Scribd
Upload
330 views88 pages

Untitled

Uploaded by

Neil Montero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
330 views88 pages

Untitled

Uploaded by

Neil Montero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives cil The first and second derivatives of a function are the tools of calculus used to find the smallest and the largest values of the function and to determine the behavior of its graph, Increasing and Decreasing Functions Definition Ifthe graph of a function rises from left to right over an interval I itis said to be increasing over I. Ifthe graph drops from left to right over an interval I, it is said to be decreasing over I. Mathematically, A function is increasing over an interval I, if for every a and 6 in I, a f(b). Examples of the graphs of increasing functions. (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 81 MSA Introduction to Calculus Examples of the graphs of decreasing functions. fO--4- * 4 a a) Name the intervals for which the function is increasing. b) Over what interval is the function decreasing? ©) Over what intervals is the derivative positive? (To determine this, decide on which interval the slope of the tangent line will be positive.) 4) Over what interval is the derivative negative? (To determine this, decide on which interval the slope of the tangent line will be negative.) 82 MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Application of Derivatives Chapter 4 Derivatives can be used to determine whether a function is increasing or decreasing: (i) if f"(x)> 0, forall in an intervall, then f is increasing on I. ii) if f"(x)< 0, forallx in an intervall, then f is decreasing onl. (iii) if f'(x)= 0, forallx in an intervall, then f is constant onl. Critical Numbers Definition A critical number of a function is any number cin the domain of f at which the function has a horizontal tangent or at which the derivative does not exist. That is, c is a critical number of the graph of f if fi(c)=0 or — f'(c) does not exist. Critical numbers are values of x where the derivative f (x) can change signs from negative to positive Ifthe critical numbers of a polynomial function are used to determine the open inter- vals ona number line, then the sign of the derivative at any number in an interval will be the same all throughout the interval. The following are the steps to test whether the function is increasing or decreasing, provided that no open interval exists where the function is constant. 1. Find the values of x for which f(x) = 0 or f (x) does not exist. Plot these points on anumber line. These points partition the real number line into several open intervals. . Pick a value of x in each interval and test whether f(x) > 0 or f(x) <0. 3. If f(z) > 0, the function is increasing over that interval, and it is decreasing if Fi) < 0. “MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE, 83 MSA Introduction to Calculus Example 1 Given f(x) =x° + 6x? + 9x a) Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing. b) Locate all points where the tangent line is horizontal, ©) Graph the function Solution a) If f(x) =x + 6x? + 9x and f(x) = 3x7 + 12x +9 setting f(x) =0 we have 3x? +12x+9=0 3(r+3)(c+1)=0 x=-3 and x=-1 Since there is no value of x where f (x) fails to exist, the only critical numbers are ~3 and -1. Locate x = -3 and x = -1 on a number line. The points -3, 3, -D and (+1, &). determine the three intervals namely, (~ Graph of the intervals: i ‘Test Test Test Point Point Point Now choose any value xin the interval (~ 84 MSA AcAbEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives Example 2 Choosing x=-5 gives f(-5) = 3(-5 + 3) (-5 + 1) =3 (-2)( -4) = 24, which is positive. Since one value of x in this interval makes f(x) > 0, all values will make it so, and therefore f is increasing on (~co,—3). On the other hand, if -2 is used as a test point in the interval (~3, —1), then Sf (-2) = 3(-2 +3) (-24+1 (1)(-1) =-3, which is negative. This means that f is decreasing on (~3,-1). Using 5 as a test point in the interval (~1, co), we have f'(5) = 3(5 +3) (5 + 1) =3 (8)( 6) = 144 which is positive. This means that f is increasing on (~1, «). Since a horizontal line has a slope of 0, horizontal tangents can be found by solving for f(x) =[Link] shown above, f(x) =0 when x=~3 and -1. Now, we have anew tool in graphing polynomial functions in addition to the plotting of several points, that is, the test for determining the open intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing. 3+ 6x? + 9x is as follows: (c) The graph of the function f(x) Given f (x) = 2x3 — 15x? + 36x -24 a) Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing. b) Locate all points where the tangent line is horizontal. c) Graph the function. (MESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 85 MSA Introduction to Caleulus Solution a) f(x) = 2x3 ~ 15x? + 36x -24 P(x) = 6x? — 30x + 36 Io find the critical numbers, set this derivative equal to 0 and solve the resulting equation by factoring. 6x? — 30x + 36 = 0 6(x* =5x+6) =0 6(x-2)(x-3)=0 2 or x=3 ‘The tangents are horizontal at x = 2 and x =3. There is no value of x where f (2) fails to exist. The only critical numbers are 2 and 3. To determine where the function is increasing or decreasing, test a point on each interval as partitioned by x =2 and x=3: Test x =0, a point on the interval (—s0, 2) f° (0) = 6-2) (0-3) = 6(-2)(-3) = 36, which is positive. Therefore the graph is increasing on (—o, 2) Test x = 2.5, a point on the interval (2, 3): J" (2.5) = 6(2.5—2) (2.5~ 3) = 6(0.5)(-0.5) =~ 1.5, which is negative. ‘Therefore the graph is decreasing on (2, 3). ‘Test x = 4, a point on the interval (3, 0) f"(4) = 6(4-2) (4-3) = 6(2)(1) = 12, which is positive. ‘Therefore the graph is increasing on (3, co), (b) The slope of the tangent line is 0 atx=2 and at x Note that f (2) = 2(2)? — 15(2)? + 36(2) - 24=4 and £3) = 20) - 1503)? + 36(3) - 24 86 MSA AcApEMIc ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives ‘The behavior of the graph in each interval is as follows Test Test Test Point Point Point c) The graph of f(x) = 2x3 - 15x* + 36x ~24 is as follows: (ESA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 87 MSA Introduction to Calculus This derivative is never 0, and it fails to exist when x = 2. However 2 is not a critical number since f(x) does not exist atx =2; thatis, 2 is notin the domain of f. Thus, the function has no critical numbers. Since the line x= 2 is a vertical asymptote for the graph of fit separates the domain into two intervals (co, 2) and (2, «). Functions can change direction from one side of a vertical asymptote to the other. Using a test point in each of these intervals, we find that f'(x) is always negative for all x except 2. This means that the function f is decreasing on both intervals, (2, 2) and (2, ~). Since x+1 lim xo 02 the graph has a horizontal asymptote at y = 1. With the above information, plotting the intercepts and a few points on either side of the vertical asymptote gives the graph shown in figure A. Figure A 88 MSA Acavemic ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives Find the largest open interval where the functions graphed as follows are increasing or decreasing. ‘The Shape Principle Suppose f is a continuous function over an interval [a, b] that has a finite number of critical points c,, ¢,, Cy €,- Then, consecutively, between the endpoints and the critical points 4, Cy, Cy Cy» the function is either increasing or decreasing. Finding the Absolute Maximum and the Absolute Minimum ‘A function f(x) is said to reach its absolute maximum at x =x, if f(xo) = f(x) for allxin the domain of f(x). We call the value f(x,) the absolute maximum. (MESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 89 MSA Introduction to Calculus A function f(x) is said to reach its absolute minimum at x=x, if f (xo) < f(x) for all x in the domain of f(x). We call the value f(x,) the absolute minimum. Find the points at which absolute maximum and minimum values occur of [a, b] y ‘The Extreme-Value Theorem A function f continuous over a closed interval [a, 6] must have both an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum value at points in (a, 5] This theorem is illustrated in the following graphs. Absolute minimum a) A continuous function _b) A discontinuous function _€) A discontinuous function over a closed interval over closed interval with over an open interval with shat has extreme values. no extreme value. no extreme value 90 MSA AcaDEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives Maximum-Minimum Principle I Suppose fis a continuous function over an interval [a, b]. To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function on [a, b]: i) First find f'(x) ii) Then find the critical numbers. That is, find all numbers ¢ for which fi(c)=0 or — f'(c) does not exist. iii) Determine the endpoints and crictical numbers of f on the interval, C1 €25 C31 Cy os On B iv) Find the function values at the numbers in part (iit): F(a). Fler Fer) Fes F(cah Fen) FO) The largest of these is the absolute maximum of fon the interval (a, b]. The smallest of these is the absolute minimum of fon the interval [a, b] Example 4 Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f if they exist, over the given interval: f(x) = x? - 5x -36; [-8, 8] Solution Since the given function is continuous on [-8,8], therefore, it has both an absolute minimum and an absolute maximum within the indicated interval. oS 5-36 Determine tlie critical numbers. | S'(z) = 2x-5, 3 which is zero only at x = 5 in [-8, 8] - Including the two endpoints, our list of values of x that can yield extrema of f 5 consist of 8, 5, 8. Evaluating the function at each value of x, we have © absolute maximum < absolute minimum Figure 1 (ASA. AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 91 MSA Introduction to Calculus Example 5 Solution Example 6 Solution Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f if they exist, over the 1; on[-3, 0] given interval: f(x) = (x + 2)? x |3|2]-1] 0] 1 : y |2]}-1| 0] 7 [26 i) Find f'(x): f'(x)=3(x + 2)? ii) Find the critical numbers by setting f'(x) = 0. Then solve for x. 3(x +2)? =0 = x=-2 iii) The critical numbers and the endpoints | are -3, -2 and 0. { iv) Find the values of f (x) at these points. f (63) = 3 +2)3-1 =(-1)3 -15-2 absolute minimum, fC2)=(-2 +27 -1 =F F(0) = +2)? - 1 =(2)>-1=7 absolute maximum. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f if they exist, over the x+2/+3, bs.) given interval: f(x) =(e + 2)4+3 7 if x2-2 By definition, £6) = {Ee +2e3-x45 9 if x2 i Since if x2-2, f"(x)=-1 and if x<-2, f’(x) = 1, therefore f’(x) can 3 never be 0, and /“(— 2) does not exist. Therefore x = ~ 2 is the only critical number. Evaluating fat this critical number and the two endpoint yields: f(-5)=0 f(-2)=0 F(I)=0 92 MSA AcAvEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives ‘The absolute minimum value is 0 and occurs at x = 5 and x= 1. The absolute maximum value is 3, and occurs at x =—2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f if they exist, over the Example 7 given interval: f(x)=5; [-100, 100] Solution Sincein this case *(x)=0 for every. it implies that this is a constant function. iBeeo| Therefore there is neither a minimum nor a maximum value. Example 8 Find the absolute maximum and minimum values off if they exist, over the 3 giveninterval: (x)= 23 [1,6] x 2/3/4/5/6 3 [32[ 1 [3[35[12. 3 = is continuous in the interval [1, 6] Solution — g(x When &' endpoints. (ASA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 93 ASA Introduction to Caleutus Exercises 1. State whether the given function attains a maximum value, a minimum value, or both over the given interval. a) f(x) 44x35 [-4 4] 9 s(@x)=vr-5 5 [-2,8] lett b) f(x) = 4x - 13 (-2, 3) a) f(x) 3s (1 8] cee) ) f(x)ext 42x 415 (-15) » fO)= a) f=] x41] 5 0-33] ) f(%)= 3 (5.17) 3 (1 4] dD re) = (40) ) F(x) x-1 2. Find the maximum or minimum values obtained by the given function over the indicated interval. a) f(x) =4x - 5; [-6, 2] 9 f()ayer1 0-40 b) f(x) =16 - x; (4,7) Wh) f(x) =5fx — 8; [-24, 40] .) f@)=x?-8;2, 8] ) f(x) =Y2x +33 [ -30, 12] 8 o)=G- 9 ES 9] dD F)=z Es Lod] ° —LrC ” 9 f(x) =2x7 +5x+2;4 10] 0 FO) 94 (MESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives 3. Find the locations of the absolute extrema (absolute minimum or maximum values) for the functions with graphs as follows. FO) 4.2 Finding the Absolute Maximum and the Absolute Minimum Using the Second Derivatives ‘The graphs of two functions fand g are shown in the figures A and B on the next page. The graph of f is turning upward, while the graph of g is turning downward. Look at the behavior of the tangent lines drawn in each graph. In f the slopes of the tangent lines are increasing, That is, f(x) is inereasing, thus f(x) is positive over the interval. In the graph of g the slopes of the tangent lines are decreasing. That is, g’(.x) is decreasing. Thus g(x) is negative, so the graph is decreasing over the interval JMSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 95 MSA Introduction to Calculus y + aa bale Oa bale FG increasing i Fl decreasing > Figure A Figure B Concavity of a Graph We use the first derivative to show where the function is increasing or decreasing and where the extrema occur. The second derivative gives the rate of change of the first derivative; it indicates how fast the function is increasing or decreasing. The rate of change of the first derivative affects the behavior of the curve. ‘A function is concave upward over an interval (a, b) ifthe graph of the function lies above its tangent line at each point of (a, 5). A function is concave downward over (a, b) ifthe graph of the function lies below its tangent line at each point of (a, 6). Apoint where the graph changes its concavity is called a point of inflection. Fe) point of inflection ‘downward Functions can either be increasing or decreasing over an interval, and can either be concave upward or concave downward over an interval. Here are some examples of these combinations, 96 (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives SO) Se) Concave downward decreasing increasing Coneave upward Suggested ways to remember the concavity of the curves. 1. Onan interval, we say that a graph is concave upward if it “holds water” and concave downward if it“ spills water”. f° )> 0: “holds water”, concave up FH) <0: “spills water”, concave down 2. Use a mnemonic device to remember the Second Derivative Test. Since persons who have a positive attitude have a smiling face, and those with a negative attitude have a sad face, by analogy, a function with a positive second derivative has a “smiling” concave-up graph, while the one with a negative second derivative has a “sad” concave-down graph. (MSA AcapeMic ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE °7 MSA Introduction to Calculus Test for Concavity Let f bea function with derivatives /* and /"' existing at all points over the interval (a,b). Itis said to be concave up over the interval (a, b), if f"(x)>0 for all xin (a, 6) and concave down on (a, b) if f(x) <0 for all x in (a, 5). ‘A point of inflection ot an inflection point is a point across which the direction of the concavity changes. The second derivative is 0 or does not exist at a point of inflection for a function . Example 1 Find the critical points of tx) =x° Solution f(x) =x5 => "(x)= 5x4, 80 f"(x) is always positive. Therefore, ‘fis increasing throughout the interval except at x = 0. f"(x)= 20x37. The function has a possible point of inflection when S"(x)=0, that is at x = 0. Over (—~,0), (2) is concave down since f"(x)<0. On (0, 0), f (x) is concave up since f"(x)>0. Hence, (f has a point of inflection at x =0, since Jf changes its direction at x Just knowing the values of f'(x) and f(x) at some point, for instance, x,, can give sufficient information about the shape of the graph over the interval (a, ) containing x, as an interior point. 98 MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives ee Effect on the graph Shape of the graph at x =x9 atx =o - S'(x9 )>0 (fis increasing at x9. The graph of 7 fx) 1 J is concave up (over some interval ’ conta "(x9 )>0 taining X 9). : L : fix) : F'(%0)>9 Fis increasing at x». The graph of - ' f is concave down. F"(%0 )<0 ——__1 +x , fix) xq )<0 : fo) fis decreasing at x. The graph of Qo fis concave up. ! F"(x9 )>0 : S'(x0)<0 Ff is decreasing at x , The graph of veo ' f is concave down. F"(x9 <0 Ss ol ~o PR fe) P(eq )=0 7 ismegative tothe left of zo and \ 5 e positive to the right of xo. The graph of f is concavé up. 1 —) 1x f"(xq )>0 a 7 oe y S'(x0)=0 Ff ‘is positive to the left of x9 and TY flx) 6. negative to the right of x9. The t S"(x9) 0 andarelative maximum point when a < 0. a) f(x) = 6x? -7x - 5 a) f (x) =3x? +6x - b) f(x) =-4x? +12x - 9 ©) f(x) =-3x7 + 18x -15 ©) f(x) = 9 + 4x — 2x7 ) f(x) = 2x? - 2x - 6. Each of the graphs of the following functions has one relative maximum and one relative minimum. Plot these two points and check the concavity at that point. Sketch the graph using only this information. a) f(x) =2x3 + 14x? + 20x b) f(x) =2x3 - 3x? — 36x + 20 2 3 4x? 45x +6 &) f(x) = 4) f(x) = 11+ 9x -3x27- 29 7. Sketch the following curves, indicating all relative extreme points and inflection points. a) f(x) = x3 + 3x? - 24x + 5 3 2 b) f(x) = x4 - 4x3 - 18x? + 12x +7 ©) f(x) =-3x3 - 3x7 4 9x + 6 d) f(x) = x44 2x3 - 12x? + 48x +5 106 (ASA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 4 Application of Derivatives 8. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions, taking into consideration their described properties. a) f(2)=1; f'(2) = 0, concave down for all x. b) £(-3) = 0; f'(e)< 0 forx <-3, f(x) >0 for x > -3. ©) f(4)=1; f(x) >0 for x< 4, f'(4)=0 and f(z) >0 for x> 4. 4) (3, —2) and ( 2, 6) are on the graph; f'(-3) = 0 and f'(2) = 0 f'(x)>0 for x <0; f"(0)=0, f"(z) <0 for x>0. e) (-1,5) (1, 2) and (3,1) are on the graph; S'(-1) = 0 and f'(3) = 0 S"(x)<0 for x <1; f"(l)=0, f(x) >0 for x>1. 9, Use the given information to make a good sketch of the function f (x) near x= 8. a) £8) =15 FB) = - 4, FO) =3 b) £(8)=-3; £8) = 0, #8) =1 o) £(8)=45 4) £(8)=5; f’(8) = 0, inflection point at x=8, f'(x)> 0 for x > 8 e) £(8)=8; f"(8) = 2, inflection point atx=8, f'(x)< 0 for x>8. 10. If f (x) = ax} + bx?, determine a and b so that the graph of f will have a point of inflection at (0, 1). LL. If f(x) = ax? + bx? + cx, determine a, b, and ¢ so that the graph of f will have a point of inflection at (1, 2) and that the slope of the inflectional tangent will be -2, (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 107 JASA Introduction to Calculus 12. Draw aportion of the graph ofa function through the point] where x=c, given the conditions that f is continuous on some open interval containing ¢ and f'@)>Oifxe, and f"(x) <0ifx>c. 13. Draw a portion of the graph of a function through the point where x=c, given the conditions that is continuous || on some open interval containing ¢ and S'@) 0ifx>c, f"(@)>0ifxe. 14, Draw a portion of the graph of a function through the point where x=c, given the conditions that f is continuous on some open interval containing ¢ and (bo) f (eo) oc ee ee 15. Find the point of inflection of the graph of f(x) = 3x? — 12x +9. 