OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE

YEAR CITATION TITLE OF STUDY STUDY LOCATION KEY FINDINGS PARAPHRASED

McCradden MD Conditionally positive: a Institute for Health Policy,

Artificial intelligence In recent years, the
2020 et al., qualitative study of public Management and
(AI) is a topic that has discussion about artificial
perceptions about using Evaluation, University ofbecome increasingly intelligence (AI) has become
health data for artificial Toronto, Canada. relevant in the social increasingly important
intelligence research debate in recent years. among the public.
Politicians, economists, Politicians, economists,
scientists as well as lay scientists, and ordinary
people are talking people alike have debated
controversially about this particular topic.
this special subject. Unfortunately, the general
However, the level of public's understanding of
public knowledge about artificial intelligence is often
AI is frequently low limited, and its perception is
and its perception is not mixed.
exclusively positive.
2022 Fritsch et al., Attitudes and perception of Department of Intensive While a majority has While AI has potential to
artificial intelligence in Care Medicine, optimistic opinions improve people's lives,
healthcare University Hospital about AI’s capability to which is viewed favourably
RWTH Aachen, improve human life, by most, there are still
Germany. there is also debates about ethical issues,
controversial discussion uncontrolled and naive use
about ethical concerns, of AI.
loss of control and
undesired consequences
by uncritical usage of
AI.
2023 Nitiéma, P. Artificial Intelligence in Department of Information Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI)
 Medicine Systems (AI) can be described describes a set of
Arizona State University, as a set of technologies technologies that can carry
United States. that can perform tasks out tasks typically done by
usually associated with human cognitive processes,
human cognitive such as pattern recognition,
functions such as problem-solving, learning,
learning, pattern and reasoning. These
recognition, reasoning, cognitive abilities are
and problem solving. essential in various duties
Many tasks performed that employees undertake in
by workers in their job their work, indicating that AI
involve the use of these may potentially replace some
cognitive functions, and or all of these tasks.
as such, these tasks can
be performed entirely
or partially by AI.
2017 Hamet, P., & Artificial Intelligence in Department of Medicine, Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is
Tremblay, J. Medicine Université de Montréal, (AI) is a general term a term that encompasses a
Canada. that implies the use of a range of computer-based
computer to model techniques used to imitate
intelligent behaviour intelligent behaviour without
with minimal human significant human input.
intervention. AI is Many believe that the
generally accepted as creation of robots marked the
having started with the initial stage of AI.
invention of robots.
2019 Mintz, Y., & Introduction to artificial Department of General The term Artificial In 1956, at a symposium on
Brodie, R., Surgery, Intelligence (AI) was the topic, John McCarthy
intelligence in medicine.
Hadassah Hebrew- coined by John coined the term Artificial
University Medical Center, McCarthy in 1956 Intelligence (AI). However,
Israel. during a conference Alan Turing, who developed
held on this subject. the Turing test to
 However, the differentiate between
possibility of machines humans and machines,
being able to simulate emphasized the possibility
human behaviour and that machines could imitate
actually think was human behaviour and even
raised earlier by Alan think earlier. Over time, the
Turing who developed capacity of computers to
the Turing test in order conduct calculations and
to differentiate humans process data has significantly
from machines. Since improved, and they can now
then, computational instantly perform
power has grown to the calculations and assess new
point of instant data in real-time based on
calculations and the previously evaluated data.
ability evaluate new
data, according to
previously assessed
data, in real time.
2017 Hamet, P., & Artificial Intelligence in Department of Medicine, AI in medicine, has two There are two main areas of
Tremblay, J. Medicine Université de Montréal, main branches: virtual artificial intelligence (AI) in
Canada. and physical. The medicine: virtual and
virtual branch includes physical. The physical field
informatics approaches is primarily represented by
from deep learning robots, while the virtual field
information encompasses a range of
management to control informatics techniques,
of health management including deep learning,
systems and the information management,
physical branch is best and health management
represented by robots. system control.
2020 Ali et al., Artificial intelligence tools The Aga Khan University, Machine learning, an Machine learning is a type of
and perspectives of university Pakistan. application of artificial artificial intelligence that
 librarians. intelligence that gives allows systems to learn from
systems the ability to experience without requiring
automatically learn explicit programming.
from experience Meanwhile, deep learning is
without being explicitly a subset of artificial
programmed, and deep intelligence that utilizes
learning, where algorithms modelled after the
artificial intelligence, human brain and large
algorithms inspired by amounts of data to operate.
the human brain from These two components
large amounts of data, comprise artificial
are two components of intelligence.
artificial intelligence.
