p h i n g

Gra l
l y n o m i a
Po
a t i o n a l
& R
t i o n s
Func
th 3 Q 2 Week 2
Ma
Lesson Objectives
1. Apply the properties of polynomial and rational
functions to manually sketch their graphs.

2. Construct a table of signs and use this to

approximate the behavior of the function near the
critical values.
Before we start graphing…

The polynomial must be Table of signs

01 02
in factored form.
You need to recall how to
You need to recall how to construct a table of signs
factor polynomials.

There is no foolproof set of

We will only sketch the
03 04
steps to perfectly sketch
graphs of polynomials
graphs of functions.
with real zeroes
Because functions behave differently
 Sketchin
g

01
Graphs
of
Polynom
ial
Functio
ns
 To sketch the graphs of polynomial functions,
we need to consider the following:

zeroes and end table of

y-intercept
Multiplicity behavior signs
Let’s start
graphing!
Example 1 Graph the polynomial function manually
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒙𝟓 + 𝟕𝒙𝟒 + 𝟗𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔

Factored form 𝒇 𝒙 = −(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏)

Real Zeros 𝒙 = −𝟏 (𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕. 𝟐), 𝟑/𝟒, 𝟏, 𝟐
Y-intercept (𝟎, 𝟔)
Leading coef. < 0
End behavior Degree of the polynomial: odd ↑↓
Table of signs
Example 1 Graph the polynomial function manually
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒙𝟓 + 𝟕𝒙𝟒 + 𝟗𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔
Factored form 𝒇 𝒙 = −(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑
Real Zeros 𝒙 = −𝟏 (𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕. 𝟐), 𝟑/𝟒, 𝟏, 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐
Y-intercept (𝟎, 𝟔) (𝒙 − 𝟐)
End behavior ↑↓ (𝒙 − 𝟏)
Table of signs
(−)

𝒇(𝒙)
−𝟏 𝟑/𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
Example 1 Graph the polynomial function manually
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒙𝟓 + 𝟕𝒙𝟒 + 𝟗𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔
𝒇 𝒙 = −(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒙 = −𝟏 (𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕. 𝟐), 𝟑/𝟒, 𝟏, 𝟐
(𝟎, 𝟔)
↑↓
Example 1 Graph the polynomial function manually
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟒𝒙𝟓 + 𝟕𝒙𝟒 + 𝟗𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔
𝒇 𝒙 = −(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒙 = −𝟏 (𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕. 𝟐), 𝟑/𝟒, 𝟏, 𝟐
(𝟎, 𝟔)
↑↓
Graph the polynomial function manually:
𝑓. 𝑥 = 6𝑥 / + 5𝑥 0 − 62𝑥 1 + 24𝑥 + 15

Factor the polynomial (using rational roots theorem)

Example 2 Graph the polynomial function manually
𝑔 𝑥 = 6𝑥 / + 5𝑥 0 − 62𝑥 1 + 24𝑥 + 15

Factored form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟔(𝒙 + 𝟏/𝟑) 𝒙 − 𝟓/𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑)

𝟏 𝟓
Real Zeros 𝒙 = −𝟑. 𝟕𝟗, − , 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗,
𝟑 𝟐
Y-intercept (𝟎, 𝟏𝟓)
Leading coeff: +
End behavior Degree of the polynomial: even ↑↑
Table of signs
Table of Signs
1 5
𝑓! 𝑥 = 6 𝑥 + 𝑥 − (𝑥 " + 3𝑥 − 3)
3 2
Zeros

Y-int

End
behavior
Table of
signs
Zeros

Y-int

End
behavior
Table of
signs
Zeros

Y-int

End
behavior
Table of
signs
Your turn!
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 8 + 𝑥

Factored form 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
Real Zeros 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏

Y-intercept (𝟎, 𝟎)
Leading coeff: -
End behavior Degree of the polynomial: odd ↑↓
Table of signs
 Sketchin
g
Graphs
of
Rationa
l
Functio
ns
Sketching graphs of rational functions
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be the given rational function
Simplify f(x) and determine its domain.
1 Take note of the restricted values.
Determine the asymptotes of f(x) and graph these
2 using dashed lines. Graph the holes as well (if any).

3 Plot the x and the y-intercepts (if there are any)

4 Determine the short-run and long-run behaviors.

Graph the rational function manually:
𝑥+1
𝑓; 𝑥 =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)

Domain The domain of f(x) is the set of real numbers, except 2 and -3.
This tells us that the restricted values are 2 and -3.
Asymptotes
Zeros
Y-intercept
Table of signs
Table of signs
𝑥+1
𝑓; 𝑥 =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Graph the rational function manually:
6𝑥 / + 5𝑥 0 − 62𝑥 1 + 24𝑥 + 15
𝑓0 𝑥 =
𝑥 0 − 3𝑥 1 − 6𝑥 + 8
1 5
6 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 1 + 3𝑥 − 3)
𝑓0 𝑥 =
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 1)
Table of Signs
1 5
6 𝑥+ 𝑥 − (𝑥 ; + 3𝑥 − 3)
𝑓< 𝑥 = 3 2
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 1)
Graph
Your turn!
Graph the following rational functions.

;= " ><=?@ @= " >A = " ?@=>B

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2. 𝑔 𝑥 = ;= "?<; 3. ℎ 𝑥 =
=?; = " >;=?A@

Domain
Asymptotes
Zeros
Y-intercept
Table of signs