Referencing Guide

LELA10201: Language, Mind and Brain Dr.
Wendell Kimper
2019–20 // Semester 1 wendell.kimper@manchester.ac.uk
Week 3 Tutorial: Referencing Guide

1 Plagiarism
See the leaflet on avoiding plagiarism from the Student Support Office.
2 Reference Formatting
The most widely used referencing format in linguistics and other social sciences is the American
Psychological Association (APA) format. This may be quite different from different formats
you have used in other subject areas.
• If you aren’t sure how to cite a particular source in APA format, you can check with the li-
brary website (http://subjects.library.manchester.ac.uk/referencing/referencing-apa)
or consult the many resources available on the web.
2.1 In-Text Citations

When you are attributing ideas, data, quotes, or other source materials, you need to do so with
an in-text citation.
• An in-text citation can be made part of the sentence, or can be put in parentheses at the
end of the sentence.
• Each idea you reference generally requires its own in-text citation.
Direct Quotation:
• Pullum (1991) cautions that “some time in the future, and it may be soon, you will be
told by someone that the Eskimos have many or dozens or scores or hundreds of words for
snow. You, gentle reader, must decide here and now whether you are going to let them
get away with it, or whether you are going to be true to your position as an Expert On
Language by calling them on it” (p.166).
• “Some time in the future, and it may be soon, you will be told by someone that the
Eskimos have many or dozens or scores or hundreds of words for snow. You, gentle
reader, must decide here and now whether you are going to let them get away with it, or
whether you are going to be true to your position as an Expert On Language by calling
them on it” (Pullum, 1991, p.166).
Paraphrasing/Summarising:
• Pullum (1991) argues that, even if the Eskimo did have a great number of words for snow,
it would be as unremarkable as interior decorators’ extended vocabulary for colour shades.
• Even if the Eskimo did have a great number of words for snow, it would be as unremarkable
as interior decorators’ extended vocabulary for colour shades (Pullum, 1991).
Extended use of single source: make it clear which claims are attributed and which are
original. (Can you spot which claim in these paragraphs isn’t from Pullum? Do they both
accomplish the goal of identifying source material and original material? Which one reads more
smoothly?)
Lecture: Thurs 15:00–17:00 1 Office Hours: Thurs 13:00–14:00 & Fri 11:00-12:00
Zochonis Theatre A Samuel Alexander N1.15
LELA10201: Language, Mind and Brain Dr. Wendell Kimper
• Pullum (1991) points out that the claim that the Eskimo language contains a large number
of words for snow is a myth. Furthermore, he argues that even if this myth was true, it
would be as unremarkable as interior decorators’ extended vocabulary for colour shades.
It can be argued that a similar generalisation could apply to fly fishers’ terminology for
lures, or video gamers’ extensive terms for graphics formats. Pullum also notes that
the vocabulary of English also contains a fairly large number of words describing different
types of frozen precipitation. Finally, he suggests that the reader has a moral obligation to
point out the error of this myth whenever it is encountered, but that this may have a social
effect “roughly comparable to pouring fifty gallons of think oatmeal into a harpsichord
during a baroque recital” (p.167).
• The claim that the Eskimo language contains a large number of words for snow is a myth
(Pullum, 1991). Furthermore, even if this myth was true, it would be as unremarkable as
interior decorators’ extended vocabulary for colour shades (Pullum, 1991). Similarly, fly
fishers have a vast number of terms for different lures, and video gamers have a highly
specialised vocabularly for graphics formats. The vocabulary of English also contains a
fairly large number of words describing different types of frozen precipitation (Pullum,
1991). It is morally important to point out the error of this myth, despite the possible
negative social consequences (Pullum, 1991).
Citations from a secondary source:
• Boas (1911) notes that “English expresses these notions by phrases involving the root
snow, but things could have been otherwise, just as the words for lake, river, etc. could
have been formed derivationally or periphrastically on the root water ” (as cited in Pullum,
1991, pp.163).
• While English derives words for frozen precipitation from a single root snow, Eskimo uses
unrelated roots for these concepts — just as English uses unrelated roots for e.g. different
bodies of water (Boas, 1911, as cited in Pullum, 1991).
Sources with mulitple authors:
• Two authors: list both.
• Three to five: list all in the first instance, then abbreviate with ‘et al.’ (note: often you
will see this treated in the same way as more than five, with ‘et al.’ used from the start.)
• More than five: abbreviate with ‘et al.’
– Bennett et al. (2009) use an fMRI study of a dead salmon to illustrate the dangers
of failing to correct for multiple comparisons in statistical analysis.
2.2 Reference Lists

At the end of your essay, in a separate section, include the full citation information associated
with all of your in-text citations.
• A reference list is different from a bibliography — in a reference list, you only list sources
you refer to in your essay. A bibliography will include all sources you consulted, even if
you did not use them in your essay.
• Most of your assignments will require a reference list, and not a bibliography, but it’s
always a good idea to check the instructions to be sure.
2.2.1 Books
Required elements
• Author: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.
• Year: Publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses followed by a full stop.
• Title: Italicised. Followed by a full stop. (unless there is a subtitle).
• Sub-title: Follows a colon at the end of the full title. Followed by a full stop.
• Edition: Only include if it is not a first edition. Use the relevant number followed by (ed.). e.g.
(4th ed.).
• Place of publication: Give town or city, and country if there is possible confusion with the UK.
Follow with a colon
• Publisher: Publisher name followed by full stop.
• doi: or Retrieved from URL if viewed electronically
Reference list entry:
Anderson, A., & Atterbury, P. (1999). The cube teapot: the story of the patent teapot. Ilminster,
England: Richard Dennis.
2.2.2 Chapter from an edited book

Required elements
• Author of the chapter: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Title of the chapter
• In
• Name of the editor of the book (Ed.)
• Title of the book: Italicised
• Edition: Only include if it is not a first edition. Use the relevant number followed by (ed.). e.g.
(4th ed.).
• Page numbers of the chapter in parentheses followed by full stop.
Follow with a colon
Reference list entry
Clayton, N. S., & Emery, N. J. (2009). What do jays know about other minds and other times?
In A. Berthoz & Y. Christen (Eds.), Neurobiology of Umwelt: How Living Beings
Perceive the World (2nd ed., pp. 109-123). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin.
2.2.3 Conference presentation

Required elements
• Author/Editor: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Year and date: Publication year (not printing or impression) in parentheses followed by a full
stop.
• Title of conference: Italicised Followed by a full stop. (unless there is a subtitle).
• Sub-title: Italicised preceded by a colon at the end of the full title. Followed by a full stop.
• Location, date of conference: Italicised
Follow with a colon
• doi: or Retrieved from URL if online
Hagino, T., Hiryu, S., Fujioka, S., Riquimaroux, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2007, APR 17-20).
Adaptive SONAR sounds by echolocating bats. Paper presented at the 5th International
Symposium on Underwater Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
2.2.4 Journal Articles

Required elements
• Author: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.
• Title: Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).
• Sub-title: preceded by a colon at the end of the full title. Followed by a full stop.
• Title of journal: italicised
• Volume number: italicised
• Issue number: in parentheses followed by comma. Only include issue numbers when each issue
in a volume starts at page one (paginated)
• Page numbers: Follow with a full stop
Koulish, R. (2015). Spiderman’s Web and the Governmentality of Electronic Immigrant

Detention. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 11(1), 83-108.
2.2.5 Other types of sources

You can find details for how to cite websites, theses, newspapers, and other formats on the
library website or in any guide to APA citation.
3 Referencing Software
Managing references by hand works fine for short essays with a small number of sources, but
you may wish to use software to manage your references if you need to write longer essays (or
if you choose to write a dissertation).
Referencing software will organise the citation information for your sources, and format reference
list entries for you. It can work with software like Word to link in-text citations to reference
list entries, saving quite a lot of effort.
The University of Manchester offers access to several types of referencing software:
4 Exercise
Take a few minutes to look through the attached article, On the reception and detection of
pseudo-profound bullshit, or at least the first few pages.
1. Generate the reference list entry for the article. (All the information you need can be
found on the document itself.)
2. Practice quoting directly from the article in both of the styles shown above.
3. Practice paraphrasing from the article in both the styles shown above.
4. When you practice paraphrasing, think carefully about how to paraphrase without veering
into accidental plagiarism.
Discuss as a group.

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LELA10201: Language, Mind and Brain Dr.

Week 3 Tutorial: Referencing Guide

2.1 In-Text Citations

• More than five: abbreviate with ‘et al.’

2.2 Reference Lists

Reference list entry:

2.2.2 Chapter from an edited book

Reference list entry

2.2.3 Conference presentation

• Author/Editor: Surname with capital letter, followed by comma.

• Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.

• Title of conference: Italicised Followed by a full stop. (unless there is a subtitle).

• Location, date of conference: Italicised

• Publisher: Publisher name followed by full stop.

• doi: or Retrieved from URL if online

Reference list entry

2.2.4 Journal Articles

• Initials: In capitals with full-stop after each.

• Title: Follow with a full stop (unless there is a subtitle).

• Title of journal: italicised

• Volume number: italicised

• Page numbers: Follow with a full stop

Reference list entry

Koulish, R. (2015). Spiderman’s Web and the Governmentality of Electronic Immigrant

2.2.5 Other types of sources

The University of Manchester offers access to several types of referencing software:

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