108 ASA Acavemic ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 5 Maxima-Minima Problems One of the most important applications of the derivative is in the solving of maximum- minimum problems, where some function must be maximized or minimized. Finding the extrema (absolute minimum or absolute maximum) for real-life problems requires an accurate mathematical model of the problem Suppose the function fis continuous over the interval / containing the number c. If f(c) is a relative extremum of fon / and c is the only number in J for which fhas a relative extremum, then f(c) is an absolute extremum of fon I. Suggestions for solving an optimization problem 1 2. Read and analyze the problem carefully. Draw apicture, if possible. Label the various parts. Decide which variable is to be maximized or minimized. Express that variable as a function of one other variable. Find the critical points for the function from step 3. The critical points are the values that would make the first derivative equal to 0. The critical point is maximum if it makes the second derivative negative. It is minimum if it makes the second derivative positive. Check for the extrema at any endpoint of the domain of the function in step 3. Example I Find two positive real numbers x and y such that their sum is 100 and their product is as large as possible. Solution x+y=100 Domain: (0, 100] To find the critical points, y=100-x set P'(x) = 0 and find x. P'(x)= 100 - 2x = 0 Let P be the product then x= 50 Pax P=x(100-x) andy = 100 — P=100x-x? (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 109 MSA Introduction to Caleulus Find the second derivative: P(x) = 10002x => P"(x Since P"(x) is always negative,therefore x = 50 is where the relative maximum occurs. Since x= 50 is the only critical number of the function on [0, 100], then x = 50 is where the function has its absolute maximum. Therefore, the product is maximum when x=50 and y= 50. ‘The maximum product is 2500. Example 2 The product of two positive numbers is 2304. Find the numbers so that their sum is a minimum. Solution Let the numbers bex andy. — xy = 2304 > Let S$ be the sum then S=xty s=x+ 2M x Domain: (0, 2304] ‘To find the critical points, set §'(x)=0, and find x. a(p) = 4608 se 4608 : 5"(48) = —] = — (48)° 24 110 MSA. AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 5. Maxima-Minima Problems Example 3 Solution Example 4 Solution Since $(48) > 0, Shas a relative minimum at x = 48. Since x = 48 is the only critical number of Son (0, 2304], then S has an absolute minimum at x= 48. Therefore, the sum is minimum when x=48 and y= 48. The difference between two numbers is 18. Find the numbers so that their product is a minimum. Let x be the first number (x + 18) be the second number y be the product of the numbers then: ya x(x+18) yo x + 18x Domain: (2, 20) To find the critical points, set y'(x) = 0 and find x. y'(x) = 2x +18=0 18 2 x+18=-9+18=9 9 Find the second derivative: y(x)=2x+18 => y"(x)=2 Since y"(x) > 0,x=—9 is a relative maximum; and x =—9 is the only critical number of y. Therefore, the product is minimum when x=—9 and y= 9. The product is -81 ‘The sum of one number and three times the second number is 48. What numbers should be selected so that their product is as large as possible? Let —_y be the first number x be the second number P be the product The equation: y+ 3x=48 ya 48 3x then P= xy =x(48—3x) = 48x— 3x? (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE m1 MSA Introduction to Calculus Domain: (~20, 0) To find the critical points, set P'(x) = 0 and find x. P(x) = 48 - 6x = 0 x=8 y = 48~3()= 24 -6x => PxX)=-6 Find the second derivative: P'(x is the only critical number, therefore x= 8 Since P"(x) <0 and x= gives the absolute maximum. Thus, the product is maximum when x =8 and y=24, The maximum product is 192. Example 5 Given arectangle with perimeter 864, find the largest possible area. Solution Let | be the length w_ be the width P= 21+2w = 864 1+ w = 432 w = 432-1 then Area = lw 4=1(432-1) A= 437-7 Domain: (0, 432) To find the critical points, set A'(/) =0 and find/. A‘) =432-21=0 1= 432 +2=216 w= 432 — 216 = 216 112 (SA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 5 Maxima-Minima Problems Example 6 Solution Example 7 Solution Find the second derivative: A"(/)= Since A"(/)> 0 and /=216 is the only critical number, therefore /=216 gives the absolute maximum. The largest rectangle formed is a square of dimensions 216 by 216. The largest area is 46 656 sq. units. A farmer has 800 m of fencing material to enclose a rectangular pen adjacent to a long existing wall. He will use the wall for one side of the pen and the available fencing material for the remaining three sides. What is the maximum area that can be enclosed this way? Let: x = bethe length of the two sides, (800- 2x) - be the length of the third side, A - bethe area ae ‘yall A = x(800- 2x) A = 80x - 2x? x x Domain: (0, 400] To find the critical points, set 4'= 0 and find x 300~2e At= 800-4x =0 x= 200 and 800-2x= 400 Find the second derivative: a" = —4 Since A" is always negative, A has a relative maximum at x = 200, which is the only critical number of A. Ahas an absolute maximum at x= 200. The maximum area is 80 000 m?. A rectangular box has a square base with edges at least 10 em long. It has no top, and the total area of its five sides is 600 cm? What is the maximum. volume of the box? Let x - be the length of the sides of the square base h ~ be the height of the box Abase + Aa sides = 600 x? +4(xh) = 600 (MESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 113 JASA Introduction to Calculus ; i. veynra- (ae) 00x= 2? ax Since the side x of the base with an area less than 600 cm? is at least 10, the domain can have a value from 10 to less than 600 = 10V6 or [10, 10 6). To find the critical points, set V‘(x) = 0 and find x. v(x) = 150-5 pees ax 32 = 150 — 600 = 200 x? = 200 (02) 52 x=10/3 Find the second derivative: = v'(10/2 ) Since V"(x) <0, x= 10,f2 is arelative maximum. Test the endpoints: 3 x=10: v19) = 800(10)= G0)" _ 1950 4 : oe vege) = snlioss)-love) _ Therefore, the volume is maximum when. x= 10 {2 2 = 200(5f2) = 1000/2 om?. ‘The maximum volume of the box is V (x 14 (MESA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter $ Maxima-Minima Problems Example 8 A rectangle with a fixed perimeter of 64 units is rotated about one of its sides, thus sweeping out a figure in the shape of a right circular cylinder. What is the maximum volume of that cylinder? Solution Let r be one side of the rectangle and h be the other side. ‘Therefore, 2r + 2h = 64 h=32- Volume of the cylinder formed is: Ve=nrh = a (32-7) = 32a? — ar Domain: (0, 32] To find the critical points, set V'=0 and find r. V = 32nr? - ar VW! = G4nr - 3nr? ye 0 = ar(64-3r) 3 32 So r=0 = 3 (this is not a solution) Find the second derivative: = 64x ~ 6ar => v(%) = 64x ~6n{ 64 5 Since y" is always negative, r = =~ isthe relative maximum. Test the endpoints: 0: V = 32n(0)? - x(0)° = 0 r= 32; V = 32n(32)? — 2(32)7 = 0 Therefore, volume is maximum when 7 * The maximum volume is 2 0 V =n G2-n= +($) (2- $) pigee cu. units (MESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 115 ASA Introduction to Calculus Example 9 A commuter train carries 600 passengers each day from a town to a city. A one-way trip costs P100 per person. Market research reveals that 10 fewer people would ride the train with every P1 increase in the fare. What fare should be charged to get the largest possible revenue? Solution The goal is to maximize the revenue. [revenue, R] = [number of passengers, »][ price per ticket, x] R= nx number of original number number of passengers passengers of passengers lost due to fare increase 600 - 10 (x - 100) 600 ~ 10x + 1000 1600 - 10x The number of passengers lost due to the fare increase was obtained by multiplying the number of pesos in the fare increase (x — 100), by the number of passengers lost for every peso fare increase. ee R = (1600 ~ 10x)x R = 1600x ~ 10x? Domain: [ 0, 160 ] To find the critical points, set R' = 0 and solve for x. R’= 1600 20x = 0 20x = 1600 x = P80 Then, ifx= P80 R = 1600(80) — 10(80)? = 64 000 Find the second derivative: R' = 1600-20x => R" = ~-20 Since R"<0, Rhasarelative maximum at x=80. Test the endpoints: R = 1600(0) - 10(0)? = 0 x= 160: R = 1600(160) — 10(160)? = 0 Therefore, revenue is maximum when the price is P80. Thus if the price per ticket is decreased from P100 to P80, revenue will increase from P60 000 to P64 000. 116 MSA. AcApEMIc ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 5 Maxima-Minima Problems Example 10 An open rectangular box is to be constructed by cutting square corners out of a 16 by 16 om piece of cardboard and folding up the flaps. Find the value of x for which the volume of the box will be as large as possible. Solution Let x be the length of the square edge to be cut Volume = Area of the base x height V = (16 — 2x)? x (256 — 64x + 4x?)x 16 256x — 64x? + 4x° v Domain: [0, 8] To find the critical points, set V'=0 , and find x. ‘V = 256x - 64x? + 4x? V'= 256 -128x + 12x? = 0 4(sx? -32x+64)=0 4(3r-8)(x-8)=0 x and x = 8 8 2 Itx=5 v=(is-2(8)} (3) 3G 8192 27 Ifx=8: v =(16-2(8))?(8)=0 8 isnot an acceptable value Find the second derivative: vevaee- 28-2 v(2)=2(2)-a8 = MSA AcabEMiIc ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 47 ASA Introduction to Calculus Example 11 Since y" <0, V has a relative maximum at x = : Test the endpoints: x=0: V = 256(0) — 64(0)? + 4(0)°= 0 x= 8: V = 256(8) — 64(8)* + 4(8)°= 0 8 ‘Therefore, the volume is maximum when x= 3 ‘A 10-m wire is cut in two pieces. One piece is used to form a circle, the other to forma square. How should the wire be cut so that the sum of the areas of the circle and the square is a minimum? Solution Let x bethe piece to be made into a circle. 10 —x be the piece to be made into a square. C=2mre=x P=4s=10-x x 10 rat s 2n Domain: (0, 10] A =Acicle + Asquare =m +s? x), (-x = af >| + 2n 4 oe 100 — 20x-+ x? a| 2 |+| — an? 16 eee See 16 4&4 4°16 A 18 MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 5 Maxima-Minima Problems for A'= 0: C2 Qn 4 8 x x 2 ae Qn 8 4 x(4+n) _5 8x 4 10x x A+n lox tx , then the total area is a( 20%.) - _25_. 44m 44+n) 44+0 1 i _ m+ + Qn 8 Bn Find the second derivative: A’ Since A" >0, then A hasarelative minimum atx = + + ‘Test the endpoints: a OF 25 =0: A(0) = pos : 0) = ae 4 ato) = 2% , 8 x= 10: an 44 ia s 10% ‘Therefore, the total area is minimum when x= 4 Example 12, MSA Publishing sells its College Entrance Tests Reviewer books at a Wholesale price of P200 per copy. If the total printing cost (in pesos) for x units is C(x) = 500 000 + 80x + 0.003x? and if its production capacity is at most 30 000 copies over a specified time, how many copies of review books must be sold within that period to maximize profit? Solution Since the total revenue for selling x copies is R(x) = 200x, the profit P(x) from x units will be P(x) = R(x) - CQ) = 200x — [500 000 + 80x + 0.003x? } (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 119 ASA Introduction to Cateulus Since the printing capacity is at most 30 000 copies, x must lie within the interval [0, 30 000]. To find the critical points, set P'= 0 and find x. P'(x) = 200 - 80 — 0.006x 0 = 120 - 0,006x 0.006x = 120 x = 20000 copies Since this critical number lies within the interval [0, 30 000], the maximum profit must occur at one of the following points with the corresponding profit: 0 P(0) = - 500 000 20 000 P(20 000) = 700 000 = 30 000 P(30 000) = 400 000 ‘Therefore, the profit is maximum ifx=20 000. Example 13 A farmer is at a point on a riverbank. He wants to get to his cabin, located 3 km north and 8 km east. He can travel 5 kph along the river but only 3 kph. ‘over very rocky road. How far upriver should he go in order to reach the cabin in the shortest time? ; cabin (pga Solution Let: 8 ~x be the distance the farmer has to travel upriver ax? + 9. be the distance the farmer has to travel over rocky road. Domain: [0, 8] time = distance + rate 120 MSA. AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 5 Maxima-Minima Problems Protat = Triver + Tron d, d, river 4 road a a Sia | Nae 3 To B-E 4d (a9)? To find the critical point, set T’=0 and find x. (2 49) 2 (2) 3 = km uprivi a ipriver (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 24 JASA Introduction to Calculus Example 14 A piece of wire 40-cm long is to be bent to form a right angle. Where should the vertex be to minimize the distance between the two loose ends? Solution Let: ox be the length of the first segment 40 —x be the length of the other segment y be the square of the distance between the two loose ends = 40 - x)? pax? + (40-2) a Domain: [0, 40] ed To find the critical points, set y' = 0 and find x a ae = 2x + 2( 40-x)(-1) 40— 2x - 80+ 2x=0 . 4x — 80 ~ ee Ifx=20: y= (20)? + (40 ~ 20 )?= 800 Find the second derivative: y’=4x-80 => y"=4 Since y" is always positive, y has a relative minimum at x = 20. Test the endpoints: x=0: y = (0) + (40 - 0)? = 1600 40: y = (40)? + (40 - 40)? = 1600 Therefore, the distance is minimum if the vertex of the right triangle is at the middle of the wire. Example 15 An efficiency study of the morning shift at a factory indicates that the average worker who arrives on the job at 6:00 am will have produced Q(t) =-1° + 917 + 12¢ units ¢ hours later. At what time during the morning is the worker performing most efficiently? Solution The worker’s rate of production is the derivative R(t) = Of) = 3? + 180 +12 of the output function Q(/). Assuming that the morning shift runs from 6:00 a.m. until noon, the goal is to find the absolute maximum of thefunction R(1) over the closed interval 0 <¢< 6. The derivative of R is 122 MSA. AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE, Chapter 5 Maxima-Minima Problems R(t) = O"(t) = 6 +18 which is zero when t= RO)=12—-RGB)=39_——-R()=12 . Comparing the values of the production-rate function at the critical value and endpoints, you can conclude that the rate of production will be greatest and the worker performing most efficiently when ¢=3, that is, at 9:00 a.m, when the worker is performing at the rate of 39 units per hour. Exercises Number Problems 1 10, u Find two numbers whose sum is 640 and whose product is as large as possible. Find two numbers whose sum is 8, such that the sum of their squares is a minimum, Find two positive numbers with sum 75, such that the product of one times the square of the other is a maximum. ‘The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 2. Find the minimum possible value of the sum of their cubes. ‘The sum of one number and three times the second number is 30. What numbers should be selected so that their product is as large as possible? Find numbers x and y such that x + y= 60 and xy is maximized. Find a positive number that exceeds its reciprocal by the maximum amount. Find a positive number which when added to its reciprocal gives the maximum sum. ‘The sum of two numbers is x. Find the numbers if the product of one by the cube of the other is to be a maximum, Separate 64 into two parts such that the sum of their squares is a maximum. Divide 64 into two parts such that the product of one of them plus the cube of the other isamaximum, TMLSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 123 MSA Introduction to Calculus 12, 13 14, 15 16, 17. 18, 19. 20. Find the number that exceeds its fourth power by the largest amount. What is the greatest amount by which a real number can exceed its square? Maximize f= xy?, where x and y are positive numbers, such that x+y? Minimize f = x?+y?, where x+y = 16. Find a positive number, such that the sum of its reciprocal and five times its square is a minimum. What is the smallest sum that can be obtained by adding a positive number and its reciprocal? Find a positive integer such that this integer added to 25 times its reciprocal isaminimum, ‘The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 10. Find the minimum possible value of the sum of their cubes. ‘The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 16. Find the minimum value of the sum of their cubes. Geometry 1 Find the dimensions of a rectangle with a perimeter of 144 cm that will produce the maximum area. ‘What is the maximum area of a rectangle that has sides along the positive x-axis and y-axis and lies below the line 3x + 2y = 1? What is the area of the largest rectangle that can be drawn in a circle of radius 8? What is the area of the largest rectangle that can be drawn in a semicircle of radius a? A rectangular box with square bottom and top is to contain 8 cubic meters. What dimensions of the box will yield the least surface area? A box manufacturer is to produce a closed box of fixed volume whose base is a rectangle having a length three times its width. Find the most economical dimensions, 124 GSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 5 Maxima-Minima Problems 7. From a square sheet of cardboard 40 cm by 40 om, square corners are cut out so the sides can be folded up to make a box. What dimensions will yield a box of maximum volume? 8. From a thin sheet of metal 50 cm by 50 cm, square corners are cut out so the sides can be folded up to make a box. What dimensions will yield a box of maximum volume? 9. A rectangular box with an open top is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24.0m by 9 om by cutting out small squares in the four corners and folding up the edges. What dimensions would maximize its volume? 10. An open box with a square bottom is to be built so that its volume is 64 [Link]. ‘The bottom is to be made with material costing P6/dm*, while the four rectangular sides is to be made with material costing P1.50. What dimensions of the box would minimize the cost of the material? 11, A water tank is to be constructed to hold 225 cubic meters of water. The tank has a square base and four vertical sides, all made of concrete, and a square top made of steel. If the steel costs twice as much per unit area as concrete, determine the dimensions of the tank which will minimize the total cost of the construction. 12. A 48-cm piece of string is cut in two pieces. One piece is used to form a circle and the other to form a square. How should a string be cut so that the sum of the areas is aminimum? 13. A farmer wants to build a fence around a rectangular lot in a riverbank using 120 meters of fencing materials, There is no fence in the riverside. Find the dimension of the rectangular. 14. A rectangular ad billboard is to contain 150 square meters of printed area. The margins at the top and bottom must be 1.5 meters each. Each margin at the side must be 1 inch. ‘What dimensions of the billboard would minimize its area? 15. A rectangular pen is being constructed to hold pigs and goats. The wall between the pigs and the goats must be stronger than the outer fence. The wall costs P1 800 per meter where the fence costs P600 per meter. The total area enclosed must be 16 000 square meters. What dimensions would minimize the cost? 16. Find the relative dimensions of a right circular cylinder with a top and a bottom if the volume is fixed and the total area is to be a minimum. MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 125 ASA Introduction to Calculus 17. Find the relative dimensions of a right circular cylinder with an open top ifthe volume is fixed and the amount of material used is to be a minimum. 18, Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a right triangle with base 30 cm and altitude 18 cm. if the base of the rectangle lies along the base of the triangle. 19. A gutter with a trapezoidal cross section is to be made from a long sheet of tin that is, 15 em wide by turning up one-third of the width on each side. What width across the top will give the greatest cross-sectional area? ? + 2x +3 that is closest to the 20. Find the point on the graph of the equation y = point (14, 9), 21. Find the point on the graph of the equation y? = 4x that is closest to the point (1, 0). 22. Find the point on the graph of the equation y= x”— 3x +2 that is closest to the point (6, 1). Show that the line through this closest point and (6,1) is perpendicular to the tangent line on the graph of the equation at this point. 23. An Indian teepee with the shape of a right circular cone is made by tying buffalo skin together at the top, poles 20 feet long, and then stretching buffalo skin over them. What dimensions of the teepee would give the maximum volume? 24, Aman onan island 16 km north of a straight shoreline must reach a point 30 km east of the closest point on the shore to the island. If he can row at a speed of 3 kph and walk ata speed of 5 kph, where should he land on the shore in order to reach his destination ‘as soon as possible? 25. Aship lies 10 km from a straight shoreline and 15 km farther down the shore. Another ship is anchored 20 km off shore. A boat leaves the first ship to land some passengers on shore and then proceeds to the second ship. What is the length of the shortest distance the boat can travel? Revenue and Profit 1. A bus company will transport 100 passengers or fewer on an excursion trip for P120 each. If there are more that 100 passengers, the company agrees to reduce the price of every ticket by 50 centavos for each passenger in excess of 100 (e.g. if there are 110 passengers, each fare is P 115). What number of passengers will produce the greatest revenue? 126 (MESA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter S Maxima-Minima Problems 1£20 000 people will watch a concert at an admission price of P100 each, and if for every 50 centavos added to the price, 500 fewer people will attend, determine the admission price that will give the maximum revenue. 3. A.150-room hotel in Global City will rent all its rooms if it charges P4000 per room. However, from experience, the manager know that for each P200-increase per room, three fewer rooms will be rented per night. Find the room rate that would maximize revenue per night. 4. MSA Educational Tours and Travel charges groups of individuals $300 per person, minus $3 for each extra person over a group of 40. It costs $2000 plus $120 per person to organize and conduct the tour. Find how many persons must join the tour to maximize profit 5. A tilapia grower purchased 4620 tilapia from a hatchery and placed them in his fishpond. The average weight of a young tilapia is 0.08 kg. Each gains on the average, 0.05 kg per week. However, 75 fish also die on the average per week. When should the owner harvest the fishpond to maximize the total weight of the tilapia? 6. Amanufacturer of printed T-shirts is selling 50 shirts at P400 per piece. However, it can sell the shirt at PS cheaper for each shirt in excess of 50. How many shirts must the be sold to maximize revenue? 7. A buffet restaurant charges P200 per person for a group of 60. But for each person in excess of 60, the charge for every person is reduced by P2. What number of persons in a group leads to maximum revenue for the restaurant? 8. Acar rental agency has 24 cars of identical models. The operations manager finds that at a price of P1000 per day, all the cars can be rented; however, for cach P100 increase, one of the cars is not rented. What should this car rental agency charge to maximize income? 9. A farm owner wants to hire workers to harvest 900 baskets of mangoes. Each worker can pick 5 baskets per hour and is paid P10 per basket. The farm owner must pay P100 per hour while the picking is in progress. He incurs additional miscellaneous expenses of P80 per worker. How many workers should he hire to minimize the total cost? What will then be the cost per basket picked? (JMGSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 127 JASA Introduction to Calculus 10. A printing press has eight machines, each of which has a speed of 3 600 prints per hour. It costs P50 to set up each machine for a run and (100 + 60m) pesos to run n machines for 1 hour. How many printing press machines should be used to produce 50 000 copies of calendars most profitably? Miscellaneous Problems: 1. The volume V (in cubic centimeters) of 1 kg of water at temperature T between 0°C and 30°C is very closely approximated by V = 999.87 — 0.06426 T + 0.085043 T? ~ 0.000679 T? ‘At what temperature does water have its maximum density? (density = mass+ volume) 2. Anefficiency study of the morning shift( from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon ) at a certain garment factory indicates that an average worker who arrives at 8:00 a.m. will have produced Q(t)=~ 17 ? 4 15¢ units ¢ hours later. 9 +a 2 a) At what time in the morning is the worker performing most efficiently? b) At what time in the morning is the worker performing least efficiently? 3. A truck is 300 km due east of a car and is traveling west at the constant speed of 30 kph. Meanwhile, the car is going north at the constant speed of 60 kph. At what time will the car and the truck be closest to each other? (Hint: You will simplify the calculation if you minimize the square of the distance between the car and the truck rather than the distance itself.) 4. Aman on an island 16 km north ofa stright shoreline must reach a point 30 km east of the closest point on the shore to the island. If he can row at a speed of 3 kph and jog ata speed of 5 kph, where should he Jand on the shore in order to reach his destination as soon as possible? 5. A food cannery must can beans in cylindrical containers each having a volume of 160 cubic inches. What are the dimensions of each can that would minimize its surface area? 128 “MESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 6 Differentials 6.1 Differe We have used dy/dx to denote the derivative of y with respect to x and treat dy/dx as. a single symbol, not as a ratio of dy and dx. We now define dy and dx. These symbols are called differentials. For y = f(x), we define dx, called the differential of the independent variable x, as Ax and dy, called the differential of the dependent of variable y, as f"(x)dx. It should be noted that dx (or Ax) is another independent variable and the value of dy depends on the two independent variables x and dx. ‘We can represent dx and dy geometrically. Note that while de = Ax, dy~ Ay. We know that f(x) represents the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point x. Even though dx = Ax, the differential dy is not the same as the increment in y, i.e. dy # Ay. ‘We can use dy as an approximation of Ay provided that Ay is sufficiently small. Ay wdy= f'(x)de Thus, since Av = f(x+Ax) ~ f(D S(e+ Ax) = f() + Ay ~f(x) + dy S (xt Ax) = f(x) + fdr (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 129 MSA Introduction to Caleutus Examples: 1. Find dy for y =f(x) =x? + 7x41. dy = f'(x)ax dy = (2x +7) dx 2. Find dy for y = x? -1 when x =1 dy = (2x) de = (20) ax dy =2dx 3. Find dy for y=x? whenx=2 and dx=0.01. = 3(2)? (0.01) dy = 0.12 4, Find Ay for y =x? Ay = f(x +Ax)- f(x) =(x + Ax)? - x? ax? + Qxdx + (Ax? - Ay = 2xAx + (Ax? 5. Find Ay and f'(x) for y=3x+2, x=4, and Ax= 2. +2 y : dy = fle +49) f(@) 8 =B@ tay +2]-Brsz] SO eZ a S(x)= 3x +2 =3x4 3Ax + 2-32 -2 6 Pe)=F=3 f=3 Ay = 3Ax = 3(2) =6 130 (ASA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 6 Differentials 6. Approximate Jf 65, using Ay ~ f'(x) Ax. Since we are taking the square root of 65, we choose a perfect square number nearest to 65 and this is 64 y= f(x) =Vx, then Now Ay = f"(x)Ax Ay = fet dx - Vx alt : coo = xt av-y 2 2yx ry Let x = 64 and Ax = 1. Then 1 Tl e+ he =y thy Ay = 1)= 2 = 0.0625 a” Y= ya) “ZT8) 6 Therefore 65 = (64 + 1~ 64 + 0.0625 = 8 + 0.0625 = 8.0625 7. Find the approximate volume of wood required to make a box that can hold a cube 3 meters on a side, The box will be made using a 1-cm thick wooden board. = av =(3s%) ds sine s=3mand As = ds= 001m therefore dV (3@)2) (0.01) = 0.27 cu. meter 8. The base of a right triangle is fixed at 5 cm, while the hypotenuse, which is 13-cm long is subject to change. Find h the approximate change in the altitude when the hypotenuse is changed by a small amount Ah Using the Pythagorean Theorem: oe a? =f? b? a 2 — 5? Find a when h = 13 and b= 5 2a da = 2hAh @=ht-B 2hdh _ hAh da = “= a? = (13)? - (5)? = 169 - 25 Se a P= 144 da= 134) = 12 . (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 131 ASA Introduction to Caleulus 9. A spherical beach ball is being inflated. Find the approximate change in volume if the radius increases from 5 cm to 5.2 em. Ar =52-5=02 av =4n(r? ar) y = 4a((s)(02)) =4n(5) ay 4x (3? ar) av = 207 cu. cm. aw =4n (2 ar ) 10. Anil slick is in the shape of a circle. Find the approximate increase in the area of the slick if its radius increases from 1.5 km to 1.7 km. Ar = 1.7 km ~ 15 km = 0.2 km Aza dA = x(2rdr) = 2(2(0.5)(0.2)) iA = (0.6) = 0.6n km LL. Find an approximate value for 4/15 i Sa 1 ae oo Tg ~~ IF ~~ FOP MS = y + dy = 2 + (0.0325) = 1.9625 Exercises 1. Find dy for y ee 2. Find dy for y= 2x3 +3x?- 12x +8; x=1, Av 0.01 3. Find dy for y=4x> when x=3 and dx = 0.001 2 4. Find dy for y = —2x° - he + x +8 when x=2 and dx=0.1 132 (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 6 Differentials 5. Find dy for y 7x whenx=—2and Ax = — 0.1 ax -1 —— whenx=3and Ax = - 0.04 Bx +1 6. Find dy for y 7. Find Ay and f'(x) for y=8x +5, x=7, and Av=-1. 8. Find Ay and f'(x) for y = {4x +1, x=5, and Ar= 0.08. 9. Find Ay and f"(x) for y x= 25, and Ax= - 0.08. 10. Approximate the following using Ay = f'(x)Ax. a) (50 o) (8 2 V6 g) ¥ 520 i) ${1025 b) ft dy) J9 i) Y10. ») 80 i) 24a 6.2 Implicit Differentiation Consider the equation y If we solve for y in terms of x, we get y each of which is a function of x. il Oe eee OO dx dk 2 ave Some equations in x and y cannot be readily solved for y, whereas some equations cannot be solved for y at all. For example, while it would be possible (but tedious) to solve for y in the equation 2x? + 3xy + y?=0, itis not possible to solve for y in terms of x. A method known, as implicit differentiation allows us to solve for dy/dx without solving for [Link] y= x, we can use the Chain Rule, by treating y as a function of x. We then use the Extended Power Rule and differentiate both sides of y’ = x with respect tox, to get (v)-¢ aytet Taking |= then 2 =) since y=Ve we have x ~ 2y aS a MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE. 133 MESA Introduction to Caleulus Computing for a(y" )/ dx for any integer n involves the Extended Power Rule inthe form L(y) = (nr) oe Examples 1. For 2x2 + 3xy + y?=0, find dy/dx using implicit differentiation. Then find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point (1, 5 ). d d sotuion. — -£(23? + 37 + 9?) = £(0) Use the product rule to find the derivative of 3xy Derive erative Derivative He vee einsive Ga ee ee Ax + 3y + x + 2; a = cv) se as From which we get Qay + 3x) 2 -4x -3y dx dy ax + 3y dy + 3x dy ‘The slope of the tangent line is a and evaluating this at (1, 5), we get dy __4() +365) de 2(5)+3 _ 4415 | ios ay 19) a 2B 134 (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 6 Differentials 2. Differentiate x*—y?