2H-Derivatives of

CALCULUS 1 Elementary
Transcendental
Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

If 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1, then the exponential function with base 𝒂 is

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 .

If 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1, the logarithmic function with base 𝒂, written as

𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 ,
is the inverse function of the exponential function with base 𝑎.

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

▪ 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦

▪ log 𝑎 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
▪ 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 > 0

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Euler’s number 𝒆

Euler’s number e is defined as

1
𝑒 = lim 1 + ℎ ℎ .
ℎ→0

The number 𝑒 is irrational, and to the first few decimal places,

𝑒 = 2.718281828459045 . . .

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Natural Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

The natural exponential function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 .

The natural logarithmic function is 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥.

Let 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1.

▪ ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
▪ 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 > 0
▪ ln 𝑒 = 1
ln 𝑥
▪ log 𝑎 𝑥 =
ln 𝑎
▪ 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑎

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

1
𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥>0
𝑥
1
𝐷𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥>0
𝑥 ln 𝑎
1
𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑥 = (𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Logarithmic Differentiation
Logarithmic Differentiation is a technique used in differentiating
complicated products and quotients
Given an equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦, perform the following steps:
1. Take the absolute value of both sides of the equation and apply
properties of the absolute value.
2. Take the natural logarithm of both sides and apply properties of
logarithms to obtain a sum.
3. Take the derivative of both sides implicitly with respect to 𝑥 and
𝑑𝑦
solve for .
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Properties of Absolute Value
▪ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
▪ =
𝑦 𝑦
▪ 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑟

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Properties of Logarithms
▪ log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑥
▪ log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
▪ log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟 log 𝑎 𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1
Find if 𝑦 = .
𝑑𝑥 csc5 (𝑥) 1−𝑥 2
Step 1: Take the absolute value

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example (continued)
Step 2: Take the natural log

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example (continued)
Step 3: Take the derivative

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 tan4 𝑥
Find if 𝑦 = 2 3 .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 +1 log 𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Derivatives of Exponential Functions

𝐷𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝐷𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

As a consequence also, if 𝑟 ∈ ℝ, then

𝑟 𝑟 ln 𝑥 𝑟 ln 𝑥
1
𝐷𝑥 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 𝑒 =𝑒 ∙ 𝑟∙ = 𝑥 𝑟 ∙ 𝑟𝑥 −1 = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟−1
𝑥
Hence, the power rule holds even for irrational exponents.

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥

4. 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 𝜋 = 𝜋𝑥 𝜋−1
5. 𝐷𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 = 2 cos 𝑥 2−1 (− sin 𝑥)

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example
𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑥
Method 1: Use logarithmic differentiation
ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 𝑥 ) No need to take absolute values since 𝑥 > 0
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
∙ = 𝑥 ∙ + ln 𝑥 ∙ 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦(1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
Example
𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑔 𝑥
Method 2: Write 𝑓 𝑥 first as 𝑒 𝑔 𝑥 ln 𝑓 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑥
1
=𝑒 𝑥 ∙ + ln 𝑥 ∙ 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥 , sin 𝑥
Find if 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Inverse Circular Functions
Function Inverse Function Range
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = sin 𝑦 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 𝑦∈ − ,
2 2
𝑥 = cos 𝑦 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 𝑦 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = tan 𝑦 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 𝑦∈ − ,
2 2
𝑥 = cot 𝑦 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥 𝑦 ∈ 0, 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = sec 𝑦 𝑦= sec −1 𝑥 𝑦 ∈ 0, ∪ 𝜋,
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = csc 𝑦 𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥 𝑦 ∈ −𝜋, ∪ 0,
2 2
2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
Inverse Circular Functions
The inverse sine function, denoted sin−1 , is defined as follows:
−1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = sin 𝑦, 𝑦 ∈ − ,
2 2

The inverse cosine function, denoted cos−1 , is defined as follows:

𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = cos 𝑦, 𝑦 ∈ 0, 𝜋

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Derivatives of Inverse Circular Functions

1 −1
𝐷𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 cot −1 𝑥
=
1 − 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
−1 −1
1
𝐷𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 sec 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
1 −1
−1
−1
𝐷𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 csc 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Proof of 𝑫𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 −𝟏 𝒙
𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥
𝑥 = sin 𝑦
𝐷𝑥 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 (sin 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
1 = cos 𝑦 ∙ by chain rule
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦
Note that from cos 2 𝑦 + sin2 𝑦 = 1, cos 𝑦 = ± 1 − sin2 𝑦.
𝜋 𝜋
Since 𝑦 ∈ − , (range of sin−1 𝑥), cos 𝑦 ≥ 0 (must be positive or zero).
2 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
Therefore, = =
𝑑𝑥 + 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥
1.

2.

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥
3.

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic sine function, denoted sinh, is defined by
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 =
2

The hyperbolic cosine function, denoted cosh, is defined by

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh 𝑥 =
2

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Hyperbolic Functions

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
coth 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2
sech 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2
csch 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Hyperbolic Function Identities
1 cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
sech 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
1
csch 𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
sinh 𝑥
1
coth 𝑥 =
tanh 𝑥
sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥
coth 𝑥 =
sinh 𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Circular and Hyperbolic Functions

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

𝐷𝑥 sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥
𝐷𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥
𝐷𝑥 tanh 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥
𝐷𝑥 coth 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥
𝐷𝑥 sech 𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥
𝐷𝑥 csch 𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

sinh−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1) 1 + 1 − 𝑥 2
sech−1 𝑥 = ln
cosh−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥
1 1 + 𝑥 2
1 1+𝑥
−1
tanh 𝑥 = ln csch−1 𝑥 = ln +
2 1−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
−1
1 𝑥+1
coth 𝑥 = ln
2 𝑥−1

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1 1
𝐷𝑥sinh−1 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 coth−1 𝑥
= 2
, 𝑥 >1
𝑥2 + 1 1−𝑥
1 −1
1
𝐷𝑥 cosh−1 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 sech 𝑥 = −
2 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 −1
1 −1
1
𝐷𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥 = , 𝑥 < 1 𝐷𝑥 csch 𝑥 = −
1 − 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 + 1

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Examples
𝑑𝑦
Find .
𝑑𝑥

2H-DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS