BASIC STATISTICS AND MATHEMATICS (BSM)

Differentiation
F.Y.B.COM

SEM I

Compiled by: Prof. Bhaktida Trivedi.

AU/ HLIC/ F.Y. B.COM./ SEM 1/ PRE MID SEM/ 2015-16

 “Differentiation”

REFERENCES:
1. V. K. Kapoor, Business Mathematics(Problems & Solutions), Sultan Chand & Sons, 1994.
2. D. C. Sancheti& V. K. Kapoor, Business Mathematics , Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.

Calculus:
 The term calculus literally means ‘pebble’ or a ‘small stone’. The technique of calculus is
widely applied to study those quantitative factors which continuously change in value.
Due to this reason it may be called ‘Calculus’.
 Calculus is the branch of mathematics of change, motion and growth in related variables.
It is the science of fluctuations.Therefore, in Economics, Calculus has a role to play when
we consider how the sales is affected when there is change in the price or how the total
cost , price etc.., are affected when there is change in output and so on.
 The main two branches of Calculus are :
1) Differential Calculus and
2) Integral Calculus

Differential Calculus:
 The technique of differential calculus is applied to measure the rate of change in any
function which is a dependent variable with reference to small changes in independent
variable by finding differentiation of the function. Differentiation is the process of finding
the rate at which a variable quantity is changing.
 To express the rate of change in any function, we have the concept of the ‘Derivative’
which involves small change in the dependent variables with reference to a small change
in independent variables. The problem is to find a function derived from the given
relationship between the two variables so as to express the idea of change. This derived
function is called the ‘Derivative’ of a given function.
 The process of obtaining the derivative is called ‘Differentiation’. When the function has
a Derivative, it is said to be Differentiable.
 Thus
o The marginal cost is the rate of change of total cost with change in quantity
produced.
o The marginal revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with change in
quantity produced.
o The marginal utility is the rate of change of total utility with change in quantity
consumed.

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 o The marginal productivity is the rate of change of total productivity with change
in factors of production.
Differential calculus for one variable
The derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 exists only when the function is a single valued function of
a continuous variable.
Meaning:
Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a real function of real variable 𝑥. When the value of variable 𝑥 is changed
to (𝑥 + ℎ) , then the corresponding value of function 𝑓(𝑥) is changed 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) . if the change in
the value of 𝑥 is very small i.e. ℎ → 0, then limiting value of relative change in the function 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
is called the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and is denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) or . The process of obtaining
𝑑𝑥
derivative of the function is called ‘Differentiation’. Thus,
𝑙𝑖𝑚
′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 = =
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
Rules of Differentiation
1. Derivative of a Power function or Power function rule
The derivative of a power function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 is 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑦
i.e. If = 𝑥 𝑛 , then𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 ,then𝑑𝑥 = 1. 𝑥1−1 = 𝑥 0 = 1
2. Constant function rule
(i) Derivative of a constant
The derivative of a constant function {𝑦 = 𝑓(x)=c} is zero, i.e., constant disappears
under differentiation.
If𝑦 = 𝐶, where𝐶 is constant,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
then𝑑𝑥 = (𝐶) = 0
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Derivative of the product of a constant and a function
The derivative of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of
that constant and the derivative of the function.
If𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 , where ‘a’ is constant and 𝑎 ≠ 0,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑎𝑥 𝑛 )
then𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

3. Linear function rule

If𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, where ‘𝑚′ and ′𝑐′ are constants,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
then = (𝑦) = (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐) = 𝑚 + 0 = 𝑚
𝑑𝐱 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 4. Addition rule or Derivative of a sum or sum rule
The derivative of a sum of two functions is simply equal to the sum of the separate
derivatives.
If 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 , where 𝑢and𝑣 are the differentiable functions of 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
then, 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
(Derivative of the first function + Derivative of the second function)

5. Subtraction rule
The derivative of a difference of two functions is equal to the difference of the separate
derivatives.
If 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣 , where 𝑢and𝑣 are the differentiable functions of 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
then,𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
(Derivative of the first function - Derivative of the second function)
6. Product rule or multiplication rule or derivative of a product
The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function multiplied by
the derivative of the second function plus the second function multiplied by the
derivative of the first function.
If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, where 𝑢and 𝑣 are the differentiable functions of 𝑥, then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢. + 𝑣.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(Derivative of the first function× - Derivative of the second function)

7. Quotient rule or division rule or derivative of the quotient of two functions

The derivative of the quotient of two functions is equal to the denominator multiplied
by the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator multiplied by the derivative of
the denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator.
𝑢
If𝑦 = where𝑢and 𝑣 are the differentiable functions of 𝑥 and 𝑣 ≠ 0
𝑣
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣. −𝑢.
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
{(𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)}
𝑑𝑦 −{(𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑓𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)}
𝑖. 𝑒. =
𝑑𝑥 (𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)2

8. Chain rule or function of a function rule or derivative of a composite function

If 𝑦 is the function of 𝑢 where 𝑢 is the function of 𝑥, then the derivative of 𝑦 with
dy
respect to 𝑥 (i. e. dx) is equal to the product of the derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑢 and
the derivative of 𝑢 with respect to 𝑥.
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If 𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑢), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Special note on Chain Rule:
By chain rule, - a rule of differentiation a composite function, we have
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑑𝑦
Then = 𝑔′ (𝑓(𝑥)). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
The outer- most function-the end function (here g) is differentiated considering inner
functions as dependent variable. This result is multiplied by the derivative of inner
function. This chain is continued till you reach a function of only 𝑥.
Say, 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)))
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑔′ [𝑓(ℎ(𝑥))]. 𝑓 ′ (ℎ(𝑥)). ℎ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

9. Exponential function rule

The derivative of an exponential function is the exponential itself,
 If the base of the function is ‘e’, the natural base of an exponential.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
(i) If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , then𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
a. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
b. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ….( a is constant)

(ii) If𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 , where 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 If the base of the function is ‘a’ , where ‘a’ is constant , then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
If𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , then𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 (log𝑎)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
e.g.: 𝑦 = 7𝑥 , then𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (7𝑥 ) = 7𝑥 log 7

10. Logarithmic function rule

(i) The derivative of a logarithmic with natural base such as
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
𝑦 = log 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = (log 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

(ii) If 𝑦 = log 𝑢, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑢) × 𝑑𝑥 OR = 𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Second and higher order derivatives of the function
or successive derivation

The derivative of a function of 𝑥 is called the first derivative. The first derivative may be
differentiated. The resulting derivative is called the second derivative of the original function
𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑦
 If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and is also a function of 𝑥, it is differentiated and is called first derivative
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
and denoted by .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
 The 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) is differentiated again with respect to 𝑥 it is called second or higher order
𝑑2 𝑦
derivative and is denoted by 𝑑𝑥 2 .
 The derivative of the second order derivative is called third derivative.
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= ( ) = ( ( ))
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Maxima and Minima

Maximum and minimum are the two key terms in trade, industry and other related economic
activities which influence the decision making process of policy making authorities. These terms
are common in socio-economic life of man.
Every producer tries to obtain maximum production at a minimum cost. Every economic system
aims at attaining maximum returns by investing minimum factors of production. Thus every
producer and consumer tries to know the points where a function attains its maximum or
minimum value.
Due to the importance of maximum and minimum values at every stage of transaction, they
should be measured more scientifically.

Maxima
A continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to reach maximum value at a point where it stops increasing
and starts decreasing. At this point the function attains maxima.
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a maximum value at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if the function stops to increase and
begins to decrease at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

In other words
A function is said to be maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if its value is maximum in the immediate
neighborhood of 𝑥 = 𝑎.

