 centimeters to meters.

7,225 cm = ___ m Meters is larger than centimeters, so
you expect your answer to be less than
7,225.
 Using the factor label method, write
7,225 cm as a fraction and use unit
fractions to convert it to m.
Cancel similar units, multiply, and
simplify.

Answer 7,225 centimeters = 72.25 meters

Example 2. Convert 2.5 miles to inches.

2.5 miles = 2.5 miles x 5280 feet/mile x 12 inches/feet = 158,400 inches
Example 3. Convert 100,000 inches to miles
100,000 inches = 100,000 in x 1 ft/12 in x 1mile/ 5280 ft = 1.58 miles
Example 4 . Convert 35 miles to kilometers
35 miles = 35 miles x 1.61 km/mile = 56.36 kilometers
Example 5. Nine inches of ribbons are needed for wrapping each present. How many presents
can be wrapped with 6 yards of ribbons?

6 yards x 36 inches/1 yard = 216 inches ,

216 ÷ 9 = 24 (24 presents can be wrapped with 6 yards of ribbons.)

Example 6. Ashley's teacher asked her to bring 3 pieces of yarn, each no shorter than 0.8 m, for an art
project. Ashley found a piece of old yarn at home that is 280 cm long. Does she have enough yarn to
bring to school?

1. 3 x 0.8 m = 2.4 m x 100cm/1m = 240 cm

Ashley needs at least 240 cm of yarn. She has enough yarn to bring to school.

B. TIME
The ongoing sequence of events is time.
Convert Time
Time conversions:
1. 60 seconds = 1 minute
2. 60 minutes = 1 hour
 3. 24 hours = 1 day
4. 7 days = 1 week
5. 12 months = 1 year
6. 52 weeks = 1 year
7. 365 days = 1 year (366 for leap years)
8. 10 years = 1 decade
9. 100 years = 1 century
10. 1000 years = 1 millennium

Let us also convert using Time!

(i) 7 days 6 hours into hours.

Solution
1 day = 24 hours, Therefore, 7 days 6 hours = (7 x 24) hours + 6 hours
= 168 hours + 6 hours = 174 hours

(ii) 6 hours 40 minutes into minutes.

Solution
1 hour = 60 minutes, Therefore, 6 hours + 40 minutes = (6 x 60) minutes + 40 minutes
= (360 + 40) minutes = 400 minutes
(iii) 4 minutes 25 seconds into seconds.
Solution:
1 minute = 60 seconds, Therefore, 4 minutes 25 seconds = (4 x 60) seconds + 25
seconds
= (240 + 25) seconds = 265 seconds
(iv) 800 hours into days and hours.
Solution:
24 hours = 1 day Therefore, 800 hours = 800 ÷ 24 days = 33 days 8 hours

(v) Roger started doing his project at 5:40 PM and finished it at 7:45 PM. How long did he do his
project?
Solution:
To find the time spent for the project, use the formula below:
Amount of time spent = Time finished – time started
hour minute
Time finished 7 45
Time started 5 40__
2 5

The amount of time spent during the project is 2hrs and 5 minutes.

Let’s do these!
A. Convert the following:
1. 857 km = ___ m 1. 1800 s = ____hr.
2. 4.033 m = ___ mm 2. 1460 day = _____ year
3. 57 in = ___ mm 3. 72 weeks = ______year
4. 84 km = ___ yd 4. 13.5 decades = ____ months
5. 46 ft = ___ cm 5. 120056 hrs. = _____days
B. Solve the given problem
1. The diameter of a coin is 26 mm. Matthew lined up 57 coins from the left end of his
desk to the right end of his desk. What is the width (measured in cm) of his desk?
2.The movie "Finding Nemo" is 175 minutes long. How many hours long is the movie?

IT’S YOUR TURN!!!

