Singular Strum-Picone Theorem

Jyotiranjan Sahoo
Rollno-S18-19MP06
Sambalpur University, Odisha, India

September 16, 2019

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 1 / 20
 Outline

1 Introduction

2 Preliminaries

3 Main Results

4 Reference

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 2 / 20
 Introduction
In 1836, the first comparison theorem was given by C. Strum [2],
which states that
Let r (t), p1 (t) and p2 (t) be real-valued continuous functions defined
on (a, b), a < b such that r (t) > 0 and p2 (t) ≥ p1 (t) for t ∈ (a, b).
Assume that x(t) and y (t) are solutions of
(r (t)x 0 )0 + p1 (t)x = 0,
(r (t)y 0 )0 + p2 (t)y = 0
respectively on (a, b). Then between any two consecutive zeros t1 , t2
∈ (a, b) of x(t), there is at least one zero of y (t).
In 1909, the general form of Strum’s comparison theorem has been
given by M. Picone [6], which is known as Strum-Picone theorem and
when r1 (t) = r2 (t) = r (t), Strum-Picone theorem reducing to
Strum’s comparison theorem and hence Strum-Picone theorem is
more general.
Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 3 / 20
 Preliminaries

Definition 1 ([4])
If p(t) is any real function

p + (t) = max{p(t), 0} and p − (t) = max{−p(t), 0},

are said to be the positive and negative parts of p(t), respectively and
p(t) = p + (t) − p − (t); |p(t)| = p + (t) + p − (t); p + (t), p − (t) ≥ 0.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 4 / 20
 Theorem 2 ([2] Strum-Picone Comparison Theorem:)
Let ri , pi , i = 1, 2, be real valued continuous on the interval (a, b).
Assume that x(t) and y (t) are solutions of

0
r1 (t)x 0 + p1 (t)x = 0,

0
r2 (t)y 0 + p2 (t)y = 0,
respectively on (a, b). Further, let
r1 (t) > r2 (t) > 0, p2 (t) > p1 (t), t ∈ (a, b). Then one of the following
properties holds.
(i) Between any two consucative zero t1 , t2 ∈ (a, b) of x(t), there is al
least one zero of y (t); or
(ii) there exists a λ in R such that y (t) = λx(t).

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 5 / 20
 Main Results

Consider a pair of second order non-linear differential equations

0
ls x ≡ r1 (t)x 0 + p1 (t)f1 (x(t)) = 0, (1)

0
Ls y ≡ r2 (t)y 0 + p2 (t)f2 (y (t)) = 0, (2)
where
t ∈ (t1 , t2 ), r1 , r2 ∈ C 1 (t1 , t2 ), (0, ∞) , p1 , p2 ∈ C (t1 , t2 ), R ,

some of them or all r1 , r2 , p1 , p2 may not be continuous at t1 or t2 or at

t1 and t2 both. Let f1 , f2 ∈ (R, R), ls and Ls be differential operators or
mapping whose domain consists of all real valued functions x ∈ C 1 (t1 , t2 )
such that r1 x 0 ∈ C 1 (t1 , t2 ) and r2 x 0 ∈ C 1 (t1 , t2 ), respectively.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 6 / 20
 We need the following hypothesis on non-linearity f1 and f2 :
(H1 ) f2 ∈ C (R, R) and there exist α1 , α2 > 0 such that

α3 y 2 ≤ yf2 (y ) ≤ α2 y 2 , for all 0 6= y ∈ R,

f2 (y )
that is, is bounded for all 0 6= y ∈ R.
y
(H2 ) f1 ∈ C 1 (R, R) and there exist α1 > 0 such that

0 < α1 ≤ f10 (y ), for all 0 6= y ∈ R.

(H3 ) f1 (y ) 6= 0, for all 0 6= y ∈ R.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 7 / 20
 Consider the quadratic functionals corresponding to (1) and (2),
respectively. Let t1 < ξ < η < t2 and let
Z η
r1 (t)(u 0 (t))2 − α1 p1 (t)(u(t))2 dt
 
jξη [u] =
ξ

and
Z η
r2 (t)(u 0 (t))2 − (α2 p2+ (t) − α3 p2− (t))(u(t))2 dt.
 
