LECTURE II:

INVERSE, EXPONENTIAL,
LOGARITHMIC,TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES
MAT1051
BAU
Lecture 2 Objectives

◦ Find the domain and range and sketch the graph of exponential, logarithmic,
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions.
◦ Determine whether a function has an inverse or not.
◦ Find the inverse of a function, if it exists.
◦ Given the graph of a function, sketch the graph of its inverse.
◦ Solve equations involving exponents and logarithms.
◦ Evaluate expressions involving trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions.
 Recall
◦ A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D, called the domain, exactly one element,
denoted f (x). The set of all values of f (x) is called the range.
◦ The graph of a function 𝑓 is the set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) in the 𝑥𝑦-plane satisfying the equation 𝑦 =
𝑓 𝑥 .

◦ A function can be represented by a formula, a graph, a table, and words.

 Recall
◦ Functions represented by formulas: algebraic, and transcendental functions.

Algebraic Functions
Transcendental Functions

r Exponential
Rational Functions
Trigonometric
Polynomials Many
More
 Exponential Functions
◦ Exponential functions have the form
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏),
where the base 𝑏 ≠ 1 is a positive real number.
◦ For what values of 𝑥 is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 ) defined?
◦ Let us consider the example where 𝑓 𝑥 = 2! .
%
◦ We know that we can compute 2! when 𝑥 is an integer, e.g., 2" = 8, 2#$ = .
%&
! "/$ ! "
◦ When 𝑥 is rational, we can evaluate 2 , e.g., 2 = 2 .
◦ How about when 𝑥 is irrational, for instance 5( , 𝑜𝑟 2 " ?
 Domain of the Exponential Function
Goal: Fill in the holes in the graph of 𝑦 = 2! by defining 𝑓 for all real numbers,
such that 𝑓 is an increasing function.

Let us consider 2 # to demonstrate that the exponential function indeed takes rational
and irrational numbers. Since
1.7 < 3 < 1.8,
it follows that
2$.& < 2 # < 2$.'
The graph of 𝑦 = 2" , for rational 𝑥
Both are defined for
𝑓 𝑥 = 2"
The idea is to better approximate 2 # by rational numbers.

Using calculus tools, it can be shown that there is exactly one number greater than
all the numbers 2$.& , 2$.&#( , 2$.&#() , … and smaller that all the numbers 2$.' , 2$.&* , 2$.&## , … .

We define this number to be 2 # . By the above approximation, 2 # ≈ 3.321997 correct to six decimal places.

The domain of any exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 ) is all real numbers.

Exponential Rules
◦ For any base 𝑏 > 0, and real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, the following relations hold:
◦ 𝑏 ) 𝑏 @ = 𝑏 )A@
B!
◦ = 𝑏 )C@
B"
◦ 𝑏 ) @ = 𝑏 )@
◦ 𝑏 ) > 0 for all 𝑥

◦ Question: Can you raise a positive number b to a power and obtain a negative
number or zero?
 !
The Graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 The smaller the values of b,
the greater the rate of decrease.
The larger the b, the greater
𝑦 = 0.1"
the rate of increase. 𝑦 = 5"

𝑦 = 10" 𝑦 = 0.5"
𝑦 = 2"

𝑦 = 0.9"
 Properties of Exponential Functions
!
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑏
◦ Since 𝑏 ) is defined for all real numbers, the domain of 𝑓 is −∞, ∞ .
◦ Since 𝑏 ) > 0 for all values of 𝑥, the range of 𝑓 is (0, ∞) (note those are the
𝑦 values).
◦ For all 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 F = 1, and therefore 𝑓 0 = 1.
◦ If 𝑏 > 1, then 𝑓 is an increasing function of 𝑥. For example, if 𝑏 = 2, then 2) > 2@
whenever 𝑥 > 𝑦.
G
◦ If 0 < 𝑏 < 1, then 𝑓 is a decreasing function of 𝑥, e.g., if 𝑏 = ,
H
1 ) 1
𝑓 𝑥 = = ) = 2C) .
2 2
The Natural Exponential Function
◦ One of the most versatile bases used for exponential functions is the
irrational number 𝑒.
Definition: The natural exponential function is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 " , which has the base
𝑒 = 2.718281828459
 Inverse Functions
◦ Suppose that you have the following travel itinerary

◦ When will you be in Brussels?

◦ June 4th (note: you had to read the itinerary backward to answer this question)
◦ When did you visit the Eiffel Tower?
◦ Hmmm! You have three possibilities to answer this question. You can’t give a definite answer.
◦ The table above can be viewed as the function that describes your itinerary plan, i.e., on day 𝑥, you will
visit city 𝑦.
◦ To answer the first question, you were able to invert the itinerary to give a definite answer. However, for
the second question, such process of inversion could not be applied, since you were in Paris for three
days.
 The Inverse of a Function
◦ Now, consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥. As you recall, a function can be viewed as a machine, thus one
might ask what does this machine do?
◦ This machine (function) takes any value of 𝑥 and doubles it.
◦ Can we undo this process to get back 𝑥? More formally, does there exist a function that reverses this
process by taking any value of 𝑓(𝑥) and maps it back to 𝑥? If so, we say that 𝑓 has an inverse and we
denote by 𝑓 "# .
"
◦ Yes, the function that does the job is 𝑓 +$ (𝑥) = .
(

Definition: Given a function 𝑓, its inverse (if it exists) is a

function, denoted by 𝑓 CG such that whenever 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then
𝑓 CG 𝑦 = 𝑥.
https://olvereducation.weebly.com/6d---inverse-functions.html
 One-to-One Functions
◦ From the first example, we see that not all functions can have inverses. So what is the condition that
makes a function have an inverse?
◦ Consider the following diagrams

◦ 𝑓 never takes on the same value twice since any two inputs in A have different outputs. However, the
function 𝑔 in the second diagram does take on the same value twice, i.e., 𝑔 2 = 𝑔 3 = 4.
◦ Clearly, if 𝑓 is inverted, one gets a function. On the other hand, if we try to invert 𝑔, such an inverse does
not exist simply because reversing the arrows will not yield a function.
◦ We say that 𝑓 is a one-to-one function and 𝑔 is not a one-to-one function.
 Defintion: A function 𝑓 is called one-to-one if it never takes on the same value twice;
that is
𝑓 𝑥G ≠ 𝑓 𝑥H whenever 𝑥G ≠ 𝑥H.

Furthermore, a geometric method exists for determining whether function is one-to-one. If a horizontal line intersects
the graph of 𝑓 at more than one point then the function is not one-to-one.

Horizontal Line Test

A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once.
 Example 1
◦ Is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 $ one-to-one?
◦ This function is not one-to-one, for instance 𝑓 1 = 1 = 𝑓 −1 , so the inputs 1 and − 1 have the
same output.
◦ Geometrically, the Horizontal Line Test fails.

◦ Is 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 % one-to-one?
◦ If 𝑥# ≠ 𝑥$ , then 𝑥#% ≠ 𝑥$% as two different numbers can’t have the same cube. Therefore, 𝑥 % is one-to-
one.
◦ The Horizontal Line Test confirms our answer.
 Existence of Inverse Functions
Theorem: Let 𝑓 be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then 𝑓 has a
unique inverse 𝑓 CG with domain B and range A such that
𝑓 CG(𝑓 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 for every 𝑥 in A
𝑓 𝑓 CG 𝑦 = 𝑦 for every 𝑦 in B

𝑓 +$ reverses the effect

of 𝑓 in this diagram.

𝑓 +$ 𝑓 1 = 𝑓 +$ 5 = 1
𝑓 𝑓 +$ 7 = 𝑓 3 = 7
Example 2
◦ Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 H − 1. Does the function have an inverse?
◦ Clearly, the function does not have an inverse as it fails
the Horizontal Line Test.

◦ What if we restrict the domain of this function to 0, ∞ or (−∞, 0]?

◦ In this case, the function will be one-to-one and an inverse exists.
Finding Inverse Functions

◦ Suppose 𝑓 is one-to-one on an interval 𝐼. To find 𝑓 CG:

◦ Step 1: Write 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
◦ Step 2: Solve the equation for 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦.
◦ Step 3: Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦 and write 𝑦 = 𝑓 #% 𝑥 .
 Example 3
◦ Find the inverse function of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 K + 2.
◦ Solution:
◦ Step 1: Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 % + 2.
◦ Step 2: Solve for 𝑥:
𝑦 = 𝑥% + 2
𝑥% = 𝑦 − 2
𝑥 = ! 𝑦−2
◦ Step 3: Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦 to write
!
𝑓 "# 𝑥 = 𝑥−2