2022 Thakkar, B., & Medical Specialists’ Symbiosis Centre for AI has disrupted many AI has caused significant
Bharathi, V. S Perception About Adoption of Information Technology, industries from changes in several industries,
Artificial Intelligence in the India. manufacturing to retail ranging from manufacturing
Healthcare Sector. due to enormous benefits to retail, by offering a
it provides, such as multitude of advantages,
improved work efficiency, such as enhanced work
reduction in costs, productivity, decreased
increased accuracy, and expenses, improved
higher performance. AI precision, and superior
has also found its way to performance. Moreover, AI
a very critical sector of has made its presence felt in
healthcare and medicine. a crucial field like healthcare
and medicine.
 HOW ARTFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS USED IN SOME AREAS OF HEALTHCARE
YEAR CITATION TITLE OF STUDY STUDY LOCATION KEY FINDINGS PARAPHRASED

2022 Choudhury, A., & Impact of accountability, School of Systems and Several systematic Many people are aware that
Asan, O. training, and human factors Enterprises, reviews have reported incorporating AI into
on the use of artificial Stevens Institute of the role of AI systems healthcare can be beneficial,
intelligence in healthcare. Technology, in improving patient but it's important to consider
United States. care, safety, diagnosis, human factors in order to
and healthcare fully reap its advantages.
management and t is Numerous systematic reviews
well established that the have highlighted the positive
effective integration, impact of AI on patient care,
use, and adoption of AI safety, diagnosis, and
into the healthcare healthcare management.
system can be
beneficial; however,
human factors
considerations are
essential to actualizing
its benefits.
2019 Roski et al., How artificial intelligence is National Academy of The potential for AI in The possibility for artificial
changing health and health Medicine, medicine and health is intelligence (AI) to
care. United States massive and its revolutionize the medical and
constantly expanding as healthcare industry is vast,
AI technologies are and it continues to expand as
being developed by AI advancements are made
industry, academia, by various entities such as
government and businesses, academic
individuals. It is institutions, government
expected that the agencies, and individuals. In
 integration of AI-based multiple areas of medicine
technologies into and healthcare, the
medical practice will implementation of AI-based
produce substantial technologies is expected to
changes in many areas bring about substantial
of medicine and transformations.
healthcare.
2020 Gómez-González et Artificial intelligence in Royal Academy of To date, AI has AI has been gradually
al., medicine and healthcare. Medicine and Surgery of progressively been integrated into various
Seville, developed and aspects of medicine,
Spain introduced into virtually including primary care, rare
all areas of medicine, disease treatment, emergency
from primary care to medicine, biomedical
rare diseases, research, and public health.
emergency medicine,
biomedical research and
public health.
2022 Panel for the Artificial Intelligence in Artificial Intelligence in The potential for the There is a vast potential for
Future of Science healthcare Medicine Lab, application of AI in the utilizing AI in the medical
and Technology Spain. clinical setting is industry, which encompasses
enormous and ranges a range of applications such
from the automation of as automating diagnostic
diagnostic processes to processes, guiding therapeutic
therapeutic decision decisions, and carrying out
making and clinical clinical research.
research.
2020 Sur et al., Knowledge, attitudes, and Department of Oral Applications of AI AI technology in dentistry,
perceptions regarding the Medicine and Radiology, programs in dentistry especially in the field of
future of artificial intelligence India. are quite interesting, imaging, has great potential
in oral radiology in India. especially in radiology, and could prove beneficial for
and AI can be a boon inexperienced dental
for novice dental professionals. Tasks such as
 practitioners. AI evaluating facial
programs can help in development, detecting dental
the tracing of decay, bone loss in the jaw,
cephalometric and periapical pathosis can be
landmarks; in the made easier with the help of
detection of caries, AI software.
alveolar bone loss, and
periapical pathosis; the
analysis of facial
growth, and other
similar tasks.
2021 Gupta et al., Artificial intelligence to deep Department of Machine learning and Several techniques in drug
learning Biotechnology, deep learning discovery, such as peptide
Delhi Technological algorithms have been synthesis, virtual screening
University, implemented in several based on structure or ligands,
India. drug discovery prediction of toxicity,
processes such as monitoring and release of
peptide synthesis, drugs, modelling of
structure-based virtual pharmacophores, establishing
screening, ligand-based quantitative structure-activity
virtual screening, relationships, drug
toxicity prediction, drug repositioning,
monitoring and release, polypharmacology, and
pharmacophore predicting physiochemical
modelling, quantitative activities, have integrated
structure–activity algorithms of machine
relationship, drug learning and deep learning.
repositioning,
polypharmacology, and
physiochemical
activity.
2020 Hashimoto et al., Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Artificial Anesthesiology as a Anesthesiology, which deals
 Anesthesiology Intelligence and field is well positioned
Innovation Laboratory, to potentially benefit
United State. from advances in
artificial intelligence as
it touches on multiple
elements of clinical
care, including
perioperative and
intensive care, pain
management, and drug
delivery and discovery.