A. Give the equivalent measure

1. 2m = _________cm 1. 1/3 day=_________hr

2. 8,800 yd = ____ mi 2. 3 ½ min = ________sec
3. 300 km = ________ mile 3. 50 years = ________century
4. 3 ½ km = _________ m 4. 8 hrs 20 min 36 sec = _____sec
5. 14 ft = _____ in 5. 12 ½ days = ______ hrs

B.
1. Harry is two kilometers away from Gary. If Gary had travelled seven hundred meters,
how many meters does Harry need to travel to get to Gary?

2. Sam leaves for school at 6:35 a.m. It takes him 1 hr. 45 min. to reach the school. At
what time will he reach the school?

TOPIC II: PERIMETER, AREA AND VOLUME

 At the end of the topic, students will be able to:

 visualize the concept of perimeter, area and volume;
 find the perimeter, area and volume of two-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures
  Solve word problems involving perimeter, area and volume.

Coastline of the United States of

Coastline of Philippines
America
Philippines Bays and Coastal Waters cover an
area of 266,000 km², while oceanic waters cover
1,934,000 km². The total length of the coastline
is 36,289 km. The Philippine coastline is irregular, with numerous bays, gulfs, and islets. Though
the Philippines is small in terms of land area , yet its coastline is very large . The Philippines is
an archipelago that comprises 7,641 islands with a total land area of 300,000 square kilometers
(115,831 sq mi). It is the world's 5th largest island country.(
http://oneocean.org/about_crmp/where_we_are.html )

A. PERIMETER

Since coastline surrounds a certain place, then it can be compared to the perimeter of the
figure. The word perimeter comes from the Greek word “perimetros” which is a combination of
the terms peri which means “ around” and metron meaning “ measure” . Perimeter therefore, is
the distance around the figure or the sum of all the side lengths of the figure.
Example 1: What is the perimeter of the rectangle whose length is 25 cm and width is 15 cm
Solution:
The perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + width)
Hence perimeter = 2 × (25 + 15) = 2 x (49) = 80cm

Example 2. Find the perimeter of the given figure. All measurements indicated are inches.
 Solution:
P = 5 + 3 + 6 + 2 + 3 + 3 Since all the sides are
measured in inches, just add
the lengths of all six sides to
get the perimeter.
P = 22 inches

Example 3. The perimeter of a rectangular pool is 56 meters. If the length of the pool is 16
meters, then find its width.
Solution:
Here the perimeter and the length of the rectangular pool are given. We have to
find the width of the pool.
The perimeter P of a rectangle is given by the formula, P=2l+2w, where l is the length
and w is the width of the rectangle.
Given that, the perimeter is 56 meters and the length is 16 meters. So, substitute these
values into the formula.
56=2(16) +2w then simplify.
56=32+2w Subtract 32from both sides.
24=2w Divide each side by 2.
12=w
Therefore, the width of the rectangular pool is 12 meters.

B. WHAT IS AREA?

If perimeter is the number of units around a figure, then area is the number of square
units contained in a figure. For instance, below are two squares, the small blue square and the big
white square. The blue square has a side of 1 unit so its area is 1 square unit. The number of blue
squares that can fit inside the white square is the area of the red square. This shows that area is
the number of square units that a figure can contain.

In geometry, the area can be defined as the space occupied by a flat shape or the surface
of an object. The area of a figure is the number of unit squares that cover the surface of a closed
figure. Area is measured in square units such as square centimeters, square feet, square inches,
etc.
The origin of the word area is from ‘area’ in Latin, meaning a vacant piece of level
ground. The origin further led to an irregular derivation of area as ‘a particular amount of space
contained within a set of boundaries. We often find the area of the room floor to determine the
size of the carpet to be bought. Covering the floor with tiles, covering the wall with paint or
wallpaper or building a swimming pool are other examples, where in the area is computed.
In the above description of the Philippines coastline, Philippines Bays and Coastal
Waters cover an area of 266,000 km², while oceanic waters cover 1,934,000 km². The total land
area is 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi). These are examples of area which is the
number of unit squares that cover the whole surface of a figure,
Common simple shapes and polygons have their own formula for calculating area. Here’s
how area of common 2-D or Two-dimensional shapes is computed. But first let us discuss 2-
dimensional shapes.