Note: If we check the cancellation rule, we see the inverse relations are satisfied.
! !
𝑓 +$ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 +$ 𝑥 # + 2 = 𝑥# + 2 − 2 = 𝑥# = 𝑥
! ! #
𝑓 𝑓 +$ 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 − 2 = ( 𝑥 − 2) + 2 = 𝑥 − 2 + 2 = 𝑥
 Example 4 #$%
◦ Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = #&' .
◦ Solution:
#$%
◦ Step 1: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = #&' .
◦ Step 2: Solve for 𝑥
𝑥+5
𝑦=
𝑥−2
𝑦 𝑥−2 =𝑥+5
𝑦𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5
𝑦𝑥 − 𝑥 = 5 + 2𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 − 1 = 5 + 2𝑦
5 + 2𝑦
𝑥=
𝑦−1
◦ Step 3: Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦 to write
5 + 2𝑥
𝑓 &( 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
 Graphing Inverse Functions
◦ Interchanging 𝑥 and 𝑦 to find the inverse function gives insight into the method for obtaining the
graph of 𝑓 "# from the one of 𝑓.
◦ Recall: The defining rule of the inverse function is
𝑓 "# 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦.
◦ Geometrically, this is interpreted as the point (𝑎, 𝑏) is on the graph of 𝑓 if and only if the point
(𝑏, 𝑎) is on the graph of 𝑓 "# . That is, we obtain the point 𝑏, 𝑎 by reflecting the point (𝑎, 𝑏)
about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

The graph of 𝑓 +$ is obtained by reflecting the graph of 𝑓 about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Example 4
◦ Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 𝑥 = −1 − 𝑥 and its inverse function using the same
coordinate axes.
 Logarithmic Functions
◦ Recall:
◦ The exponential function is defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ! .
◦ The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ! is all real numbers.
◦ The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ! is 0, ∞ .
◦ For any 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ! is one-to-one by the Horizontal Line Test, hence having an
inverse.
◦ What is the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ! ?
◦ Using the defining rule of an inverse function, namely
𝑓 "# 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥,
we have
log N 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑎 @ = 𝑥
In other words, if 𝑥 > 0, then log & (𝑥) is the exponent to which the base 𝑎 must be raised to give 𝑥. For
example, log $ 16 = 4 ⟺ 2' = 16.
 Logarithmic Functions
◦ The cancellation equations of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 ) are
log N 𝑎 ) = 𝑥, for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑎OPQ) ) = 𝑥, for every x ∈ 0, ∞
◦ The graph of the logarithmic function is obtained by reflecting the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 )
about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
◦ The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = log N 𝑥 is 0, ∞ .
◦ The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = log N 𝑥 is all real numbers.
Laws of Logarithms

If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are positive numbers, then

1. log ) (𝑥𝑦) = log ) 𝑥 + log ) 𝑦
!
2. log ) *
= log ) 𝑥 − log ) 𝑦
+
3. log ) 𝑥 = 𝑟 log ) 𝑥 (where 𝑟 is any real number)
Example 5
◦ Use the laws of logarithms to evaluate log H 80 − log H 5.
◦ Solution:
◦ Using Law 2, we get
80
log H 80 − log H 5 = log H = log H 16 = 4.
5
 Natural Logarithms
◦ We have seen a “special” exponential function, namely the one whose base is 𝑒. We also gave it a name: The
Natural Exponential Function.
◦ How do we define its inverse? Does it have a special name as well?
◦ The logarithm whose base is 𝑒 is called the natural logarithm and has a special notation:
log ( 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
◦ Thus, by setting 𝑎 = 𝑒, and replacing log ( 𝑥 with ln 𝑥 , we can write the defining rule of the natural
logarithmic function as follows:
ln 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑒 , = 𝑥

ln 𝑒 " = 𝑥, for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑒 -. " = 𝑥, for every 𝑥 > 0.

ln 1 = 0
ln 𝑒 = 1
Example 6
◦ Solve the equation 𝑒 VCH) = 7 for 𝑥.
◦ Solution:
◦ Take the natural logarithm of both sides
ln 𝑒 VCH) = ln 7
◦ Apply the cancellation rule
5 − 2𝑥 = ln 7
◦ Solve for 𝑥.
5 − ln 7
𝑥=
2
 Example 7
◦ Solve the equation ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − 1 = 1 .
◦ Solution:
◦ Use Property 1 of logarithm to rewrite the left-hand side
ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − 1 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 1
◦ We get
ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 =1
◦ Apply the cancellation rule (take 𝑒 of both sides) to get
‼ This number doesn’t work, since
𝑒 )* ! !"# = 𝑒 #
$+ $/* 0
𝑥 𝑥−1 =𝑒 < 0 and we can’t take the log of
(
◦ Solve for 𝑥 a negative number ‼
𝑥$ − 𝑥 − 𝑒 = 0
The solution 1 + 1 − 4 −𝑒 1 − 1 − 4 −𝑒
that works. 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=
2 2
Trigonometric Functions