2019 Racine, E., & Healthcare uses of artificial Department of Neurology Forms of Artificial
Boehlen, W., intelligence. and Neurosurgery, Intelligence (AI), like
Canada. deep learning algorithms
and neural networks, are
being intensely explored
for novel healthcare
applications in areas such
as imaging and diagnoses,
risk analysis, lifestyle
management and
monitoring, health
information management,
and virtual health
assistance.
2019 Liyanage et al., Artificial Intelligence in Department of Clinical & The application of
Primary Health Care. Experimental Medicine, artificial intelligence
United Kingdom. has been useful in the
primary care setting for
pattern recognition in
imaging results,
decision support to
with perioperative and
intensive care, pain
management, drug
administration, and research,
has the potential to benefit
from advancements in
artificial intelligence, given
its strong focus on these
areas.
Extensive research is being
conducted on the application
of artificial intelligence (AI)
in the healthcare industry,
particularly in areas such as
imaging and diagnosis, risk
analysis, lifestyle
management and monitoring,
health information
management, and virtual
health assistance.
Artificial intelligence has
proven advantageous in
primary healthcare in various
ways, including the
recognition of patterns in
imaging data, aiding in
decision-making to improve
 improve primary health
care processes, business
analytics for primary
care provider and
detection of high risk
for mental health
disorders.
2019 Wang et al., Artificial Intelligence in Department of Radiation Using artificial
Radiotherapy Treatment Oncology, intelligence, radiation
Planning. United State. treatment regimens have
been automated and
improved to reduce
normal tissue damage
while maintaining
adequate tumor control.
The effectiveness of
treatment planning and
the consistency of plan
quality have both
significantly improved
thanks to this application.
2021 Ramakrishnan et Perinatal health predictors National Perinatal Artificial intelligence
al., using artificial intelligence. Epidemiology Unit, provides fresh methods
United Kingdom. for perinatal health
monitoring, early
identification, and
diagnosis. Over time,
this application has
assisted in lowering the
rate of fetal, neonatal,
and preterm birth
instances.
primary healthcare
procedures, providing
business analytics for primary
care providers, and detecting
patients who may be at high
risk for mental health
disorders.
By utilizing artificial
intelligence, the automation
and enhancement of radiation
treatment regimens have
occurred, leading to the
reduction of normal tissue
damage, while ensuring
adequate tumour control. The
application of artificial
intelligence has notably
improved both the efficacy of
treatment planning and the
uniformity of plan quality.
Artificial intelligence offers
innovative techniques for
monitoring and detecting
health issues during
pregnancy, childbirth, and
infancy. With its continued
use, this technology has
contributed to a decrease in
the occurrence of premature
births, as well as fetal and
neonatal health problems.
 CATEGORY OF STAFFS THAT ARE INVOLVED WITH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
YEAR CITATION TITLE OF STUDY STUDY LOCATION KEY FINDINGS PARAPHRASED

2018 Johnson et al., Artificial Intelligence in Department of Genetics Artificial intelligence Cardiologists are now using
Cardiology. and Genomic Sciences, has been incorporated artificial intelligence in their
United State. into cardiovascular clinical practice to help them
medicine to assist with therapy selection,
cardiologists in their diagnosis with the help of AI,
clinical practice with continuous monitoring, and
therapy selection, AI- identifying the human
aided diagnosis, condition.
ongoing monitoring,
and human condition
diagnostics.
2019 Niel, O., & Artificial Intelligence in The National Kidney Artificial intelligence Nephrologists have been
Bastard, P., Nephrology. Foundation, has assisted aided by artificial intelligence
United State. nephrologists in their (AI) in their efforts to
work to enhance enhance clinical care,
clinical treatment, haemodialysis prescriptions,
hemodialysis, and post-transplant follow-up.
prescriptions, and An example of this is the
follow-up of transplant application of artificial neural
recipients. For instance, networks by nephrologists to

2019 Sitterding et al., Using Artificial Intelligence Cincinnati Children’s
and Gaming to Improve New Hospital Medical Center,
Nurse Transition.
2023 Bag et al., Big data analytics and
artificial intelligence
technologies based
collaborative platform
empowering absorptive
capacity in health care supply
chain.
2021 Adams et al., Artificial Intelligence
Solutions for Analysis of X-
ray Images.
nephrologists can help forecast kidney failure in
forecast when kidney patients during diagnosis.
failure may occur
because of the use of
artificial intelligence
neural networks.
The senior nurses teach The experienced nurses use
the new nurses using artificial intelligence,
United States. artificial intelligence in specifically virtual reality
the form of virtual (VR) and gamification, to
reality (VR) and educate and aid the new
gamification to assist nurses in developing the
them build clinical essential clinical reasoning
reasoning abilities skills needed to ensure patient
necessary for providing safety.
safe patient care.