=2, implicitly and find the slope of the tangent line at (3, 3). Solution: we y=? 2x - 2-0 dr ay ® = 2x dx oes ay the slope of the tangent line 2 at (5,3 )is is fe iis RRB 3. Find dy/dx when 4x°— y*—3y + 5x+1=0. Solution: 4x3 — yt - 3y + 5x +1=0 " ° px - 4 Z-324s5+0 dx y 1 g \ (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 135 ASA Introduction to Calculus Exercises Differentiate implicitly to find dy/dx and find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the given point. se 6. xy -2x3 -y +8 = Lay -x +3? 3 (1-3) 2. 6xy® — 8x? y + 3ay? =7; (1, 1) 7. 3xty -2xy? —y'+8 =0; (2,1) 7 3. We - fy =15 (2.0 arp ye. xty +75 (2,2) 4. oy + y = 85 (-11) 9.x? + Yay + y? = ays (0,0) 5. 2o- FF =H OD 10. Yay + y?- x = 05 (-1,0) ¥ 6.3 Related Rates In implicit differentiation we differentiate an equation involving x and y, with y treated as a function of x. A related rates problem involves two or more quantities that may vary with time and an equation that expresses some relationship between these equations. Often the formulas for x and y as functions of ¢ are not known. When we differentiate such an a& equation with respect to ¢, we derive a relationship between the rates of change 2 and ‘We say that these derivatives are related rates. The equation relating the rates may be used to find one of the rates when the other is known. Example I At whatrate is the area of an equilateral triangle increasing ifits side is 16 om long and is increasing at 0.1 cm/s? Solution — Accuitaersid = [Exercise : Derive this formula.] “8 (4) dt 4 dt 136 MSA AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 6 Differentials fi |i Se B 2 a _ 413 ont dt 5 Example 2A vag of sand that is being lifted vertically has a small hole in it causing sand to fall to the ground and form a conical pile whose height is twice its radius. Ifthe volume of the pile is increasing at the rate of 2 cm’/ sec, how fast is the radius increasing when the volume of the pile is 182 cm*? Solution 2 dr a 2. 1 om a. oe dt dt «18x On sec ‘Example 3A 13-meter ladder is leaning against a vertical wall with its foot on the same horizontal plane as the base of the wall. If the lower end of the ladder is moving away from the wall horizontally at 4 meters per minute, how fast is the top of the ladder descending when the lower end is 5 meters from the wall? (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 137 AESA Introduction to Caleulus Solution Example 4 Solution Let x- be the distance from the wall to the foot of the ladder. Since x is increasing at 4m per min, dv/dt = 4. Also, let y be the distance from the floor to the top of the ladder. Note that dy /dt is the time rate of change that we are asked to find. Now we need to establish the relationship between x and y. By the Pythagorean Theorem, v4 y= 169 By considering x and y as functions of ¢ and differentiating with respect to f, we get a Gig > Bi of ary dt dt dt y when x= 5, from x? + y? = 169 we have y =12 &_ 94 dt 12 os © = -= meters per minute aa 5 <. The top of the ladder is descending at the rate of = meters per minute, ‘A man 6-ft tall walks with a speed of 5 fps away from a street light that is a top a 24-ft pole. How fast is the tip of his shadow moving along the ground when, he is 50 ft from the pole? Let x- be the man’s distance from the pole z-be the distance from the tip of the shadow to the base of the pole. ‘We establish the relationship between.x and z. Although x and z are functions of the time ¢, we do not attempt to find explicit formulas for either. We are given dx/dt = 5 (in ft /sec); we need to find dz/dt when x = 50 ft. Equating the ratios of the corresponding sides of the two similar triangles in the figure, we have = 32 = 4x 138 (ASA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 6 Differentials By implicit differentiation we have, 3z = 4x sgt dt dt dz 4d 4 S2t2iA(5 dt 3 dt at ) 4 20 sect per second dt 3 2 So the tip of the man’s shadow is moving at 65 fvs. Example 5A particle is moving along the graph of the equation y = att 2x3 — 5x7 85 If the abscissa is increasing at the constant rate of 2 units per second, how fast is the value of y increasing, or decreasing, when x=—1? Solution Since the abscissa is increasing, dx/dt = 2. We are asked to find dy/dt when x =-1. y = xt 42x) — 5x7 -85 ® as, 62 © — or dt at at dt 4(-1)?@) + 6(-1)?(2) - 10(-1)(2) -8 + 12 + 20 24 Therefore, y is increasing at the rate of 24 units per second. Exercises 1. Assume x and y are differentiable functions of ¢ and x*y? = 576. Find dx/dt when x=3 and y=4 and dy/dt=2. (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 139 MSA Introduction to Calculus 10, dh Sn Suppose h is a differentiable function of rand suppose that —|-=—¢~ when h = 8 Find dh/dt if h? = 784-P. ‘A square plate of metal is expanding under the action of heat, and its side is increasing at the uniform rate of 0.1 cm per hour. What is the rate of increase of its area at the moment when the side is 16 cm long? In an expanding circular plate, what is the value of the radius when the area is increasing twice as fast as the radius? A stone is thrown into a still pond. The circular ripples move outward from the point of impact of the stone so that the radius of the circle formed by a ripple increases at the rate of 2 em per second. Find the rate at which the area is changing at the instant the radius is 8 cm. ‘A spherical balloon is being inflated so that its volume is increasing at the rate of 10 cm? sec, Find the rate at which the diameter is increasing when the diameter is 20 om. A spherical snowball is placed in the sun, The sun melts the snowball so that the radius decreases 0.25 em per minute. Find the rate of change of the volume with respect to time at the instant the radius is 4m. Sand is being poured on the ground, forming a conical pile with its altitude equal to one-fourth of the diameter of the base. If the sand is falling at the rate of 8 cu.m per second, how fast is the altitude increasing when the diameter of the base is 16 m? A conical funnel 3 m in diameter and 3 m deep is filled with water which runs out at the rate of 2 cu. m per minute. How fast is the surface falling when the depth of the liquid is 2 meters ? A bag of sand lifted vertically has a small hole in it so that sand falling out on the ground forms a conical pile whose height is half the radius. Ifthe volume of the pile is increasing at the rate of 2 cm*/sec, how fast is the radius increasing when the volume of the pile is 36x cm?? 140 (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 6 Differentials i 12. 13, 14, 15. 17. 18, A boy is flying a kite horizontally 50 feet above the ground. The boy lets out 2.5 ft of string per second. If we assume that there is no sag in the string, at what speed is the kite moving when 130 feet of string is out? A child flies a kite which is 200 feet high, with 250 ft of string extended. If the wind carries the kite horizontally directly away from the child, and ifthe string. is released at the rate of 30 feet per second, how fast is the kite moving, on the assumption that the string has no sag? Aman 6 feet tall walks at the rate of 4 feet per second toward a street light which is 12 feet above the ground. At what rate is the tip of his shadow moving? On a dark night, a man 6 feet tall walks away from a lamp post at the rate of 50 ft per minute, When the man is 12 ft from the lamp post, his shadow is 15 ft long. Find the rate at which the length of the shadow is increasing when he is 25 ft from the lamp post. ‘A motorist 40 km east of an intersection is traveling east away from it at a speed of 45kph. Another motorist is 30 miles south of that intersection and is traveling north toward it at a speed of 55 kph. At what rate is the distance between between the two motorists changing? Ifeach edge of a cube is increasing at the constant rate of 3 cm per second, how fast is the volume increasing when x, the length of a edge, is 12 em long? Suppose x and y are differentiable functions of ¢ and suppose that when t= 20, duldt = 5, dyidt= 4, x= 150, and y = 80. Find ds/dt if s? = x? + y*. A rectangular swimming pool has the following dimensions: length 30 m, width 15 m, depth 3 m in the adult side and 1 m at the children’s side. If water is pumped into the pool at the rate of 15 m3 /min, how fast is the water level rising when it is 2 meters deep at the adult side? ASA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 141 MSA Introduction to Calculus 19. 20. 21 22. 23. 24. 25. An 8-meter ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. If a person pulls the base of the ladder away from the wall at the rate of 0.5 meter per second, how fast is the top going down the wall when the base of the ladder is 4 meters from the wall? At noon a vessel is sailing due north at the uniform rate of 15 km per hour, Another vessel, 30 km due north of the first vessel, is sailing due east at the uniform rate of 20 kph. At what rate is the distance between the vessels changing at the end of 1 hour? An airplane leaves a field at 10 A.M. and flies westward at the rate of 120 mph. Another plane leaves the same field at 11 A.M. and flies northward at 150 mph. How fast are the airplanes separating at noon? ‘A man standing on a wharf 24 feet above the water is pulling in a rope attached to a boat at the rate of 4 feet per second. How fast is the boat approaching the wharf when 32 feet of rope is out? Apulley is on the edge of a dock, 6 ft above the water level. A rope is being used to pull in aboat. The rope is attached to the boat at water level and is being pulled in at the rate of 1 fiper second. Find the rate at which the boat is approaching the dock at the instant the boat is § ft from the dock, ‘The volume of a balloon is decreasing at a rate proportional to its surface area, Show that the radius of the balloon shortens at a constant rate. Liquid is poured at the rate of 8 m’/sec into a tank in the form ofa cone. The cone is 20-m deep and 10-m in diameter at the top. If there is a leak at the bottom and the water level is rising at the rate of 1 ™ , find how fast the water is leaking, when the I s water is 16 meters deep? 142 (MESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 7 The Antiderivatives In the previous chapters, we were working on problems that involved finding the derivative of a given function. We also studied some applications of the derivative. In this, chapter we will be devoted to the problems of finding the function when the derivative is, given. The process of finding the function whose derivative is given is called antidifferentiation; it is the reverse of differentiation. Definition If F'(x) = f(x), then F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x) Example 1 a) If F(x) = 16x, then F"(x) =16, so F(x) = 16x is an antiderivative of F(x) = 16. b) If F(x) = 12x?, then F'(x) =24x, making F(x) = 12x? an antiderivative of (x) = 24x. Example 2 a) Find an antiderivative of f (x) = 4x’. To find a function F(x) whose derivative is 4x’, work backwards. We know that the derivative of ax" is nax*"'. So, if 4 and na=4= a= a= Fa 5. 8 Therefore, $e is an antiderivative of 4x’ 1 b) Find an antiderivative of (x)= 1 To find a function F(x) whose derivative is “5 *° work backwards. We know that the derivative of ax" is nax"'. (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 143 ASA Introduction to Calculus Soif, nax"" is 1x’ then n— ca 4 Lo + and na = 1 l Therefore, 7¢%* isan antiderivative of 42° The function defined by F(x) = x? is not the only function whose derivative is f(x) = 2x. The functions G(x) = x7+ 6 and H(x) = x?- 3 also have f(x) = 2x asa derivative. In fact for any real number C, F(x) = x* + C has f(x) = 2xas derivative. This shows that there is a family or class of functions having 2xas derivative. We shall make use of the fact that if two functions F(x) and G(x) have the same derivative for all values of x in the interval a< x < b, then F(x) and G(x) differ by a constant, that is F(x) ~ G(x) = C. If F(x) and G(x) are both antiderivatives of a function f(x), then there is a constant C such that F(x) ~ G(x) = C (Two antiderivatives of a function can differ only by a constant.) For example, Fe) are all antiderivatives of f(x) = 2x ~2 and any two of them differ only by a constant. ax +2 -2x-1, AQ) = 2x41, G(x) = The derivative of a function gives the slope of a tangent line at any value of x. The fact that these three functions have the same derivative, f(x) = 2x — 2, means that their slopes at any particular value of x (in this case at x = 0) are the same, as shown in the figure below. Foye s-2041 144 (MESA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 7 Antiderivatives ‘The family of all antiderivatives of the function fis indicated by [fdr The symbol [ is the integral sign, f(x) is the integrand, and f f(x)dx is called an indefinite integral. If F'(x) = f(x), then [fede = F(x) +C for any real number C. Four Integration Formulas: 1. The Power Rule: For any real number n 4-1 1 n+l wtlac fx" de = 2. The integral of the sum of several functions is equal to the sum of the integrals of the separate functions. JU) + g@) + + AG) de = [f(x de + Jade +--+ PhO) de 3. The integral of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of the constant and the integral of the function. Ja f(x)de = af f(x) de 4. The General Power Rule: If w= f(x) and du = f(x) dx, ntl u then [IPG (e)de and fu de = n+l Examples 3x84! 841 +C= 1, 3x8dr = SA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 145 JASA introduction to Calculus 441 3 2. jute Pic +C= -4ee =441 =3 a 3, [Ok 3x e204 5)de = oats tty 2 ly srac S+1 oe 1+ 16 3 = ax8s xt x? oe ca 4. fle + 4x +3) (2x +4 )a => Let ux) = 22+ 4 43 du = (2x +4)de 4 Jud = —+C 4 3 24 4x43)" f(x? + 4e 43) (2e +4 )dr = a +#C¢ 4 4 s fle + 5x3 + 10x )* (5x4 + 1527+ 10 Jae Let u(x) = x54 5x2 + 10x => du = (Sx* + 15x? + 10 )dr 5 ful = Sac = 3 4 (5.4 x54 5x3 + 10x )? fle + 5x + 10x) (sx + 15x? + 10 )de +c 5 Oth oggtth Sel 3e1 * -241 * 541 6. fle + at ax Jae 146 MSA. AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 7 Antiderivatives Exercises Find the antiderivatives of the following. de 2. S(-F}e 3. fax? if a » faxtde 5 54, 5. f5de 6. fxrdx - ¥ de 2 2 9. [pa 10. fx“ Ste I. fxdae The integrand does not contain the constant 2, which is needed for du. To take care of this, multiply the integrand by 2/2, placing 2 inside the integral sign and 1/2 outside. 8. [28x4de 3 12. 6x Tax (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 147 MSA Introduction to Calculus 13, fst - 49 + 3x? - ax + 1 Jae 14, J (tort + 58 3x = x? Jae 15, fax! - 2 + 152? - 297 + 1 Jae 16, f (208° +151? + 8x8 = ax Jae So v7. J} 5 Son? + 1x6 - 4x8 + 5 |de at : J) a= eo on + 3x3 ax 4 4 5 5 19, Jf 6 7 - 6x? + Bx 6 - 8x6 + 1 Jae 3 a 8 ro. S| 23 +52 8 47x 2 + 8x3 lade a Jlise J Jax 23. 22. f{ sox? Vo Jae 24 1 2 = (i-3} 148, MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 7 Antiderivatives 34. fox? (20° +5 Jae 35. fatx® (3x7 + 8 Jae 36. flee ~ 6x)* (2x? =1) ae [= yr -16 37. 38. 39. 40. 41 42, 43. 44, 4s. 46. 47. 48. fi +3) x8 = 4x Jae ie xt — 8x? +16 flee +x) 8 oar745 de 3 je Ske xh x? +6 J axt +8x3 44 Jax xf + Sx¥410x +12 i Sx +10 . y 2x? + 8x 43 (oe (4) f a ame fle? -225 + 10 )(2? x4) ae f(x +1) Se? + tor 45 ae 2x3 + ox Ivey * (ISA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 149 MSA Introduction to Calculus 1 49, f(ae4 -10r+ 1) (3x5 - 2507 + sx)° de si. Saas de 6x- 3 )de vo, ee 3x =4x +1 ae i rr The Definite Integral Suppose you know the rate f(x, & at which a certain quantity is changing and wish to find the amount by which the quantity F will change between x =a and.x=b. You would first find F by antidifferentiation and then compute the difference Change in F F(b) = F(a) between x =a and x ‘The numerical result of such a computation is called a definite integral of the 6 function fand is denoted by the symbol J f(x) The definite integral of f from a to b is denoted by [2 rl)de = FO)|” = F)- Fl) where F is an antiderivative of f. That is, the definite integral is the net change in and x= b, the antiderivative between x The symbol Pr@ar is read as“ the (definite) integral of f from a to 6.” This notation suggests that we first find an antiderivative F (x) of f(x). Then we write » as an aid in computing F(b) ~ F(a). Specifically, we first replace x by the upper limit b, obtaining F(b), and from this subtract the value F(a) by setting x =a. 150 (ESA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 7 Antiderivatives Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Suppose that f(x) is continuous over the interval [a,b],and F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x). Then fh rGax=F6)- FG) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus does not define the definite integral. It merely provides a method for evaluating the definite integral. Example 1 fi 3x - 1)dx Notice what happens to the constant C in the evaluation of a definite integral. It appears in the expressions for both F(b) and F(a) and is eventually eliminated through subtraction of F(b) and F(a). We may therefore omit the constant C altogether when evaluating definite integrals. MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 151 MSA Introduction to Caleutus Example 3 G (42 - 9x? Jae 1 Example df, (axt +5 )de= & + ox 3 Example 5 I 81 Example 6 Population Growth: A study indicates that months from now, the population of a certain city will be increasing at the rate of 3 + 21 people per month. By how much will the population of the city increase during the next 9 months? Solution Let P(¢) denote the population of the city months from now. aP - 342-6 be the rate of change of the population with respect to time. 152 MGSA. AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 7 Antiderivatives ‘The amount by which the population will increase during the next 9 months is the definite integral which can be solved as follows: 9 P9) - POO) Ro+2Jt)a= a + Se" 3 0 (27-402)- 0 = 27436 3 = 63 people Exercises Apply the fundamental theorem of calculus to evaluate each of the following (aand b are constants). 1. fp x? de 7. §§ Yyae 2. fhe be 8. 16 15 Yx ae 3. fp ae ax 9. fy (s+ 6x? +1 Jax 4. [2 7x8 de 10. filer) Re 43x de 5. fp vrdr rv ff (40-3? +28 -1 ae 6. f85x7 de 12. ff, (2-2-3). (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 153 ASA Introduction to Calculus 6 2 : 3 x? (x +1) de an |e 2t (a? = 1) ar (8 +t) + 241 dt 14, > 8 (2x? +041 Jae 23. j lo 15. 16. 17. 18, 19, 20. 21 154 MSA, ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE, Chapter 8 Trigonometric Functions 8.1 Limits of Trigonometric Functions Let us have a quick recall of the fundamental identities. Fundamental Identities csc sin @ sec @ cos 0 sin @ cos 0 an 0 = sin? @ + cos @ = 1 1+ cot? 0 = osc? 6 Theorem 8.1 sin 5x Example 1 Find lim x Solution _Inorder to apply Theorem 8.1, rewrite the function as follows, sin Sx _5(sinSx) _ ,( sinSx x Sl x Sx Notice that as x > 0, 5x + 0, and so by Theorem 8.1 with 0 = 5x, we have tim S52 = tim 5(82) Sa (22) =s()=5 0 ae x Sx x0 Sx (MSA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 155 ASA Introduction to Calculus tim 80-1 Example 2 Find jim Solution jim SS °=1 = tim (5 eso sin@ 60 sin@ = tim £02 es0 8 =0-1 ee Example 3 Find lim ~———. 2 . +eosx Soliton 4 ce x30 1—cosx I+cosx x30 1-cos? x x? (1+ cos x? (1+ cos 1+ cosx fn coe Exercises Find the limits of each of the following functions. sin 4x 1, tim 3. 0 ln sin 9x Fe 0% 4. 156 MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 8 Trigonome 10. ML. 12, 14. 15. x90 lim x90 lim —>— x90 cos 2x - im lim —*>— x90 cos 3x — tim —3% x90 cosx-1 tim — x90 cosx—1 sin 3x lim xo sin 7x: 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23) 24. 25) 26. sin 8x lim x90 sin 9x sin Sx lim x90 ¥ COS X sin 8x lim x40 4x cos x 3 sin =x lim x40 8x Cos x _ 5 sin= x 9 x90 18x cos x x Bix lim anf? 008% x . lim 2 xon/2 COS x0 x : g 5 lim. x40 sinx en 170082 lim = m0 lim 90 MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 187 ASA Introduction to Caleulus 8.2 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions Consider the function f defined as f(x) = sin x. Using the definition of derivatives, 72) jim 2+) in x Using trigonometric identities, sin xcosh + cos xsin h ~ sin x h sinxeosh—sinx | cosxsinh h = Sinx(eo8A@=1) og + as) h Then using Theorem 8.1, - h F(x) = fim sin x (2) + lim oos( ) io i ra i = lim sin x- lim (3 = ‘) + lim cos x lim (4) hoo ho h ho hook hk } = (sin x): (0)+ (cos x)-(t) = cos x ‘A development for the derivative of cos x is similar to that of sin x. The derivatives of the remaining trigonometric functions are computed from their definitions in terms of sin x and cos x, and using the Quotient rule for derivatives. Theorem 8.2 158 (MSA, AcADeMic ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 8 Trigonometric Functions Example 1 Find D, (cos x~ 2tan x) Solution —_D, (cos x — 2 tan x) = D,(cosx )~ D,(2tan x) = ~sin x —2sec? x Example 2 Find f(x) given the function f (x) = ™*—. 1+ cos x (ens) en (oe) Solution a. (1+ cos x )? _ (it cosx)(cosx)~sinx(-sinx) _ cosx +cos? x +sin? x (1+ cosx)? (1+ 00s x)? __lteosx i (l+cosx)? 1+c08x Example 3 Paolo watches a plane approach at a speed of 500 miles per hour at an altitude of 3 miles. At what rate is the angle of elevation of Paolo’s line of sight changing with respect to time when the horizontal distance between the plane and Paolo is 4 miles? Solution Let x - be the horizontal distance between Paolo and the plane 1 - be the time (in hours) a Plane GF 7 7500 (thenegative sign indicates 3 that the distance x is decreasing) so? of) 3 a0 . The goal is to find the > when x 3 ol ea From the right triangle, tm@=—. Pa i Differentiating both sides with respect to 1, J 2,40 3 dx d(to)=d(2) > se?e2--5S ( ) ( x } dt x? dt 159 MSA. Acapemic ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE MSA Introduction to Calculus do a and isolating Fs Gp The value of cos? @ can he found from the right triangle when x = 4. 2 cos? = (4) = 16 5 25 16 dé Substitute x= 4, & = —500 and cos?@ = — into the formula for —, dt 25 dt Oo ( a @? 8) (- 500) = 60 radians per hour Exercises Find the derivative of the given functions. 1 9. f= 2. f(x) = 8sin3x 10. f(x) = cos 4x 3. f(x) = sin 4x 1. f(x) = 4cosx 4. (x) = sin (3x? 45x42) 12. f(x) = 20s 3x 5. f(x) = sin[ 2x +1)6x+3)] 13. f(x) = -5cos 8x 6. £6) sin{ 2*5) “4 = 7 15. f(x) = Seos3x? 8. 16. f(x) = xcosx 160 (ESA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 8 Trigonometric Functions 17. f(x) = 2tanx 26. f(x) = ese 8x 18. f(x)'= tan 2x 27. f(x) = ese(2x-7) 19. ¢(x) = tanx® 28. f(x) ese(x? + 8x +16) 20. p(x) = tan (x? +1 29. f(x) = cos x ~ sinx 21. f(x) = sec2x 30. f(x) = 2cosx -7sinx 22. f(x) = 3sec 5x” 31. f(x) = secx + csex 23. f(x) =(x+5)secx 32. sin (cos x) 24. f(x) = 3cotx 33 tan (cot x) 25. f(x) = cot(2x-3) 34, [eot (2 +1) Solve each of the following problems. 35. Acompany determines that sales during the mth month is given by the formula S(m) = 40 000 (sin m + cos m) Find S’(m). a 36. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y= sec x at the point ( qn? } 37. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = sec x — 2 cos x at the point ( 21] 38. For what values of x does the graph of f(x) =x +2 sinx have a horizontal tangent? (MSA ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE, 161 ASA Introduction to Caleulus 39, An attendant is standing at the end of a pier 12 feet above the water and is pulling a rope attached to a rowboat at the rate of 4 feet of rope per minute. At what rate is the angle that the rope makes with the surface of the water changing with respect to time when the boat is 16 feet from the pier? 40. A satellite circles the earth in such a manner that it isy km from the equator ( north or south, height not considered) r minutes after it is launch, where, dy 5 000| cos (-10)} Find 5 8.3 Integration of Trigonometric Functions Each of the previously developed formulas of derivative yields an integration formula. Theorem 8.3 Joinu de = ~cosu +€ Jose? wax = -cotu + C foosu de = sinu +€ Joccu tan u dx = seou + occ? w dx = tan +C Jose u cot wdx = -eseu +C Example 1 Integrate using substitution: foin* x cos x de Solution Letu=sinx => du=cos x dx Join’ x cos x dx = fuSdu Example 2 Integrate: [x cos x"ds Solution — Letu => du = 2xdx MH ae 2 162 ASA, AcADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 8 Trigonometric Functions Therefore, [cos x*dx = [cos u # i Joos ud elsinute = teins? +€ 2 2 Exercises 1, [8sin x de 12. [ (2sinx ~Scos.x )dr sin x ae 13. | cot 3x sin 3x dx 3. f sin8rdx 14. [ 3cos me de sin 5x a 7 dx 15. f ese? (2x-1) de 5. [ cos dx de 16, f xese? (x? 41) ae ax 2 a 7. 3x42) dr c |) 1 sec? ( ) 1, | 700s x de 18, [ (5x+1)sec? (5x? + 2x +1 Jax cos x 8 7 19. [ 2sec 2x ese 2x dx 9. [ cos 2x dx 20. [ xsee3x? ese 3x? dx cos 3x 10. 5 & 21. | ose Sx cot Sx de n (3sin x + 5cosx )de 22. f sec? x tan x dx MSA, ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 163 MSA Introduction to Caleulus Chapter Exercises Find the limit of each of the following. hi sin” 3¢ 1. (i dean y mot 2. tim SOX 7. tim 238 x-onfa 4X xo tan 2x e lim — 3 CaN cosx) 8 Eaters 2 2tan* x 4. tim (cos x-1) 9. li 7 90 x0 xo Differentiate each of the following. 16. y 17. f(x) = tan 2x 22. f(x) =sin?x 18 in x + cos x ~ cos x CR est 24. a sin x tan x1 a tan x=1 20. 25. f)= sin 40 21. f(x) = ese x cot x 23. f(x) =sinx cos x sin x — cos x im SIX — Cos x lin iu 10 = cos 2x 12, lim S22 eno I= sing 13. tim 822! x90 sinx 14, tim 8% roena 2 15. tim 2% won X= 26. y = 2x( fx -cotx) 27. y=sin(x?+x) 28. flx) = sin? x x? tan x sec x 29. y Se) 30, yeon'{t qe] 164 (MESA. ACADEMIC ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE Chapter 8 Trigonometric Functions Solve each of the following problems. 31 32. 33. 34 36. 37. 38. 39, 40. Suppose an elevator is descending and you are standing in the atrium 20 feet from the base of the elevator shaft. When the elevator is 20 feet above the floor, the angle of inclination is decreasing at a rate of 1° per second. How fast is the elevator descending? Suppose a ship steams away at a 30° angle to a straight shore at a rate of 10 knots (nautical miles per hour). At what rate is the distance between the ship and the shore increasing? A radar antenna is located on a ship that is 5 miles from a straight shore and itis rotating at 30 rpm. How fast is the radar beam moving along the shoreline when the beam makes an angle of 45° with the shore? An airplane is flying west at 600 ft/sec at an altitude of 5000 feet. The airplane is ina vertical plane with a searchlight on the ground. If the light is to be kept on the plane, how fast is the searchlight revolving when the airplane is due east of the searchlight at an airline distance of 2500 feet? A ladder 25 feet long is leaning against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder is pulled horizontally away from the wall so that the top is sliding down at 3 ft/sec, how fast is the measure of the angle between the ladder and the ground changing when the bottom of the ladder is 15 ft from the wall? A man on a dock is pulling at the rate of 2 ft/sec a rowboat by means of a rope The man’s hands are 20 feet above the level of the point where the rope is attached to the boat. How fast is the measure of the angle of depression of the rope changing when there are 52 ft of rope out? A helicopter leaves the ground at a point 880 ft from an observer and rises vertically at 25 f/sec. Find the rate of change of the measure of the observer's angle of elevation of the helicopter when the helicopter is 600 ft above the ground. A picture that is 5 feet tall is hanging on a wall so that the lower edge is 2 ft above the observer's eye. How far from the wall should he stand so that the angle subtended by the picture is a maximum? An airplane is moving horizontally at 150 mph over an observer at a height of 4 000 ft. How fast is the angle between the vertical line and the line of sight from the observers to the plane changing? A searchlight located at the center of a square prison yard that is 100 yards on a side rotates at a rate of 3 revolutions per minute, scanning the inside of the walls. How fast is the light beam traveling along the wall when it reaches a corner of the yard? MSA Acapemic ADVANCEMENT INSTITUTE 165 Basic Formulas The Derivatives of Algebraic Functions Constant Rule { IEF(x) = c, where cis any real number, then } S'@=0 The derivative of a constant is 0, Power Rule TES (x) = x" for any number n then f(x) = nx"! Constant Times a Function Lete be any constant. If g(x) = fix) then g! Sum or Difference Rule Tf S() = ux) £ v(x) then I'O=w) * vy Product Rule TF £@)=uG). va), and if u'G) and ¥'G) both exist, then £’(x) = u(x) y “OD + vO) w “@). Quotient Rule If Beet ifboth uw’ (x) and v’(x) exist, and ify’) £0, then Se) v(x) The Chain Rule ca derivative of the composition fg is given by 2L. ea]= 2 Ir(e@xy] = FeeyZ g(x Jim Sin 8 impee O= 1 08 eo 8 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions: ee) 4 (esew) = -cseucotu 2H de dx dx dx © (cosu) = -sinu 4 (secu) = seoutanu dx dx dx dx S (tan) seo? E (cot) = cso a Four Integration Formulas: 1. The Power Rule: For any real number n 4-1 1 aS er tla 2. The integral of the sum of several functions is equal to the sum of the integrals of the separate functions. JU) + g@) + + AG) de = [fOde + Jade + + fax) de 3. The integral of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of the constant and the integral of the function. Ja f(x) de = af f(x) dx 4, The General Power Rule: Iu = f(x) and du = f(x) dy, fu” du = wea nat then [[ f(x)" '(*)de and Integrals of Trigonometric Functions: Jsinw de = -cosu + C Jose? udx = -cotu + foosu de = sinu +C Jsccw tan u dx = seou +C Jsce? u dx = tanu + C Jose wcot udx = -escu +C

You might also like