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i.e. 𝑓(𝑎) > 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ)
𝑓(𝑎) > 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)
Where ℎ is a small positive number.
The following are necessary and sufficient conditions for a function of 𝑥 to be maximum
at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 0 (ii) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) < 0
Minima

A continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to reach minimum value at a point where it stops decreasing
and starts increasing. At this point the function attains minima.
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a minimum value at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if the function stops to decrease and
begins to increase at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

In other words
A function is said to be minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if its value is minimum in the immediate neighborhood
of 𝑥 = 𝑎.
i.e. 𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ)
𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)
Where ℎ is a small positive number.
The following are necessary and sufficient conditions for a function of 𝑥 to be minimum
at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 0 (ii) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) > 0

𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ × × × × × × × × × × ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Examples
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥 by using the first principle.
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 7 Ans. 5
2
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 8 Ans.6𝑥
iii. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 3 − 9 Ans.27𝑥 2
iv. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 Ans. 9𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5
5+2𝑥 −21
v. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2+5𝑥 Ans. (2+5𝑥)2
3
vi. 𝑓(𝑥) = √3𝑥 + 5 Ans. 2√3𝑥+5
𝑓(𝑥) = 1⁄
−5
vii. Ans. 2(5𝑥+2)3/2
√5𝑥 + 2
−1
viii. ⁄
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 √𝑥 Ans. 2(𝑥)3/2

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2. Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥.

i. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 100Ans. 20𝑥 3 + 21𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 − 10

20 5 20 15
ii. 𝑦 = 10𝑥 5 − 9𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 10Ans. 50𝑥4 − 27𝑥 2 + 18 − 2 + 4
𝑥 𝑥

3
iii.𝑦 = 7𝑥 10 − 9𝑥 5 + 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 8𝑒 𝑥 + 7 Ans. 70𝑥9 − 45𝑥4 + − 5𝑥 log 5 − 8𝑒 𝑥
𝑥

1 1 1 −3/4
iv. 𝑦 = 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑥 1/3 + 𝑥 1/4 Ans. 2 𝑥−1/2 + 3 𝑥−2/3 + 4 𝑥

1 1 1 −5/4
v. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1/2 + 𝑥 −1/3 + 𝑥 −1/4 Ans. − 2 𝑥−3/2 − 3 𝑥−4/3 − 4 𝑥

1 1 1
vi.𝑦 = √𝑥 + Ans. 2 𝑥−1/2 − 2 𝑥−3/2
√𝑥

3𝑥 3 −7𝑥2 +1
vii. 𝑦 = 𝑥4
Ans. −3𝑥 −2 + 14𝑥 −3 − 4𝑥 −5

1 1
𝑥 2 +1+𝑥 5 1 1 2 −17/15
viii. 𝑦 = 1 Ans. 𝑥−5/6 − 𝑥−4/3 − 𝑥
𝑥3 6 3 15

1 1 1
ix. 𝑦 = (√𝑥 + ) (√𝑥 − ) Ans. 1 + 𝑥 2
√𝑥 √𝑥

1 2 1
x. 𝑦 = (√𝑥 + ) Ans. 1 − 𝑥 2
√𝑥

xi. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 + 3) Ans. 15𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 4

xii. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 2)(5𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 3) Ans. 90𝑥 2 + 94𝑥 − 9

2+𝑥
xiii. 𝑦 = log(𝑥 2 . 𝑒 𝑥 ) Ans.
𝑥

𝑥5 5−𝑥
xiv. 𝑦 = log ( 𝑥 ) Ans.
𝑒 𝑥

𝑒+𝑥
xv. 𝑦 = log(𝑥 𝑒 . 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑒 ) Ans. 𝑥

1
xvi. 𝑦 = log11 𝑥 Ans. 𝑥.log
𝑒 11

1
xvii. 𝑦 = log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 Ans. 𝑥.log 𝑎

3. Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥.

i. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . log 𝑥Ans. 𝑥. (1 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

ii. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 3𝑥 Ans. 𝑒 𝑥 . 3𝑥 . (log 3 + 1)

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 iii. 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 . log 𝑥 Ans. 𝑥 4 . (1 + 5𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

iv. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 𝑥 Ans. 𝑥 2 . 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3)

2+log 𝑥
v. 𝑦 = √𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 Ans. 2√𝑥

vi. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . 2𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 Ans. 𝑥. 2𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 . (𝑥 + 𝑥. log 2 + 2)

vii. 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 . 5𝑥 . log 𝑥 Ans. 𝑥 4 . 5𝑥 . (1 + 𝑥. log 𝑥. log 5 + 5. log 𝑥)

viii. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑒 𝑎 𝑥 Ans. 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑎 𝑥 . (𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒. 𝑥 𝑒−1 + 𝑥 𝑒 . log 𝑎)

4. Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥.

𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥−1)
i. 𝑦 = Ans.
𝑥 𝑥2
3𝑥 3𝑥 (𝑥.log𝑒 3−3)
ii. 𝑦 = Ans.
𝑥3 𝑥4

𝑒 𝑥 −1 2.𝑒 𝑥
iii. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 +1 Ans. (𝑒 𝑥 +1)2

𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
iv. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 Ans. (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)2

𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥−1)2
v. 𝑦 = 1+𝑥2 Ans. (1+𝑥 2 )2

−1
vi. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 Ans. (𝑥−1)2

𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (1−log 𝑎)
vii. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 Ans. 𝑎𝑥

1−𝑥 2 −4𝑥
viii. 𝑦 = Ans. (1+𝑥2 )2
1+𝑥 2

𝑒𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥.𝑒 𝑥 +2𝑥.log 𝑥+𝑒 𝑥 .log 𝑥−𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 −
ix. 𝑦 = 𝑥+log 𝑥
Ans. (𝑥+log 𝑥)2
𝑥

5 3𝑥+7 −1
x. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑥+2) (𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5) Ans. (𝑥+2)2

43
xi. 𝑦𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 7 = 0 Ans. (𝑥+9)2

1−𝑥−𝑥 2 −2(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2)

xii. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+1 Ans. (𝑥 2 +3𝑥+1)2

5 −15
xiii. 𝑦 = 1 + 3 Ans. (2𝑥−3)2
2−
𝑥

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 3𝑥 2 +5 −3𝑥 2 −16𝑥+5
xiv. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −𝑥−1 Ans. (𝑥 2 −𝑥−1)2

5. Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥.

2.log 𝑥
i. 𝑦 = (log 𝑥)2 Ans. 𝑥
2𝑎𝑥+𝑏
ii. 𝑦= √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Ans.
2.√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

1 𝑥 2 −1
iii. 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + 𝑥) Ans. 𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)

1+𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
iv. 𝑦 = √ Ans. 3
1−𝑒 𝑥
√1+𝑒 𝑥 (1−𝑒 𝑥 )2

2 +3𝑥−7 2 +3𝑥−7
v. 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 Ans. (10𝑥 + 3)𝑒 5𝑥
3 −4𝑥 2 +9𝑥−17 3 −4𝑥 2 +9𝑥−17
vi. 𝑦 = 57𝑥 Ans. (21𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 9)57𝑥 . log 5

2𝑥
vii. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) Ans. 𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 + log(1 + 𝑥 2 ))

1 −(10𝑥 4 −7𝑥 2 )
viii. 𝑦 = 3 Ans. 4
√6𝑥 5 −7𝑥 3 +9 (6𝑥 5 −7𝑥 3 +9)3

2𝑥
ix. 𝑦 = log 3(𝑥 2 + 1) Ans.
log𝑒 3.(𝑥 2 +1)

6. Differentiate the following function with respect to 𝑥.

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑏2 𝑥
i. − 𝑏2 = 2010 Ans. 𝑎2 𝑦
𝑎2
𝑦
ii. √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎 Ans. −√𝑥

−𝑦
iii. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 4 Ans. 𝑥

–(2𝑥𝑦 2 +3𝑦)
iv. 𝑥 2 × 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0 Ans.
2𝑥 2 𝑦+3𝑥+1

𝑑2 𝑦
7. Obtain :
𝑑𝑥 2

i. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 + 10𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 2 Ans. 36𝑥 2 + 60𝑥