Institute of Management The healthcare supply Healthcare supply chain
Technology, Ghaziabad. chain management use management utilizes artificial
India. artificial intelligence in intelligence technology to
their work to enhance improve the efficiency of
performance in the producing and distributing
production and delivery medications, ensuring they
of medications at the are delivered at the right
proper time, location, place, quantity, and time.
and amount.
Department of Medical Artificial intelligence Radiologists have designed
Imaging, algorithms have been artificial intelligence
Royal University Hospital, created by radiologists algorithms to assist with the
Canada. to help with the triage sorting and analysis of
and interpretation of regular radiographs, such as
standard radiographs chest and musculoskeletal
(X-ray images), such as radiographs, in the radiology
 the image analysis of department.
chest and
musculoskeletal
radiographs in the
radiology department.
2021 Goyal et al., Application of artificial The Wright Center for Artificial intelligence The utilization of artificial
intelligence in Graduate Medical has been found to be intelligence has demonstrated
pancreaticobiliary diseases. Education, useful in the evaluation its usefulness in the diagnosis
United State. and enhancement in and progression of
gastroenterology gastroenterology. This
through colon cancer includes the evaluation of
screening and pancreatic disorders by
characterization of gastroenterologists through
dysplastic and endoscopic ultrasonography,
neoplastic polyps to the as well as the screening and
endoscopic characterization of dysplastic
ultrasonographical and neoplastic polyps for
evaluation of pancreatic colon cancer.
diseases by the
gastroenterologists.
 PERCEPTION OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE
YEAR CITATION TITLE OF STUDY STUDY LOCATION KEY FINDINGS PARAPHRASED

2020 Pashkov et al., Artificial Intelligence in Poltava Law Institute of
Medical Practice.
2021 Shinners et al., Exploring healthcare
professionals’ perceptions of
artificial intelligence.
AI is viewed as a Medical professionals see AI
Yaroslav Mudryi National promising tool by as a potential asset to improve
Law University, medical practitioners treatment planning and
Ukraine. for enhancing treatment diagnostic accuracy.
planning and diagnostic However, there are concerns
precision. Yet, there are surrounding AI technology
several worries such as privacy concerns
regarding AI regarding data, replacing
technology, including human expertise, and the
issues about data requirement for enhanced
privacy, replacing education and training.
human skill, and the
need for greater
education and training.
Faculty of Health, Shinners study According to a study
Southern Cross University, discovered that while conducted by Shinners,
Australia. AI might have certain although AI has some
advantages, there are benefits, there are also
also worries about its concerns regarding its ethical,
ethical, legal, and social legal, and societal
ramifications. implications. Healthcare
Healthcare experts emphasized the
professionals importance of well-defined
underlined the necessity regulations and laws for the
of clear policies and application of AI in
laws for the use of AI in healthcare, as well as the
healthcare, as well as crucial role of human
 the significance of supervision.
human oversight.
2019 dos Santos et al., The perception of health Faculty of Medicine, Health practitioners Medical professionals see
providers about an artificial Federal university of Rio view the use of mobile mobile apps as a helpful tool
intelligence applied to de Jameiro, applications as a that encourages patients to
Tuberculosis video-based Brazil. supportive system that take care of themselves and
treatment in Brazil. promotes self-care and manage their health, which
self-management, can can lead to better health
improve patient health results, as well as providing
outcomes, and enables an effective way to track their
efficient monitoring of progress.
their activities.
2020 Abdullah, R., & Health Care Employees’ Information Systems, The application of Medical professionals have
Fakieh, B. Perceptions of the Use of Department King artificial intelligence in mixed opinions about the use
Artificial Intelligence Abdulaziz University, healthcare is of artificial intelligence in the
Applications. Saudi Arabia. controversial among healthcare industry. A recent
medical practitioners. study highlights that experts
The study's conclusions believe AI has the potential to
focused on how experts revolutionize healthcare and
saw AI as bringing bring about a significant
about a "paradigm shift change, largely due to the
in healthcare, driven by increase in the availability of
the growing healthcare data. However,
accessibility of there are concerns about the
healthcare data and potential impact on privacy
worries about AI's and ethical issues.
potential effects on
privacy and ethical
issues.
2020 Castagno, S., & Perceptions of artificial Department of The adoption of AI in Although AI technology has
Khalifa, M. intelligence among healthcare Interventional Radiology, healthcare has been the potential to offer
staff. Royal Free Hospital, gradual, despite the numerous benefits, its
 United Kingdom. potential advantages. implementation in healthcare
Several healthcare has been slow. Some
professionals believe healthcare experts argue that
that the technology is the technology is not yet
not yet developed advanced enough to be used
enough to be employed in a clinical setting, and that
in a clinical context, there is a lack of industry
and that the sector lacks standards in the field.
industry standards.
2022 Chew, H. S. J., & Perceptions and Needs of Singapore Management The development and Chew and Achananuparp
Achananuparp, P. Artificial Intelligence in University, adoption of artificial suggest that the advancement
Health Care to Increase Singapore. intelligence (AI) in and acceptance of artificial
Adoption. healthcare face a intelligence (AI) in the
number of challenges healthcare sector confront
and opportunities, various prospects and
according to Chew, H. predicaments. These include
S. J., and the importance of teamwork
Achananuparp. These across different fields,
challenges and enhanced communication and
opportunities include education, and the necessity
the need for of designing AI systems with
interdisciplinary ethical considerations and a
collaboration, improved focus on human welfare.
communication and
education, and the
requirement that AI
systems be created with
ethical considerations
and human-
centeredness in mind.
2022 Wittal et al., Perception and knowledge of Roche Pharma AG, According to a study by A study conducted by Wittal
artificial intelligence in Germany. Wittal et al., 2022, et al. in 2022 found that most
 healthcare, therapy and majority of healthcare healthcare professionals have
diagnostics. professionals are aware knowledge about artificial
of artificial intelligence intelligence (AI) and its
(AI) and its potential potential use in diagnosis,
applications in personalized medicine, and
diagnosis, personalized therapy. Nevertheless,
medicine, and therapy. additional education and
However, more training are necessary to
education and training provide these professionals
are required to help with a better understanding of
these professionals the technology and its ethical
better understand the implications.
technology and its
ethical implications.
2020 Sur et al., Knowledge, attitudes, and Rungta College of Dental The dental experts were According to the dental
perceptions regarding the Sciences and Research, of the opinion that AI specialists, AI could improve
future of artificial intelligence India. would enhance oral the accuracy and efficiency of
in oral radiology in India. radiology's precision oral radiology, as well as
and effectiveness while enhance diagnostic and
also enabling improved treatment planning.
diagnostic and Nonetheless, worries have
treatment planning. The arisen about the potential for
possibility of bias in AI bias in AI algorithms and the
algorithms and the need for laws to safeguard the
requirement for ethical use of AI in
legislation to protect the healthcare.
moral application of AI
in healthcare, however,
have sparked concerns.
2023 Nitiéma, P. Artificial Intelligence in Department of Information According to a survey A study conducted by
Medicine: Text Mining of Systems, by Nitiéma, P. (2023)., Nitiéma, P. (2023) postulated
Health Care Workers’ Arizona State University, doctors usually view that doctors generally
 Opinions.
2022 Thakkar, B., & Medical Specialists’
Bharathi, V. S. Perception About Adoption
of Artificial Intelligence in
the Healthcare Sector.
2020 Laï et al., Perceptions of artificial
intelligence in healthcare.
United State. artificial intelligence perceive artificial intelligence
(AI) as a helpful tool (AI) as a beneficial aid in
for enhancing patient improving patient results and
outcomes and lowering reducing costs. However, the
expenses. Yet, the survey also suggests that
perspectives also reveal some have concerns about
that there are worries how AI may affect the job of
about the potential healthcare workers, with a
influence of AI on the few expressing apprehensions
work of healthcare that AI could take over or
professionals, with diminish human expertise.
some expressing
concern that AI could
replace or undervalue
human competence.
Ssymbiosis Centre for In areas like diagnosis Medical professionals tend to
Information Technology, and image analysis, approve the utilization of AI
India. medical personnel are in domains such as diagnosis
more likely to endorse and image analysis. However,
the use of AI; but, in they tend to show less support
areas like patient for its use in areas such as
communication and patient communication and
decision-making, they decision-making.
are less likely to do so.
Cordeliers Research AI is revolutionizing For many healthcare
Centre, several healthcare professionals survey, AI is
France. professionals' practices, transforming many aspects of
including population healthcare, such as population
monitoring, monitoring, management
management improvement, and patient
development, and care. Some people have
patient care, according expressed skepticism that few
 to a poll. While others AI technologies have shown
have noted that few AI concrete benefits in the real
have yet demonstrated world, but others view AI as a
real-world success, for natural progression of the
them AI would just be a ongoing evolution of medical
continuation of the practices.
continual advancement
in medical practice.
2021 Hah, H., & Goldin, How Clinicians Perceive Nicole Wertheim College According to the The Halh and Goldin research
D. S. Artificial Intelligence– of Nursing & Health findings in the Halh and revealed that professionals
Assisted Technologies in Sciences, Goldin research, preferred using AI for
Diagnostic Decision Making. United State. professionals rated the diagnostic procedures over
diagnostic procedure handling a live patient
using AI as being more independently. However,
favorable than dealing other studies have indicated
with a live patient on that relying on AI support can
their own. impede physicians' capacity
Yet, other studies also to create personalized
showed that physicians' diagnoses based on clinical
ability to develop their judgment.
own subjective
diagnoses based on
clinical reasoning was
hindered by AI aid.
2022 Hossain et al., The Perception of Health American International Healthcare experts in In Bangladesh, healthcare
Professionals in Bangladesh University-Bangladesh Bangladesh typically professionals generally hold
toward the Digitalization of (AIUB), have good opinions positive views on
the Health Sector. India. toward the use of AI in incorporating AI in
healthcare and think healthcare, believing it can
that it can increase the enhance the quality of
quality of healthcare healthcare provision and
services and early facilitate early diagnosis of

2021 Zhai et al., Radiation Oncologists’
Perceptions of Adopting an
Artificial Intelligence–
Assisted Contouring
Technology.
2021 Qurashi et al., Saudi Radiology Personnel’s
Perceptions of Artificial
Intelligence Implementation.
2022 Yousif et al., Perception of the Impact of
Artificial Intelligence in the
Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine,
China.
Diagnostic Radiology
Technology Department,
Saudi Arabia.
Department of Medical
Laboratory Techniques,
disease diagnosis. The diseases. Nevertheless,
possible impact of AI concerns have been expressed
on patient data privacy about potential implications
and confidentiality, of AI for patient data
however, has raised confidentiality and privacy.
some worries.
The performance and Medical professionals have
effort expectations of high expectations regarding
medical professionals their performance and effort.
are high, and they are They believe that the use of
confident that AI AI technology will enhance
technology will increase their productivity, decrease
their productivity, their workload, and result in
reduce their workload, better patient outcomes.
and produce better
patient outcomes.
In Saudi Arabia, the The majority of healthcare
majority of medical professionals in Saudi Arabia
experts think that AI believe that the use of AI
could enhance patient technology could improve
care and results. There patient care and outcomes,
were worries about how however, there are concerns
this may affect people's about the potential impact on
ability to keep their job security and the need for
jobs, as well as about increased education and
the need for greater training to address these
education and training concerns and improve
to allay these worries knowledge.
and advance
knowledge.
There is an Healthcare professionals have
improvement in the noted a positive development
 Decision-Making Processes
of Public Healthcare
Professionals.
2022 Rosemann, A., & Exploring the social, ethical,
Zhang, X. legal, and responsibility
dimensions of artificial
intelligence for health.
Iraq. doctor-patient in the relationship between
interaction and a change doctors and patients, as well
in the way that patients as a transformation in
experience healthcare, patients' healthcare
according to various experiences. Nonetheless, a
healthcare few medical experts have
professionals. However, stressed that patients may not
several medical be able to articulate their
professionals also diagnosis, underscoring the
emphasized that the doctor's crucial role in the
patient cannot describe diagnostic procedure, with the
his diagnosis, aid of AI being insufficient.
highlighting the
significance of the
doctor's role in the
diagnostic process with
the help of AI solely.
Department of Sociology, Many health Numerous healthcare experts
Philosophy and professionals believe hold the view that the
Anthropology, that AI will generate healthcare sector may witness
University of Exeter, new jobs in the a surge in employment
United Kingdom. healthcare industry that opportunities as a result of the
could offset any implementation of artificial
potential job losses and intelligence (AI), which could
that AI could help to negate any potential job
address the shortage of losses. Furthermore, AI has
health workforces, the potential to alleviate the
particularly in low- and scarcity of healthcare
middle-income nations professionals, particularly in
where a lack of medical low- and middle-income
personnel is frequently countries, where there is
a serious issue. frequently a severe shortage
 of medical staff.

THE ETHICAL CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH USING ARTICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE

YEAR CITATION TITLE OF STUDY STUDY LOCATION KEY FINDINGS PARAPHRASED

2020 Curie G. & Hawk Ethical and Legal Challenges School of Dentistry & The "black box" The complex and opaque
K.E. of Artificial Intelligence in Health Sciences, environment in which nature of the "black box"
Nuclear Medicine. Australia. AI algorithms operate environment in which AI
makes it difficult for us algorithm’s function creates
to fulfill our obligations challenges for us to discharge
 and uphold our duty of our duties and meet our
care to fully obligations. It becomes
comprehend the arduous to understand the
dangers and potential hazards and benefits
advantages. In these of such technology. In such
situations, autonomy, scenarios, the ethical
beneficence, justice, principles of medical
and respect for practice, such as autonomy,
knowledge—the beneficence, justice, and
guiding principles of respect for knowledge, are
ethical practice in questioned and tested.
medicine—are put to
the test.
2022 Groumpos P.P. Ethical AI and Global University of Patras, The usage of AI The use of artificial
Cultural Coherence. Greece. systems that gather and intelligence systems that
analyze massive collect and process large
volumes of sensitive amounts of confidential
patient data could patient information may pose
jeopardize patient a risk to patient
privacy, especially if confidentiality, particularly if
this data is not this data is not adequately
sufficiently shielded protected from factors such as
from reason, emotion, rationality, feelings, wants,
desire, and empathy. and compassion.
2022 Naik et al., Legal and Ethical International Training and Inaccuracies in Mistakes in the algorithms
Consideration in Artificial Research in Uro-Oncology algorithms and data can and data used by AI systems
Intelligence in Healthcare. and Endourology Group, result in wrong can lead to erroneous
India. decisions made by AI decisions that may cause
systems, harming harm to patients.
patients. This can also Additionally, these
pose a barrier to the inaccuracies can impede the
systems' ability to be systems' capacity to be
 transparent and transparent and
understandable to comprehensible to healthcare
patients and healthcare professionals and patients,
professionals. posing a potential obstacle.
2019 Racine et al., Healthcare uses of artificial Department of Medicine, The media's enthusiasm The media's excitement
intelligence. Department of Social and about AI, however, may towards AI may result in
Preventive Medicine, put pressure on medical medical professionals,
Canada. professionals, clinical clinical teams, and healthcare
teams, and healthcare organizations feeling
organizations to pressured to quickly adopt
experiment with and AI-based treatments without
embrace AI-based proper ethical guidelines or
treatments too quickly, adequate proof of the
without sufficient technology's effectiveness
ethical guidelines or and reliability leading to loss
empirical proof of the of patient information.
technology's validity or
dependability.
2022 Al Badi et al., Challenges of AI Adoption in College of Business, There are various Artificial intelligence in
the UAE Healthcare. Abu Dhabi University, ethical issues with healthcare poses several
United Arab Emirates. artificial intelligence in ethical concerns that require
healthcare that need to addressing. Among these are
be resolved. The ability analysing data, retaining data
to analyze data, control, verifying data
maintain control over precision, and surpassing
data, ensure data ethical boundaries.
accuracy, and overcome
ethical constraints are a
few of these.
2022 Murtha et al., Ethical issues surrounding Society of Corporate Artificial intelligence The involvement of humans
research of AI in healthcare. Compliance and Ethics, can be problematic in artificial intelligence can
Loyola School of Law, when human pose problems, and there are
 United State. participation is concerns that AI algorithms
involved, and there are that contain biases could
worries that biased AI potentially expose patient
algorithms could reveal information and put patient
patient information and safety at risk.
compromise patient
safety.
2020 Amann et al., Explainability for artificial Department of Health Failure to reveal the Not disclosing the use of an
intelligence in healthcare. Sciences and Technology, employment of an unclear AI system could
Switzerland. opaque AI system may potentially harm the ability of
compromise patient patients to make decisions
autonomy, have a about their own care, harm
detrimental effect on the relationship between
the doctor-patient doctors and patients, damage
relationship, jeopardize the trust that patients have in
patient trust, and breach their doctors, and violate
adherence to clinical adherence to clinical
recommendations. guidelines.
 THE LEGAL CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE
YEAR CITATION TITLE OF STUDY STUDY LOCATION KEY FINDINGS PARAPHRASED

2022 Naik et al., Legal and ethical
consideration in artificial
intelligence in healthcare.
2020 Gerke et al., Ethical and legal challenges
of artificial intelligence-
driven healthcare.
2022 Da Silva et al., Legal concerns in health-
related artificial intelligence.
International Training and Many legal issues are The implementation of
Research in Uro-Oncology raised by the artificial intelligence in
and Endourology Group, application of artificial healthcare gives rise to
India. intelligence in several legal concerns, such
healthcare. They as issues related to individual
include concerns about privacy, surveillance, bias or
personal privacy, discrimination, and the
monitoring, prejudice employment of human
or discrimination, and discretion.
the use of human
judgment.
Harvard Law School, The main moral and The primary ethical and legal
United States. legal issues include concerns are centred around
informed permission to obtaining informed consent
employ AI, safety and for utilizing AI, ensuring
transparency, safety and transparency,
algorithmic fairness and addressing algorithmic
biases. fairness, and mitigating
biases.
University of Ottawa Artificial intelligence The use of artificial
Faculty of Law, used in the field of intelligence in healthcare
Canada. health may lose public could result in a decline in
confidence if there is a public trust, if there is
lack of control or inadequate regulation or
insufficient regulation. insufficient control.

2022 Chikhaoui et al., Artificial Intelligence College of Computer and Regulation, Insurance, The development of artificial
 Applications in Healthcare Information Sciences, Indemnity, Liability, intelligence practices and
Sector. Prince Sultan University, Risk Allocation, organizations involves
Saudi Arabia. Privacy, and Data several legal considerations,
Protection are including regulation,
essentially the seven insurance, indemnity,
legal issues facing the liability, risk allocation,
development of privacy, and data protection,
artificial intelligence which are crucial to fulfilling
practices and legal obligations.
organizations within the
legal duties.
2020 Park et al., Artificial Intelligence in Department of Radiology, There are now a Currently, AI-based
Health Care. Yonsei University College number of problems healthcare technology is
of Medicine, with AI-based health facing several legal issues
South Korea. care technology in relating to responsibility,
terms of responsibility, safety, reliability, and
safety, reliability, and privacy. Patient data privacy
privacy. Due to is at risk due to the unclear
concerns about patient input of algorithms into AI,
information being which has led to a decline in
disclosed by the trust in the doctor-patient
ambiguous input of relationship.
algorithms into AI, this
problem has resulted in
a loss of trust in the
doctor-patient
relationship.
2021 Laptev et al., Medical Applications of Department of The testing process for The evaluation of artificial
Artificial Intelligence (Legal Entrepreneurial and artificial intelligence is intelligence requires a
Aspects and Future Corporate Law, time-consuming, significant amount of time,
Prospects). Russia. expensive, and can take resources, and can span over
years. It also involves multiple years. Moreover, it
 patient privacy and is entails the safeguarding of
rigorous and patient privacy, and it is
sophisticated. Legal conducted with a high level
considerations that have of scrutiny and complexity.
hampered the The integration of AI in
application of AI in healthcare is impeded by
healthcare include the legal issues such as the
requirement to seek obligation to obtain clearance
permission from the from the relevant
appropriate government governmental body.
agency.
2022 Giansanti, D., & Di The Artificial Intelligence in Centro Tisp, The modification of Developing and utilizing
Basilio, F. Digital Radiology. Istituto Superiore di discoverability, algorithms in an ethical
Sanità, accessibility, manner and in accordance
Italy. interoperability, and with regulations raises
reuse Developing and significant challenges for
using algorithms Data Principles in terms of
ethically and in altering the ability,
compliance with accessibility, compatibility,
regulations presents and reusability of data.
significant issues for
Data Principles.
2018 Mahomed S. Healthcare, artificial Department of The Health In order to hold a practitioner
intelligence and the Fourth Jurisprudence, Professionals Council responsible for any AI-related
Industrial Revolution. University of South and other comparable errors that affect patient care,
Africa, statutory organizations' it would be necessary to
South Africa. regulatory rules and revise the regulatory rules
procedures would need and procedures of the Health
to be amended in order Professionals Council and
to ensure that the other similar statutory
practitioner is held organizations.
responsible when an AI

2019 Schönberger D. Artificial intelligence in
healthcare: a critical analysis
of the legal and ethical
implications.
2019 Perc et al., Social and juristic challenges
of artificial intelligence.
2022 Petersson et al., Challenges to implementing
artificial intelligence
in healthcare.
error affects patient
care.
LLM in Medical Law and The decision-maker
Ethics, will be held
Switzerland. accountable if the
AI system is opaque
and it is unable or
unwilling to disclose
the underlying factors.
Faculty of Natural Internet of things (IoT)
Sciences and Mathematics, relies on
Slovenia. communication
between two or more
smart objects and
consumers and it is
challenging whether
inventors of certain
types of IoT
applications will be
able to overcome the
test for patent
eligibility.
School of Health and Leaders raised concerns
Welfare, about where
Halmstad University, responsibilities lie in
Sweden. relation to decisions
made by AI algorithms,
such as when an AI
algorithm run in one part
of the system identifies
actions that should be
taken in another part of
If the underlying factors of an
AI system are not transparent
and it cannot or refuses to
reveal them, the decision-
maker will be responsible.
The functionality of the
Internet of Things (IoT) is
based on the communication
among multiple intelligent
devices and users. However,
there is a difficulty in
determining if creators of
specific IoT applications can
meet the patent eligibility
requirements.
The leaders expressed worry
about determining who is
accountable for decisions
made by AI algorithms.
Specifically, they are
concerned about situations
where an AI algorithm
operating in one area of the
system detects actions that
need to be taken in a different
 the system. area of the system.
2021 Lee, D., & Yoon, Application of Artificial Department of Business The question of who The issue of determining
S. N. Intelligence-Based Edward Waters College, should be held accountability when an
Technologies in the United state. responsible in cases incident or mistake happens
Healthcare Industry. where an accident or during the use of AI-powered
error occurs while a medical technology by a
medical team is healthcare team is being
employing AI-based considered.
technologies to treat a
patient.