What are 2D shapes?

The two-dimensional shapes (2D shapes) are also known as flat shapes, are the shapes
having two dimensions only. It has length and breadth. It does not have thickness. The two
different measures used for measuring the flat shapes are area and the perimeter. Two-
dimensional shapes are the shapes that can be drawn on the piece of paper. Some of the examples
of 2D shapes are square, rectangle, circle, triangle and so on.

Triangle
Square
Area = ½ × b × h
Area = a2
b = base
a = length of side
h = vertical height

Rectangle Parallelogram
Area = w × h Area = b × h
w = width b = base
h = height h = vertical height
 Trapezoid (US) Circle
Trapezium (UK) Area = π × r2
Area = ½(a+b) × h Circumference = 2 × π × r
h = vertical height r = radius

Sector
Ellipse Area = ½ × r2 × θ
Area = πab r = radius
θ = angle in radians

In real life, not every plane figure can be clearly classified as a rectangle, square or a
triangle. To find the area of a composite figure which consists of more than one shape, we need
to find the sum of the area of both or all the shapes forming the composite figure.

We now use the different formulas given

Example1. These shapes all have the same area of 9:

Example2. What is the area of this circle?

Solution
A= π × r2 = π × 32= π × (3 × 3)
= 3.1416 × 9 = 28.27

Example 3. A rectangular yard has a length of 16 meters and a width of 3 meters. Find the
area.
Solution:
Area = Length x width = 16 meters x 3 meters = 48 square meters

Example 4.

Solution:
The area of the three triangles in the figure above is the same.
 Each triangle has a width and height of 3cm.
The area is calculated: A= (height × width) ÷ 2 , A= (3 × 3)/2 A=
9/2 = 4.5
The area of each triangle is 4.5cm2.

Example 5. The area of a rectangular fence is 500 square feet. If the width of the
fence is 20 feet, then find its length.
Solution:
Here the area and the width of the rectangular fence are given. We have to find the length of the
fence. The area A of a rectangle is given by the formula, A=lw, where l is the length and w are
the width.
Given that, the area is 500 square feet and the width is 20 feet. So, substitute these values into the
formula.
A = lw , 500=l×20
Divide each side by 20 to isolate l. 25=l
Therefore, the length of the rectangular fence is 25 feet.

C. VOLUME
What is volume?
In math, volume can be defined as the 3-dimensional space enclosed by a boundary or occupied
by an object. In geometry, a three-dimensional shape can be defined as a figure or an object or
that has three dimensions – length, width and height. Unlike two-dimensional shapes, three-
dimensional shapes have thickness or depth.

The books and ice cream take up a space

Finding the volume of an object can help us to determine the amount required to fill that
object, like the amount of water needed to fill a bottle, an aquarium or a water tank.
The volume of an object is measured in cubic units such as cubic centimeters, cubic inch, cubic
foot, cubic meter, etc. Here, for example, the volume of the cuboid or rectangular prism, with
unit cubes has been determined in cubic units.

3units
 5 units
2 units

Volume of rectangular prism = Length x Breadth x Height = 5 x 3 x 2 = 30 cubic units

Volume of basic solid geometric shapes like cubes and rectangular prisms can be determined
using formulas. Solid geometric shapes are firm and stable object with three dimensions.
Here’s the list of the formulas for determining the volume of 3-D shapes.
Geometric Shape Name: Geometric Shape: Volume Formula:

Cube Volume = a³ , where a is length of each side.

Volume = l × w × h , where l is length, w is

Rectangular Prism width and h is height.

Sphere Volume = 4/3 πr³ , where r is the radius.

Volume = πr²h , where r is the radius and h is

Cylinder the height.

Volume = 1/3 πr²h , where r is the radius and h

Cone is the height.

Example 1. Find the volume of a cube having one side as 4 inches.

Solution:
The volume of a cube V is given by V = a^3 where a = length of one side of the cube.
Hence with a = 4 inches in the formula, we get V = 43 = 64 cubic inches or inches3.
The volume of the cube is 64 cubic inches.

Example 2. Find the volume of the cylinder with radius 3cm and height 9cm.
Solution:
Volume = πr²h = 3.1416 x (3cm)2 x 9 cm = 3.1416 x 9 x 9 = 3.1416 x 81
Volume = 254.47

Example 3. The length of one side of a cube is doubled. What affect does that have on its
volume?
Solution:
Let the length of one side of one cube of volume V1 be a and the length of one side of
the other cube of volume V2 be 2a.
Hence, we have the following relations:
 V1 = a3 , V2 = (2a) 3 = 8a3
So, dividing the second relation above by the preceding relation gives us
V2/V1 = 8a3 / a3 = 8.
So, the volume of the bigger cube is 8 times the volume of the smaller cube.
The volume gets multiplied by a factor of 8.

Example 4. Find the volume of a can of soda. The radius of the base is 4
centimeters and the height is 13 centimeters. Assume the can is shaped exactly like a
cylinder.
Solution:
V= πr2h = (3.1416) x 42 x 13 = 3.1416 x 16 x 13
V = 3.1416 X 208 = 653.45

Example 5. Which is bigger by volume, a sphere with radius 2cm or a pyramid with base 2.5cm
square and height of 10cm?
Solution:
First, work out the volume of the sphere.
The volume of a sphere is 4/3 × π × radius3.
The volume of the sphere is therefore:
(4 x 3.1416 × 2 × 2 × 2)/3 = 33.51cm3
Then work out the volume of the pyramid.
The volume of a pyramid is 1/3 × area of base × height.
Area of base = length × breadth = 2.5cm × 2.5cm = 6.25cm2
Volume is therefore 1/3 x 6.25 × 10 = 20.83cm3
The sphere is therefore larger by volume than the pyramid.

Let’s do these!
A. Find the perimeter and area of each shape below
 B. 1.A square garden 10 feet long needs to be surrounded by a walk of 2 feet wide on
only three of its sides. What is the area of the walk?

2.The volume of a cube is 216 cubic cm or cm3. Find the length of one side of the
cube.

3.Find the volume of the triangular prism shown in the diagram.

4. Find the volume of the following rectangular prism or cuboid.

5. Find the volume of the prism shown.

SUMMARY OF CONCEPTS

Measurement is the act of determining a target’s weight, length, capacity, size, or other
physical dimensions. Our measurement can either be accurate or simply an estimate or
approximation.
There are two systems of measuring things—English and Metric. English measurements are used
only in the United States, while metric measurements are used in nearly every other country.
Measurements are used to give number values to distance (length, width, and height), weight,
time, volume (liquid measurements), and temperature.

Perimeter therefore, is the distance around the figure or the sum of all the side lengths of
the figure
Volume can be defined as the 3-dimensional space enclosed by a boundary or occupied
by an object.
Two-dimensional shapes (2D shapes) are also known as flat shapes, are the shapes having
two dimensions only. It has length and breadth. It does not have thickness.

A three-dimensional shape can be defined as a figure or an object or that has three

dimensions – length, width and height.
Solid geometric shapes are firm and stable object with three dimensions.
Measurement is the act of determining a target’s weight, length, capacity, size, or other
physical dimensions. Our measurement can either be accurate or simply an estimate or
approximation.
There are two systems of measuring things—English and Metric. English measurements are used
only in the United States, while metric measurements are used in nearly every other country.
Measurements are used to give number values to distance (length, width, and height), weight,
time, volume (liquid measurements), and temperature.

Volume can be defined as the 3-dimensional space enclosed by a boundary or occupied

by an object.