Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region X – Northern Mindanao
Division of Iligan City
ACELO C. BADELLES SR. MEMORIA HIGH SCHOOL
Tipanoy, Iligan City

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 HANDOUTS

Findings and Discussion Section

Guidelines:
1. The findings generated from the data which has been collected, processed and analyzed are discussed
in this section. Findings are sometimes interchangeably with results.
2. Order of discussion: aligned with the research questions, or research objectives, or hypotheses or
research phrase.
3. The topics in this section are derived from research questions, objectives, or hypotheses by restating
each of these into a single or a cluster of words.
4. Those that are relevant to the research questions, objectives, or hypotheses must be discussed.
5. Data matrices or tables in condensed form, graphs, maps, or even relevant photographs are vital
supporting documents in the presentation of findings. These supporting documents are presented after
a narrative, not before the discussion. The writer may present them in text, if these can enhance the
presentation and discussion or placed them in the appendix if they are only supplementary materials or
documents.
6. Tables and figures or maps must be presented as simply as possible so that readers can readily
understand the data being presented. Aside from the data in numbers or words, the table should
present certain relevant information such as:
a. The variables that are being measured or about which the data are presented
b. The subjects from which the data were gathered
c. The subgroups within the table, and
d. The statistical tool used

Note: Data presented in table form need not be presented again in graphical form
 Tables are appropriate when there are much information collected and when the researcher
would want to display precise information
 Graphics are best when illustrating trends and making comparisons
7. Data presentation and analysis are better presented in a structure using the hour glass or the “forest
before the trees” approach in which general trends or patterns are stated or introduced before giving
the supporting details.
8. Research findings and analysis or interpretation may be presented in the same section, or in separate
sections.

The Discussion Section

The discussion section constitutes the more substantial part of the analysis.
It contains the interpretation of the findings:
1. Integrating these with the research questions, objectives or hypotheses advanced
2. Interweaving these with the theoretical perspective or conceptual framework used
3. Relating them to previous research (both supportive and non-supportive)
4. Drawing further implications to relevant issues and implications for future research

 In this section, additional relevant questions may be raised, general data-based statements may be
advanced, and state the applicability of the research method used and the findings
 Its first paragraph may focus on the succinct re-statement of the research purpose, thesis or
hypotheses. Proceed by indicating whether or not the findings substantiate the original hypothesis or
thesis
  Evaluate of how the findings contribute to the paper without placing undue importance to negative
results should be included. The presentation must be proportionate

Writing the Summary

Summary
 An accurate, brief and concise outline of a special project, thesis or dissertation
 It maintains and communicates the meaning of the entire research report
 The general rule in writing the summary is that everything must be presented beforehand in the
manuscript, nothing new must be introduced

A simple acronym to remember in writing the summary in the IMRAD

I – Introduction
 Briefly states, in one sentence or two sentences, the issue or the gap that the study is attempting to
address
 The problem statement and objectives are then paraphrased and similarly written in one or a few
sentence

M – Methods
 One or two paragraphs how the study was done
 Briefly describes the research design, setting, sampling procedure, data gathering techniques and
instruments used statistical tools and treatment of data.

R – Results
 Briefly described the findings to the research question and its specific objectives
 “Forest before the trees” approach
 Usually begin with their individual general statements or topic sentences which may come in a
sentence or two to introduce the subject of the paragraph
 Succeeding sentences, in two sentences or three, provide the details of the topic sentence
 Tables and figures are not required in the summary

A – And
 Signals the last part of the summary

D – Discussion
 Student’s results are compared with those of other studies
 It provides a brief statement of how the student’s results either agrees with (corroborates) extends,
refines, or conflicts with the other results

Other rules in Writing the Summary

a. Written in the third person and active form
b. Informative rather than descriptive to ensure brevity of the section
c. References are not written in the summary
d. Acronyms should not be sued in the summary
Writing the Conclusion

Conclusion
 Reaffirms the thesis statement
 Discusses the issues
 Renders a final judgment regarding the research problem
 It wraps up what has been discussed in the entire paper, and reiterates and restates the main
arguments of the entire paper
 The approach used is justified, the contributions of the research to a field of knowledge is claimed and
made clear by the researcher, and future trends on how to go forward for further research are
forecasted

The chapter seeks to:

1. Tie together, integrate and synthesize the various issues raised in the results and discussions sections,
while reflecting the statement of the problem, objectives and the methods by which the objectives are
attained
2. Provide answers to the problem and objectives
3. Highlights the contribution to the field of study while at the same time citing its limitations
4. Identify the conceptual/theoretical and policy implications of the study with respect to the overall study
area
5. Provide direction and areas for future research

Writing a Recommendations

 Mainly present suggestions on new areas of research

 Ideas on how to make follow through studies on what you have unearthed
 Explores avenues by which findings can be placed in the arena of discussion and actions relative to
polices, programs and projects
 Mainly data-based and are taken in recognition of the strengths and limitations of the study particularly
in scope/dimensions and methods used
 May be stated in terms of three basic categories/purposes:
1. For improving future similar research involving dimensions/scope of the topic and the methods use
2. Implications to policy
3. Implications to select groups of persons, organizations, programs or projects with which the results
of the study have bearing or can be beneficial

Source
 http://valmikiacademy.com/module-five-writing-chapter-5/