Jξη [u] =
ξ

Let us define js [u] = limξ→t + , η→t2− jξη [u], Js [u] = limξ→t + , η→t2− Jξη [u],
1 1
whenever the limits exist.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 8 / 20
 The domain Djs of js and DJs of Js are defined to be the set of all real
valued continuous functions u ∈ C 1 (t1 , t2 ) with u(t1 ) = 0 and u(t2 ) = 0
such that js [u] and Js [u] exist and p2+ (t) = max{p2 (t), 0} and
p2− (t) = max{−p2 (t), 0}. Let us define

(u(t))2 p1 (t)x 0 (t) (u(t))2 p1 (t)x 0 (t)

At1 t2 [u, x] = lim − lim+ ,
t→t2− f1 (x(t)) t→t1 f1 (x(t))

whenever the limit of the right side exist. The variation Vs [u] is defined as

Vs [u] = Js [u] − js [u].

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 9 / 20
 Lemma 3 ([5])

Suppose there exists a function u ∈ Djs not identically zero in any open
subinterval (t1 , t2 ) such that js [u] ≤ 0. Let x be any non-trivial solution of
(1) and At1 t2 [u, x] ≥ 0, then under hypothesis (H2 ) − (H3 ), x has at least
one zero in (t1 , t2 ) unless f1 (x) is a constant multiple of u.

Proof. Let x(t) 6= 0 for every t ∈ (t1 , t2 ). Then by (H3 ), f1 (x(t)) 6= 0, for
all t ∈ (t1 , t2 ). Now,
0
(u(t))2

0
r1 (t)x (t)
f1 (x(t))
(u(t))2
= (r1 (t)x 0 (t))0
f1 (x(t))
2f1 (x(t))u(t)u 0 (t) − (u(t))2 f10 (x(t))x 0 (t)
 
0
+ r1 (t)x (t)
(f10 (x(t)))2

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 10 / 20
 contd.

u(t)x 0 (t) f10 (x(t)) u 0 (t) 2

 p 
2
= −p1 (t)(u(t)) − r1 (t) − 0
f1 (x(t)) f1 (x(t))
r1 (t)(u 0 (t))2
+
f10 (x(t))
u(t)x 0 (t) f10 (x(t)) u 0 (t) 2
 p 
2
≤ −p1 (t)(u(t)) − r1 (t) − 0
f1 (x(t)) f1 (x(t))
r1 (t)(u 0 (t))2
+ ,
α1
that is,
r1 (u 0 (t))2 − α1 p1 (t)(u(t))2
0
u(t)x 0 (t) f10 (x(t)) u 0 (t) 2
p
(u(t))2
  
0
≥ α1 r1 (t)x (t) + α1 r1 (t) − 0 .
f1 (x(t)) f1 (x(t)) f1 (x(t))
Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 11 / 20
 contd.
Integrating both sides from ξ to η, we get
η
(u(t))2 r1 (t)x 0 (t)

jξη [u] ≥ α1
f1 (x(t)) ξ
Z η 2
u(t)x 0 (t) f10 (x(t))
p
u 0 (t)

+ α1 r1 (t) − 0 dt. (3)
ξ f1 (x(t)) f1 (x(t))

Letting ξ → t1+ , η → t2− and using At1 t2 ≥ 0, we get

Z t2 2
u(s)x 0 (s) f10 (x(s))
p
u 0 (s)

js [u] ≥ α1 r1 (s) − 0 ds ≥ 0.
t1 f1 (x(s)) f1 (x(s))

Therefore,
f1 (x(t)) = C1 u(t), for all t ∈ (t1 , t2 ). (4)
Now for t → t1 or t → t2 , L. H. S. of (4) is non-zero while R. H. S. is zero.
Therefore, js [u] > 0, which is a contradiction.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 12 / 20
 Corollary 4 ([5])
Let f1 (x) = x in (1) and
Z η
lim [r1 (t)(u 0 (t))2 − p1 (t)(u(t))2 ] dt
ξ→t1+ , η→t2− ξ

exists and is non-positive, where u ∈ C 1 (t1 , t2 ) not identically zero in any

open subinterval (t1 , t2 ) with u(t1 ) = 0 and u(t2 ) = 0. Let x be any
non-trivial solutions of (1) and At1 t2 [u, x] ≥ 0, then x vanishes at least
once in (t1 , t2 ) unless x is a constant multiple of u.

Clearly, f1 satisfies (H2 ) − (H3 ), α1 = 1 and js [u] ≤ 0. Thus, the result

follows from Lemma 3.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 13 / 20
 Theorem 5 ([5])

Suppose there exists a non-trivial u of (2) in (t1 , t2 ) such that u(t1 ) = 0

and u(t2 ) = 0. Let x be any non-trivial solution of (1). Let
At1 t2 [u, x] ≥ 0, and

lim r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≥ 0, lim r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≤ 0. (5)

t→t1+ t→t1−

Let (H1 ) − (H2 ), holds and Vs [u] ≥ 0, then x has at least one zero in
(t1 , t2 ) unless f1 (x) is a constant multiple of u.