◦ Trigonometric functions are essential in calculus and have a wide range of applications. They
are used in (but not limited to):
◦ in physics to describe oscillatory motion and analyze wave functions and wave propagation;
◦ in engineering, to mode periodic phenomena in electrical circuits and mechanical systems;
◦ in engineering to solve problems related to sound and vibrations;
◦ in engineering, to analyze alternating current (AC) circuits.

◦ So, they will haunt you through your college years 👻.

 The Six Basic Trig Functions
◦ In calculus, the convention is to measure angles in radians rather than degrees.
◦ Recall: an angle given by a complete revolution contains 360°, which is the same as 2𝜋. That is,

𝜋 rad = 180°
◦ Some commonly used angles in our course are given in the following table:

◦ NOTE: You don’t need to memorize this table since you can easily convert from radians to degree and vice versa using
the fact that 𝜋 rad = 180°.
 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
◦ The graph of the sine function is obtained by plotting points for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 and then by using the periodic nature of the
sine function to extend the graph.

◦ Important Facts:
◦ The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 is all real numbers
◦ 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 is bounded between −1 and 1, that is −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1.
◦ The sine function is an odd function, that is sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥.
◦ The zeros of the sine function occur at integer multiples of 𝜋, i.e. sin 𝑥 = 0 whenever 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 is an integer.
 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
◦ The graph of the cosine function is obtained by plotting points for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 and then by using the periodic nature of the
cosine function to extend the graph.

◦ Important Facts:
◦ The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 is all real numbers
◦ 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 is bounded between −1 and 1, that is −1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1.
◦ The cosine function is an even function, that is cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥.
! !
◦ The zeros of the cosine function occur at integer multiples of " , i.e. co𝑠 𝑥 = 0 whenever 𝑥 = " + 𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 is an integer.
 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
◦ We use the fact that the tangent function has period 𝜋 to plot its graph.
◦ Important Facts:
"#$ % (
◦ Since tan 𝑥 = , the graph of the tangent function never intersects 𝑥 = + 𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 is an integer.
&'" % )
(
◦ The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 is ℝ − + 𝑛𝜋: 𝑛 is an integer .
)
◦ The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 is −∞, ∞ .
 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥
◦ We use the fact that the cotangent function has period 𝜋 to plot its graph.
◦ Important Facts:
&'" %
◦ Since co𝑡 𝑥 = "#$ %
, the graph of the cotangent function never intersects 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 is an integer.
◦ The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 is ℝ − 𝑛𝜋: 𝑛 is an integer .
◦ The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 is −∞, ∞ .
 The Reciprocal Trig Functions
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙
$
◦ Since csc 𝑥 = , the cosecant function has $
12. "
◦ Since sec 𝑥 = 341 ", the secant function has period
period 2𝜋.
2𝜋.
◦ The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 is (−∞, −1] ∪ 1, ∞ .
◦ The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 is (−∞, −1] ∪ 1, ∞ .
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
◦ The graph of the sine function clearly fails the Horizontal Line Test. So how can one talk about inverse trig functions?

◦ Recall that a function has an inverse if it is one-to-one. Therefore, to talk about the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , we need to
" "
restrict the domain to make it one-to-one. Conventionally, we consider values of 𝑥 on the interval − , . On this
# #
$%
interval, 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 is one-to-one, and hence possessing an inverse, denoted by sin or arcsin, and called the inverse
sine function, or the arcsine function.

$
🛑 sin+$ 𝑥 ≠ 𝜋 𝜋
12. "
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , − ≤𝑥≤
2 2
 The Inverse Sine Function
◦ Recall that the definition of an inverse function states that
𝑓 $% 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥.
◦ Thus, we have

𝜋 𝜋
sin+$ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ sin 𝑦 = 𝑥, and − ≤𝑦≤ .
2 2
◦ The latter means that if −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, sin$% 𝑥 is the number between −𝜋/2 and 𝜋/2 whose sine is 𝑥. For instance,
% " "
sin$% #
= &
since sin & = 1/2 between −𝜋/2 and 𝜋/2.
◦ The cancellation equations for inverse functions becomes,
𝜋 𝜋
sin+$ (sin 𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − ≤𝑥≤
2 2
sin(sin+$ 𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
The graph of 𝑦 =
sin:; 𝑥 = arcsin 𝑥
• The domain of sin+$ 𝑥 is
−1,1
• The range of sin+$ 𝑥 is
5 5
− , .
( (
• The arcsine function is an
odd function.
• The graph of
𝑦 = sin+$ 𝑥 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
are symmetric with respect
to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
 The Inverse Cosine Function
◦ To talk about the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , we need to restrict the domain to make it one-to-one. Conventionally, we
consider values of 𝑥 on the interval 0, 𝜋 . On this interval, 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 is one-to-one, and hence possessing an inverse,
denoted by cos$% or arccos, and called the inverse cosine function, or the arccosine function.
◦ Thus, we have

cos +$ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ cos 𝑦 = 𝑥, and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋.

◦ The latter means that if −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, cos$% 𝑥 is the number between 0 and 𝜋 whose cosine is 𝑥. For instance,
' (" (" '
cos$% − = since cos =− between 0 and 𝜋.
# & & #

◦ The cancellation equations for inverse functions become,

cos−1 (cos 𝑥) = 𝑥, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 ,

cos⁡(cos−1 𝑥) = 𝑥, for − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
The graph of 𝑦 =
cos :; 𝑥 = arccos 𝑥
• The domain of cos +$ 𝑥 is
−1,1
• The range of cos +$ 𝑥 is
0, 𝜋 .
• The arccosine function is
neither even nor odd.
• The graph of
𝑦 = cos +$ 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
are symmetric with respect
to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
 The Inverse Tangent Function
◦ Similar to the cosine and sine functions, the tangent function can be made one-to-one by restricting it to the interval
" "
− , . Thus, one can define the inverse tangent function, denoted by tan$% 𝑜𝑟 arctan, and we have
# #
𝜋 𝜋
tan+$ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ tan 𝑦 = 𝑥, and − <𝑦< .
2 2

◦ The cancellation equations for inverse functions becomes,

𝜋 𝜋
tan+$ (tan 𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − <𝑥<
2 2
tan(tan+$ 𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − ∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
The graph of 𝑦 =
tan:; 𝑥 = arctan 𝑥
• The domain of tan+$ 𝑥 is
(−∞, ∞)
• The range of tan+$ 𝑥 is
5 5
− , .
( (

• The arctan function is odd.

• The graph of
𝑦 = tan+$ 𝑥 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
are symmetric with respect
to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
 Example 8
G
◦ Evaluate tan arcsin K
◦ Solution:
# #
◦ Note that arcsin is the angle of tangent. Thus, let 𝜃 = arcsin .
% %
#
◦ By the defining rule of inverse functions, sin 𝜃 = .
%
◦ Draw a right triangle with the givens.
◦ Find the missing side by Pythagorean Theorem: 3$ − 1$ = 8 = 2 2.
◦ Read the solution from the triangle
1 1
tan arcsin = tan 𝜃 = Recall:
3 2 2 677
• sin 𝜃 =
8,7
677
• tan 𝜃 = 9:;
 Example 9
◦ Simplify the expression cos(tanCG 𝑥).
◦ Solution:
◦ Method 1:
◦ Let 𝑦 = tan"# 𝑥 , then tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 .
◦ Draw a right triangle.
◦ Find the missing side by Pythagorean Theorem: 1 + 𝑥 $ .
◦ Read the solution from the triangle (the case for 𝑦 > 0):
"#
1
cos(tan 𝑥) = .
1+𝑥 $
 Example 9 Continued
◦ Simplify the expression cos(tanCG 𝑥).
◦ Method 2:
( (
◦ Let 𝑦 = tan#% 𝑥 , then tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − < 𝑦 < .
1 1
◦ Goal: Find cos 𝑦.
◦ Since tan 𝑦 is known, we can easily find sec 𝑦 using the following trig identity:
sec 1 𝑦 = 1 + tan1 𝑦
sec 1 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 1
" "
sec 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥1 (This is true since sec 𝑦 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − # < 𝑦 < #
)
#
◦ Use the fact that cos 𝑦 = to find cos 𝑦 ,
FGH I
1
cos 𝑦 =
1 + 𝑥$