Calculus

Introduction to Differential
and Integral Calculus

Third Quarter
 Topics to Discuss

1. Review of Transcendental Functions

2. Logarithmic Functions
3. Exponential Functions
4. Evaluation of the Limit of Transcendental Function

Calculus
 Calculus

Transcendental Functions
• Transcendental functions are function that are not
algebraic and hence, cannot be expressed as a
solution of a polynomial equation whose coefficients
are themselves polynomials with rational
coefficients.
• A function not expressible as a finite combination of
the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, raising to a power, and
extracting a root.
 Calculus

Transcendental Functions
• Examples of transcendental functions are

𝑥
log 𝑥, sin 𝑥, cos 𝑥, 𝑒
and any functions containing them.
 Calculus

𝒙
Exponential Functions 𝒚=𝒃
Exponential functions arise in many
applications. Where:

1. Population Growth 𝑏 is base

2. Interest Rates 𝑥 is exponent
3. Radioactive Decay
4. Amount of medicine in
the bloodstream
5. Carbon Date Artifacts
6. Help coroners determine time of death
Calculus

Graph Exponential Functions

If 𝑏 > 1, then 𝑏 𝑥 is
increasing on (−∞, ∞).
If 0 < 𝑏 < 1, then 𝑏 is
𝑥

decreasing on (−∞, ∞).

Plot at:
𝑥 = 0 (always 𝑦 = 1)
𝑥 = 1 (find 𝑦)
𝑥 = −1
Calculus

Graph Exponential Functions

• An exponential function never has a

vertical asymptote.
• The horizontal asymptote of an
exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑥

is 𝑦 = 𝑐.
Calculus

Review:

Transformation of the graph of the function

• −𝑓 𝑥 ∶ reflected about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

• 𝑓 −𝑥 ∶ reflected about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Calculus

Graphing 𝒇 𝒙 = 2 𝑥
Calculus

Graphing 𝒇 𝒙 = (1/2) 𝑥
Calculus

Comparing 𝐲 = 2 𝑥 and 𝐲 = 𝑥 2
 Calculus

Laws of Exponent
For any constant 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, and for all 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
1. 𝑏 ∙𝑏 =𝑏 4. (𝑏 ) = 𝑏
𝑏𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 5.
𝑥
(𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑥
2. 𝑦 =𝑏
𝑏
𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
3. 𝑥 =
𝑏 𝑏
 Calculus

Natural Exponential Function

The letter e was first used to
represent this number by the Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler
during the 1720s.

The function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑒 𝑥 is the only

exponential function has a tangent
with slope equal to 1 at 𝑥 = 0.

𝑒 = 2.718282
 Calculus

Logarithmic function
The exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 is one-to-one,
with domain (−∞, ∞) and range (0, ∞). Therefore, it
has an inverse function, called the logarithmic function
with base 𝑏.

For any 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, the logarithmic function with

base b, denoted 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 , has domain (0, ∞) and
range −∞, ∞ , and satisfies 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 if and only if
𝑦
𝑏 = 𝑥.
 Calculus

Logarithmic function

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦
Where:

𝑥 is argument
𝑏 is base
𝑦 is exponent
Calculus

Common Logarithmic function

𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = log 𝑥
If no base is written, you can assume it’s a
common log with base equal to 10.
 Calculus

Graph of Logarithmic function

 Calculus

Graph of Logarithmic function

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 → 1,0

Find:
𝑥 when 𝑦 = 1
1/𝑥, when 𝑦 = −1
 Calculus

Vertical Asymptote of Basic 𝒍𝒐𝒈 function

We know that the value of a logarithmic function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 or 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 becomes
unbounded when 𝑥 = 0. So the vertical
asymptote of a basic logarithmic function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 is 𝑥 = 0.
 Calculus

Natural Logarithmic function

The natural logarithm of a number is its
logarithm to the base of the mathematical
constant 𝑒.

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Calculus

Comparing the graphs

The functions 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 and

𝑦 = ln(𝑥) are inverses of
each other, so their
graphs are symmetric
about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
 Calculus

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

Calculus

Change-of-Base Formulas
 Calculus

Evaluate the Limit of the following

Transcendental Function using table of values.

𝑥 sin 𝑡
1. lim 2 4. lim
𝑥→2 𝑡→0 𝑡
1−cos 𝑡
2. lim log 3 𝑥 5. lim
𝑥→1 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑡
𝑒 −1
𝑥+2
3. lim 𝑒 6. lim
𝑥→1 𝑡→0 𝑡