Proof. Multiplying (2) by y (t) and integrating by parts from ξ to η, we

obtain
Z η
η
r2 (t)(y 0 (t))2 − p2 (t)f2 (y (t))y (t) dt = r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ξ .
  
(6)
ξ
Since
Z η
p2 (t)f2 (y (t))y (t) − (α2 p2+ (t) − α3 p2− (t))(y (t))2 dt ≤ 0.
 
(7)
ξ
Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 14 / 20
 contd.
Letting ξ → t1+ , η → t2− in (7) and by (5), we get Js [u] ≤ 0. Since Vs [u] ≥ 0,
that is, Js [u] − js [u] ≥ 0, and hence the result follows from Lemma 3.

Corollary 6 ([5])
Let us consider (1) and (2) with f1 (u) = u and f2 (u) = u. Let x be any
non-trivial solution of (1). Let

At1 t2 [u, x] ≥ 0, lim+ r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≥ 0, lim r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≤ 0 (8)

t→t1 t→t1−

and
Z t2
(r2 (s) − r1 (s))(u 0 (s))2 + (p2 (s) − p1 (s))(u(s))2 ds ≥ 0.
 
Vs [u] = (9)
t1

Suppose there exists a non-trivial solution u of (2) in (t1 , t2 ) such that u(t1 ) = 0
and u(t2 ) = 0, then x has at least one zero in (t1 , t2 ) unless x is a constant
multiple of u.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 15 / 20
 Theorem 7 ([5])

Suppose there exists a non-trivial solution u of (2) in (t1 , t2 ) such that

u(t1 ) = 0 and u(t2 ) = 0. Let (H3 ) − (H5 ), hold. Suppose r2 (t) ≥ r1 (t).
Let x be any non-trivial solution of (1). Let

At1 t2 [u, x] ≥ 0, lim+ r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≥ 0, lim r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≤ 0

t→t1 t→t1−

and

α1 p1 (t) − (α2 p2 (t) − (α3 − α2 )p2− (t)) ≥ 0, for all t ∈ (t1 , t2 ), (10)

then every solution x of (1) has at least one zero in (t1 , t2 ) unless f1 (x) is
a constant multiple of u.

From (10), it is clear that Vs [u] ≥ 0 and proof of the theorem follows from
Theorem 5.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 16 / 20
 Corollary 8 ([5])
Consider (1) and (2) with f1 (u) = u and f2 (u) = u. Let r2 (t) ≥ r1 (t) and
p1 (t) ≥ p2 (t), for all t ∈ (t1 , t2 ). Let At1 t2 [u, x] ≥ 0 and

lim+ r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≥ 0, lim r2 (t)u(t)u 0 (t) ≤ 0.

t→t1 t→t1−

Suppose there exists a non-trivial solution u of (2) in (t1 , t2 ) such that

u(t1 ) = 0 and u(t2 ) = 0, then every solution x of (1) has at least one zero
in (t1 , t2 ) unless x is a constant multiple of u.

Clearly, f1 (u), f2 (u) satisfies (H1 ) − (H3 ) and α1 = α2 = α3 = 1. Hence

the result follows from Theorem 7.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 17 / 20
 Appendix Reference

Reference I

1 A. Tiryaki,
Strum-Picone type theorems for second order non-linear differential
equations,
Electron. J. Differ. Eq., 2014 (2014), 1-11.
2 C. Sturm,
Sur les equations differentielles linearies du second ordere,
J. Math. Pures. Appl., 1 (1836), 106-186.
3 C. A. Swanson,
Comparison and Oscillation Theory of Linear Differential Equations,
Academic Press, New York, 1968.
4 G. de Barra,
Measure Theory and Integration,
New Age International, New Delhi, 2013.
Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 18 / 20
 Appendix Reference

Reference II

5 J. Tyagi,
Generalization of Strum-Picone theorem for second order non-linear
differential equations,
Taiwan. J. Math., 17 (2013), 361-378.
6 M. Picone,
Sui valori eccezionalle di un parametro da cui dipende un equatione
differenzialle lineare del secondo ordine,
Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa., 11 (1910), 1-141.
7 W. Leighton,
Comparison theorems for linear differential equations of second order,
Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 13 (1962), 603-610.

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 19 / 20
 Appendix Reference

Thank You!

Jyotiranjan Sahoo (Sambalpur university, India) Singular Strum-Picone Theorem September 16, 2019 20 / 20