𝑥2 −2
ii. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑒 𝑥 ) Ans. 𝑥 2
iii. 𝑦 = (𝑎 × 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ) + (𝑏 × 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 ) Ans. 𝑚2 𝑦

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 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. (i) If 𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 then prove that − 2. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ii) If 𝑦 = then prove that 𝑥3 + 2𝑥 2 −1=0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(iii) If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 . log (𝑥), then prove that 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 = 0

9. Obtain the maximum and minimum value of the following functions.

(i) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 10Ans. 37, 38
(ii) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 5 Ans. 280, -63
(iii) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 − 8 Ans. 44, 17
3 2
(iv) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 12 Ans. 13, 12
𝑥2
10. If the cost function of a commodity is 𝐶 = 25 − 6𝑥 + 100, then how many units should
be produced for minimum cost? Also , find minimum cost. (Ans. 75 units)
11. If the cost function of a commodity is 𝐶 = 𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 − 3600𝑥 + 700, then how many
units should be produced for minimum cost? Also, find minimum cost. (Ans. 40 units)
3𝑥 24
12. If the cost function of a commodity is 𝐶 = 5 + 2 + 𝑋 , then how many units should be
produced for minimum cost? Also, find minimum cost. (Ans. 4 units, 17 Rs.)
7500−𝑥 2
13. If the demand functionof a commodity is 𝑝 = 100 , then how many units should be
produced for maximum revenue? Also, find maximum revenue. (Ans. 25 units, 2500 Rs.)
𝑥2
14. If the cost function of a commodity is = 30 + 3𝑥 + 50 , and demand function of a
commodity is 𝑥 = 75 − 3𝑝 , then how many units should be produced for maximum
profit? Also, find maximum profit. (Ans. 30 units, 280 Rs.)

𝑥2
15. If the cost function of a commodity is = 60 + 6𝑥 , and demand function of a commodity
is 𝑥 = 400 − 20𝑝 , then how many units should be produced for maximum profit? Also,
find maximum profit. (Ans. 105 Rs.)

𝑥2
16. If the cost function of a commodity is = 5 + 13𝑥 + 500 , and demand function of a
commodity is 5𝑥 = 375 − 3𝑝 , then how many units should be produced for maximum
profit? Also, find maximum profit. (Ans. 30 units, 1180 Rs.)

*********

IMPORTANT RESULTS
1. For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥); Derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 is denoted as
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , then = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

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 𝑑𝑦
If = 𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥
= 1. 𝑥 1−1 = 𝑥 0 = 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
3. If 𝑦 = 𝐶 , where 𝐶 is constant, then = (𝐶) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (𝑎𝑥 𝑛 )
4. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 , where ‘a’ is constant and 𝑎 ≠ 0, then 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
5. If 𝑦 = 𝑢 ± 𝑣 , then = ± 𝑑𝑥 . (Addition – subtraction Rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
6. If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣. 𝑑𝑥 (Multiplication Rule)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣. −𝑢.
7. If 𝑦 = , then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(Division Rule)
𝑣 𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
8. If 𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑢), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), then, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥 (Chain Rule)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
9. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , then = (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
a. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
b. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ….( a is constant)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
10. If 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , then = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 (log𝑎)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
11. If 𝑦 = 7𝑥 , then𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (7𝑥 ) = 7𝑥 log 7
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 log 𝑎
12. If 𝑦 = log 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥) = 𝑥 (change of base rule: log 𝑏 𝑎 = log𝑒 𝑏)
𝑒

13. If 𝑦 = log 𝑢, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑢) × 𝑑𝑥 OR 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥

14. To find optimum values, of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 and solve it for 𝑥.
say we get 𝑥 = 𝑎.
If 𝑓"(𝑎) < 0; then 𝑓(𝑥) is maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and maximum value = 𝑓(𝑎)
If 𝑓"(𝑎) > 0; then 𝑓(𝑥) is minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and minimum value = 𝑓(𝑎)

**********

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