MAT 142

Introductory Calculus
Monsoon – 2021
Session 1
Function and their graphs
"Function"
Points of Discussion
◦ Functions in general:
- Domain, Range, Natural Domain of a function
- Graphs of functions
- How do we check that a given graph is a function ⇒Vertical Line Test
- Piecewise Defined Functions

◦ Properties of Functions from their Graphs:

- Increasing and Decreasing Functions
- Even and Odd Functions

◦ Some Common Functions:

- Linear, Power, Polynomial, Rational and Algebraic Functions
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What is a function?
A function relates an input to an output.

It is like a machine that has an input and an

output.

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Function
If A and B are two non-empty sets and if each member of
set A is associated with one and only one member of set B
by some correspondence or relationship then that
relationship or correspondence is said to be a function
from A to B.

If 𝒇 is such a correspondence then symbolically the function

can be represented by 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩,
i.e. 𝒇 is a function from A to B.

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 Domain & Co-domain of a Function
The various values of independent variables are
called the Domain of a function.

each element of the domain must have a unique

image in co-domain.

If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a function then set A is called

domain of the function and it is denoted by 𝐷𝑓 .
The set B is called Co-domain of function 𝑓.

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 Range of a Function
The collection of various dependent variables is
called Range of a function.

The set obtained of all the images of the elements

of the domain by the relationship 𝑓 is called the
Range of the function 𝑓, and it is denoted by 𝑓(𝐴).

i.e. 𝑓 𝐴 = {𝑓(𝑥)/ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴}

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 Range of a Function

The range of the function 𝑓 is a subset of B. So

𝑓 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵.

The range is denoted by 𝑅𝑓 .

It should be clearly noted that the range of a

function is a subset of its co-domain or co-domain
itself.

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Graphs of Functions
◦ If 𝑓 is a function with domain 𝐷, its graph consists of the
points in the Cartesian plane whose coordinates are the
input –output pairs for 𝑓. In set notation, the graph is
◦ (𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷
◦ The graph consisting of only the points in the table is called
Scatterplot
◦ The smooth curve through the plotted points gives a graph
of the function.

◦ The graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 5

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The vertical Line Test for a Function
◦ Not every graph is the graph of a function and we have seen how to
test if a given graph is the graph of a function (‘Vertical Line Test’).

◦ No vertical line can be intersect the graph of a function more than once.
◦ If 𝑎 is in the domain of the function 𝑓, then the vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑎 will
intersect the graph of 𝑓 at the single point (𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 ).
◦ Graphing Calc.lnk
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Common Functions
Linear function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥, where 𝑏 = 0
Identity function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, where 𝑚 = 1, 𝑏 = 0
Constant function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏, where 𝑚 = 0
Power Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑎, where 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Quadratic function: : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎 ≠ 0
Cubic function: : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, where𝑎 ≠ 0
Polynomial function: : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Rational function: : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑥)/𝑞(𝑥), where 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0
Algebraic function: : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 3 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2/3 (𝑥 − 4)

◦ Graphing Calc.lnk

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Increasing and Decreasing Functions
◦ If the graph of the function climbs or rises as you move form left to right
----- Increasing function
◦ If the graph of the function falls as you move form left to right
----- decreasing function

Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an interval 𝐼 and let 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 be any two points in 𝐼,

◦ If 𝑓 𝑥2 > 𝑓 𝑥1 whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 ……… Increasing function

◦ If 𝑓 𝑥2 < 𝑓 𝑥1 whenever 𝑥1 > 𝑥2 ……… decreasing function

◦ Graphing Calc.lnk

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Even functions and Odd Functions
A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is an
Even function of 𝑥 if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
Odd function of 𝑥 if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

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 Monsoon – 2021
Session – 2
Combining Functions
Combining Functions
◦ If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions, then for every functions 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and
𝑓𝑔 by the formulas

◦ 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
◦ 𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
◦ 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
◦ 𝑥 =𝑔 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑥

◦ 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Composition of functions

Given function 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑔(𝑥), the composition 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) is the function of 𝑥
formed by substituting 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) for 𝑢 in the formula for 𝑓 𝑢 .
Introductory Calculus
◦ We saw how to compose two functions: The value o f 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 at 𝑥 is
the value of 𝑔 at 𝑓 𝑥
Introductory Calculus
Introductory Calculus
◦ Review: Functions are a very important tool in describing the
world mathematically-The Shape of the Gateway Arch in Missouri
is a function
 MAT 142

INTRODUCTORY CALCULUS

Session 3
Introductory Calculus
In the last lecture we have seen:
◦ Piecewise Defined Functions
Introductory Calculus
◦ Increasing Function
Introductory Calculus
◦ Decreasing Function
Introductory Calculus
◦ Even Function
Introductory Calculus
◦ Odd Function
Introductory Calculus
◦ Examples:
Introductory Calculus
◦ We saw how to add two functions
Introductory Calculus
◦ Shifts-Vertical Shift:
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 +𝑘
Introductory Calculus
◦ Horizontal Shift 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)
Introductory Calculus
◦ Scaling, Reflection
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑐 > 1 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 vertically
𝑐 < 1 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑥
𝑐 > 1 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑐 < 1 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑐 = −1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Introductory Calculus
◦ Example:
Introductory Calculus
◦ Not every graph is the graph of a function and we have seen
how to test if a given graph is the graph of a function (‘Vertical
Line Test’).
Introductory Calculus
◦ Example: