Chapter 4

Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
Chapter 4

Parts:
● Summary
● Presentation of Data
● Analysis of Data
● Interpretation of Data
● Discussion
4.1 Summary

1-2 paragraphs containing a brief discussion

about the content of the chapter.
4.2 Presentation of Data

Presentation of data - This part features the data for easy

understanding of the reader. The data are usually presented in
charts, tables, or figures with textual interpretation.
4.3 Analysis of Data

Analysis - The intelligence and logic of the researcher are

required in this part in which important data are emphasized.
The analysis will be the basis of the findings of the study.
4.3 Analysis of Data

In analyzing the data, the following must be considered:

1. The highest numerical value such as scores, weighted means,
percentages, variability, etc.
2. The lowest numerical value such as scores, weighted means, percentages,
variability, etc.
3. The most common numerical values like mode or values that appear
repeatedly.
4. The final numerical value like the average weighted mean, total, chi-square
value, correlation index, etc.
4.3 Example 1
4.3 Example 2
4.3 Interpretation of Data

Interpretation - Comprehensible statements are made

after translating the statistical data.
4.3 Interpretation of Data

The following are the levels of interpretation which are considered in organizing
the discussion of the results of findings (Ducut and Pangilinan, 2006):

1. Level 1. Data collected are compared and contrasted. Unexpected results if any, may be
mentioned. The researcher is allowed to comment on certain shortcomings of the study but
should not concentrate too much on the flaws.
2. Level 2. The researcher should explain the internal validity of the results as well as their
consistency or reliability. The causes or factors that may have influenced the results may
also be described.
3. Level 3. The researcher should explain the external validity of the results, that is, their
generality or applicability to external conditions.
4. Level 4. The researcher should relate or connect the interpretation of data with
theoretical research or with the reviewed literature.
4.3 Discussion

Discussion - In this part, the results or findings of the

investigation are compared and contrasted with those of the
reviewed literature and related studies.
4.3 Discussion

The following must be considered in the discussion of data:

1. The flow of the discussion of results or findings is based on how
the problems are stated.
2. The manner or sequence of discussion should include the
following:
a. Discussion of the findings in relation to the results of previous
studies cited in review of related literature and studies.
b. Implications, inferences, and other important information
4.3 Example

Total Population of of Senior High School (Grade 11) Students Enrolled for
School Year 2014-2015

This further shows that the enrollment of the Senior High School (Grade 11)
students during the second semester scored the highest. The school noted that
during this semester many transferees enrolled because of various reasons which
were parental, economic, or academic in nature. This finding is the same as that of
the study of Zamora (2013) when he found out that students during the second
semester their previous schools left and transferred to another schools for the same
reasons.