2/21/2023

Conceptual
Framework
For Financial Reporting

Contents of the conceptual framework khuôn mẫu lý thuyết

Chapter 1: The objectives of general purpose financial reporting

Chapter 2: Qualitative characteristics of useful financial information
Chapter 3: Financial statements and the reporting entity
CF 2018

Chapter 4: The elements of financial statements

Chapter 5: Recognition and derecognition
Chapter 6: Measurement
Chapter 7: Presentation and disclosure
Chapter 8: Concepts of capital and capital maintenance

1
 2/21/2023

Conceptual Framework - V2018

The objective of general

purpose financial reporting

to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to

existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making
decisions relating to providing resources to the entity

Users’ decisions involve decisions about:

buying, selling or providing or settling voting, or otherwise

holding equity and loans and other influence
debt instruments forms of credit management’s actions

2
 2/21/2023

The objective of general purpose financial reporting

To make decisions users must:

assess of the
amount, timing and
uncertainty of (the
prospects for)
future net cash
inflows to the entity

dòng tiền thuần assess of

management’s
stewardship of the
entity’s economic
resources
5
trách nhiệm giải trình

Information to make decisions

Claims
Economic resources

Changes in economic
resources and claims by
financial performance
Changes in economic
resources and claims not
resulting from financial
performance
6

3
 2/21/2023

Conceptual Framework - V2018

Qualitative
characteristics of
useful financial
information

trình bày trung thực

Tính thích hợp
(1) (2)

có thể so sánh
(3) (5) (6)
(4) tính kịp thời tính có thể hiểu được
giá trị có thể xác nhận

4
 2/21/2023

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

To be relevant, accounting information must be capable of

making a difference in a decision.

LO 4

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

giá trị có thể dự báo

Financial information has predictive value if it has value as an input to

predictive processes used by investors to form their own expectations about
the future. LO 4

5
 2/21/2023

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

giá trị có thể xác nhận

Relevant information also helps users confirm or correct prior expectations.

LO 4
có bằng chứng, có thể xác nhận bằng hình ảnh, ...

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Relevance

tính trọng yếu của thông

tin

Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions that

users make on the basis of the reported financial information.

LO 4

6
 2/21/2023

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

Faithful representation means that the numbers and descriptions match what
really existed or happened.

LO 4

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

trình bày đầy đủ

Completeness means that all the information that is necessary for faithful
representation is provided.

LO 4

7
 2/21/2023

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

trung lập

Neutrality means that a company cannot select information to favor one

set of interested parties over another.

LO 4

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Fundamental Quality—Faithful Representation

không được sai sót

An information item that is free from error will be a more accurate

(faithful) representation of a financial item.

LO 4

8
 2/21/2023

Enhancing qualitative characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Information that is measured and reported in a similar manner for

different companies is considered comparable.
LO 4

Enhancing qualitative characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Verifiability occurs when independent measurers, using the same

methods, obtain similar results.
LO 4

9
 2/21/2023

Enhancing qualitative characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Timeliness means having information available to decision-makers

before it loses its capacity to influence decisions.
LO 4

Enhancing qualitative characteristics

Enhancing Qualities

Understandability is the quality of information that lets

reasonably informed users see its significance.
LO 4

10
 2/21/2023

BT 1.1
Đặc điểm chất lượng thông tin
hữu ích

Kế toán công ty Lee đang rà soát lại các nghiệp vụ đã ghi nhận để xem có đáp
ứng các đặc điểm chất lượng thông tin hữu ích quy định trong khuôn mẫu lý
thuyết kế toán:

Lee đã bán 1 TSCĐ và thuê lại TS đó cho đến hết thời gian sử dụng còn
lại của TS. Vì vậy, kế toán đã ghi nhận đây là 1 khoản nợ phải trả

1/ Relevance
2/ Faithful representation
3/ Timeliness
4/ Verifiability
5/ Understandability
6/ Comparability

11
 2/21/2023

Kế toán công ty Lee đang rà soát lại các nghiệp vụ đã ghi nhận để xem có đáp
ứng các đặc điểm chất lượng thông tin hữu ích quy định trong khuôn mẫu lý
thuyết kế toán:

Công ty quyết định chuyển từ mô hình giá gốc sang mô hình đánh giá lại
để xác định giá trị báo cáo các TSCĐ vô hình, hữu hình

1/ Relevance
2/ Faithful representation
3/ Timeliness
4/ Verifiability
5/ Understandability
6/ Comparability

Kế toán công ty Lee đang rà soát lại các nghiệp vụ đã ghi nhận để xem có đáp
ứng các đặc điểm chất lượng thông tin hữu ích quy định trong khuôn mẫu lý
thuyết kế toán:

Công ty quyết định chuyển từ phương pháp FIFO sang phương pháp BQGQ. Do
đó, kế toán đã điều chỉnh lại số dư đầu kỳ của HTK theo phương pháp BQGQ

1/ Relevance
2/ Faithful representation
3/ Timeliness
4/ Verifiability
5/ Understandability
6/ Comparability

12
 2/21/2023

Conceptual Framework - V2018

26

13
 2/21/2023

Financial statements and reporting entity

Statement of financial position

Liquidity

Current liability
Current
asset Non current liability

Equity Economic resources & claims

Non current asset Strengths & weaknesses
Liquidity & solvency

27

Financial statements and reporting entity

Statement of comprehensive income
Revenue
Profit or loss from
Expenses operating activity

Financial income Profit or loss from financial

Financial expenses activity

Other income Profit or loss from other

activity
Other expenses
Profit or loss before tax Changes in resources & claims
Income tax from financial performance
Profit or loss after tax
- Components of that return
 Efficiently effective use of the
reporting entity’s resources
Other comprehensive income

28

14
 2/21/2023

Financial statements and reporting entity

Statement of changes in equity
Share Retain Revaluation
Total
capital earnings surplus

Balance as at 1/1/X6
Retrospective application
Issuance of new share
Dividend
Transfers between equity components
Balance as at 31/12/X6 Changes in Resources & claims
NOT from financial performance
debt or equity instruments

29

Financial statements and reporting entity

Statement of cash flows

Net cash from operating activities

Net cash from investing activities
Net cash from financing activities

Changes in cash flows

Cash generating ability
Cash usage

30

15
 2/21/2023

Conceptual Framework - V2018

The elements of financial statements

Asset Income
Liability

Equity
Expenses

32

16
 2/21/2023

Basic elements
Elements of Financial Statements

Asset A present economic resource controlled by

the entity as a result of past events.
Liability An economic resource is a right that has the
potential to produce economic benefits.
Equity

Income

Expenses

LO 5

Basic elements
Elements of Financial Statements

Asset
A present obligation of the entity to transfer
Liability
an economic resource as a result of past
events.
Equity

Income

Expenses

LO 5

17
 2/21/2023

Basic elements
Elements of Financial Statements

Asset

Liability

Equity The residual interest in the assets of the

entity after deducting all its liabilities.
Income

Expenses

LO 5

Basic elements
Elements of Financial Statements

Asset

Liability

Equity Increases in economic benefits during

the accounting period in the form of inflows
Income or enhancements of assets or decreases of
bc thu nhập toàn diện
liabilities that result in increases in equity,
Expenses other than those relating to contributions
from equity participants.LO 5

18
 2/21/2023

Revenue and Gains.

Revenue arises in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity and
is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest,
dividends, royalties and rent.

Gains represent other items that meet the definition of income and may,
or may not, arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity.
Gains represent increases in economic benefits and as such are no different
in nature from revenue. Hence, they are not regarded as constituting a
separate element in the IFRS framework.

37

Basic elements
Elements of Financial Statements

Asset

Liability

Equity Decreases in economic benefits during the

accounting period in the form of outflows or
Income depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities
that result in decreases in equity, other than
Expenses
those relating to distributions to equity
participants.

19
 2/21/2023

Losses and Expenses

Expenses that arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an
entity include, for example, cost of sales, wages and depreciation.
They usually take the from of an outflow or depletion of assets such
as cash and cash equivalents, inventory, property, plan and equipment.

Losses represent other items that meet the definition of expenses and
may, or may not, arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an
entity. Losses represent decreases in economic benefits and as such are
no different in nature from expenses.

39

Conceptual Framework - V2018

20
 2/21/2023

Recognition, measurement, disclosure concepts

These concepts explain how companies should recognize,

measure, and report financial elements and events.

Recognition, Measurement, and Disclosure Concepts

ASSUMPTIONS PRINCIPLES CONSTRAINTS
1. Economic entity 1. Measurement 1. Cost
2. Going concern 2. Recognition
3. Monetary unit 3. Derecognition
4. Periodicity 4. Presentation and
disclosure
5. Accrual

LO 6

Basic assumptions
Economic entity
Company keeps its activity separate from its
owners and other business unit.

Accrual
Going concern
Transactions are recorded in the periods in which
the events occur. Company to last long enough to fulfill objectives
and commitments.

Periodicity Monetary unit

Company can divide its economic activities into Money is the common denominator.
time periods.

42

21
 2/21/2023

Recognition criteria
When?

Meets the definition of an element

Provides users of financial statements with relevant information and
faithful representation
And information which results in benefits which exceed the cost of
providing that information.

43

Chapter 5: Recognition and

Derecognition
44

22
 2/21/2023

Derecognition

Derecognition is the
removal of all or part of a
recognised asset or
liability from an entity’s
statement of financial › derecognition
› derecognition

Liabilities
position. normally occurs
normally occurs
Assets

when the entity no

when the entity
longer has a
loses control of all
present obligation
or part of the
for all or part of the
recognised asset
recognised liability.
45

Conceptual Framework - V2018

23
 2/21/2023

Measurement

nguyên tắc đo lường theo giá gốc (VN)

QT không dùng ntđl này nữa
Measurement
Historical cost Current cost
Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or Assets are carried at the
cash equivalent paid or the fair value of the amount of cash or cash
consideration given to acquire them. equivalent that would be
Liabilities are recorded at the amount of paid if the asset were
proceeds received in exchange for the debt. acquired currently.
Liabilities are carried at
the discounted value or
Realizable value cash equivalent that would
Assets are carried at the be required to settle the
amount of cash or cash debt currently.
equivalent that could
currently be obtained by
selling the asset in an Present value
orderly disposal. The Assets are carried at the discounted value of
liabilities are carried at the future cash inflows that the items are
their settlement values expected to generate in the normal course of
being undiscounted business. Liabilities are carried at the
amounts of cash that need discounted value of the future net cash
to be paid in the course of outflows required to settle the liabilities in the
business. normal course of business.
48

24
 2/21/2023

Measurement
 Measurement bases
 Factors to consider when selecting a measurement basis

 Measurement bases

Historical cost Current value

 historical cost, amortized cost, carrying amount...

 Derived from the transaction or event that created
 fair value, value in use, fulfilment value
them is updated at measurement date.
 Do not reflect changes in prices, do reflect change in  capture any positive or negative changes
consumption (depreciation or amortization),
impairment, or fulfilment.
 historical cost of the asset is no longer recoverable. 49

BT 1.6
Các mô hình định giá

25
 2/21/2023

DN sở hữu 1 TSCĐ đã mua cách đây 4 năm

 Giá mua 100.000 trđ, hao mòn lũy kế 40.000 trđ.
 TS này có thể bán với giá 50.000 trđ, chi phí giao dịch 500 trđ
 Dòng tiền ước tính thu về từ TS hiện tại trong 2 năm kế tiếp là 25.000
trđ/năm và 21.000 trđ/năm trong 4 năm kế tiếp. Chi phí sử dụng vốn bình
quân là 10%.

Tính toán giá trị Tài sản theo:

 Giá gốc

DN sở hữu 1 TSCĐ đã mua cách đây 4 năm

 Giá mua 100.000 trđ, hao mòn lũy kế 40.000 trđ.
 TS này có thể bán với giá 50.000 trđ, chi phí giao dịch 500 trđ
 Dòng tiền ước tính thu về từ TS hiện tại trong 2 năm kế tiếp là 25.000
trđ/năm và 21.000 trđ/năm trong 4 năm kế tiếp. Chi phí sử dụng vốn
bình quân là 10%.

26
 2/21/2023

DN sở hữu 1 TSCĐ đã mua cách đây 4 năm

 Giá mua 100.000 trđ, hao mòn lũy kế 40.000 trđ.
 TS này có thể bán với giá 50.000 trđ, chi phí giao dịch 1.000 trđ
 Nếu công ty mua 1 tài sản mới tương tự trên thị trường sẽ phát sinh
chi phí mua mới 110.000 trđ.
 Dòng tiền ước tính thu về từ TS hiện tại trong 2 năm kế tiếp là 25.000
trđ/năm và 21.000 trđ/năm trong 4 năm kế tiếp. Chi phí sử dụng vốn
bình quân là 10%.

Tính toán giá trị Tài sản theo:

 Giá trị sử dụng

Conceptual Framework - V2018

27
 2/21/2023

Presentation and disclosure

PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE

PRINCIPLES

CLASSIFICATION

 Classification of assets and liabilities

Offsetting

 Classification of equity

 Classification of income and expenses

55

Classification
01 Classification is applied to the unit of account selected
for an asset or liability.

Classification
Offsetting
of assets and 02 Offsetting occurs when an entity recognises and
measures both an asset and liability as separate units

liabilities
of account, but groups them into a single net amount in
the statement of financial position.

Offsetting vs. A set

03 Offsetting assets and liabilities differs from treating a
set of rights and obligations as a single unit of account.

56

28
 2/21/2023

Classification of equity

Classify components of equity separately if some of

those components are subject to particular legal,
regulatory or other requirements.

57

Classification of income and expenses

Classification is applied to
(a) income and expenses resulting from the unit of account selected for an asset or liability; or

(b) components of such income and expenses if those components have different characteristics and are
identified separately. me and expenses resulting from the unit of account selected for an asset or liability;

The statement of profit or loss

• The statement of profit or loss is the primary source of information about an entity’s financial performance
for the reporting period;
• Profit or loss could be a section of a single statement of financial performance or a separate statement;
• The statement(s) of financial performance include(s) a total (subtotal) for profit or loss;
• In principle, all income and expenses are classified and included in the statement of profit or loss;
• Income and expenses that arise on a historical cost measurement basis are included in the statement of
profit or loss. That is also the case when income and expenses of that type are separately identified as a
component of a change in the current value of an asset or liability.
58

29
 2/21/2023

Classification of income and expenses

Other comprehensive income
• In exceptional circumstances, the Board may decide to exclude from the statement of profit or loss income
or expenses arising from a change in current value of an asset or liability and include those income and
expenses in other comprehensive income
• The Board may make such a decision when doing so would result in the statement of profit or loss providing
more relevant information or a more faithful representation

Recycling
• In principle, income and expenses included in other comprehensive income in one period are recycled to
the statement of profit or loss in a future period when doing so results in the statement of profit or loss
providing more relevant information or a more faithful representation
• When recycling does not result in the statement of profit or loss providing more relevant information or a
more faithful representation, the Board may decide income and expenses included in other comprehensive
income are not to be subsequently recycled
59

Conceptual Framework - V2018

30

Capital concept
Concepts of capital maintenance
Physical capital
maintenance
 Profit represents the
increase in that
Profit capital over the
period.
 All price changes of the assets
and liabilities are viewed as
changes in the measurement
Increase in the of the physical productive
capacity of the entity  as
prices capital maintenance
adjustments that are part of
equity and not as profit.
2/21/2023
Capital can be
• The net assets of an entity or
• The amount of capital contributed by
the owners plus increases in the net
assets that remain in the entity.
Capital can be expressed as money
invested or purchasing power invested.
It can also be expressed in terms of
productive capacity.
61
FCM - FCM – Constant
Monetary term purchasing power
 Profit represents the › Profit represents the
increase in nominal increase in invested
money capital over purchasing power
the period. over the period.
 Increases in the prices  Only that part of the increase
in the prices of assets that
of assets may not be exceeds the increase in the
recognized until the general level of prices is
assets are disposed of regarded as profit. The rest of
in an exchange
the increase is treated as a
capital maintenance
transaction. adjustment and, hence, as part
of equity.
62
31
 2/21/2023

BT 1.6
Các mô hình định giá

DN A bắt đầu kinh doanh vào ngày 1/1/x1 với Vốn chủ sở hữu ban đầu là
2.000 triệu đồng, được sử dụng để mua 200 sản phẩm với giá mua là 10
trđ/ sp. Vào ngày 31/12/x1, 200 sản phẩm này được bán ra bên ngoài với
giá bán 2.200 triệu đồng. Trong năm x1, giá mua sản phẩm này đã tăng lên
10,75 trđ/sp và chỉ số giá 5%.

Xác định lợi nhuận của doanh nghiệp theo khái niệm
 Bảo toàn vốn tài chính về mặt tiền tệ danh nghĩa

32
 2/21/2023

Concepts of capital maintenance

Physical capital
maintenance

 Profit represents the increase in that

Profit capital over the period.

 All price changes of the assets and

liabilities are viewed as changes in the
measurement of the physical productive
Increase in the prices capacity of the entity  as capital
maintenance adjustments that are part
of equity and not as profit.

DN A bắt đầu kinh doanh vào ngày 1/1/x1 với vốn chủ sở hữu ban đầu là
2.000 triệu đồng, được sử dụng để mua 200 sản phẩm với giá mua là 10
trđ/ sp. Vào ngày 31/12/x1, 200 sản phẩm này được bán ra bên ngoài với
giá bán 2.200 triệu đồng. Trong năm x1, giá mua sản phẩm này đã tăng lên
10,75 trđ/sp và chỉ số giá 5%.

Xác định lợi nhuận của doanh nghiệp theo khái

niệm:
 Bảo toàn vốn vật chất

33
 2/21/2023

Concepts of capital maintenance

FCM – Constant
purchasing power

 Profit represents the increase in invested

Profit purchasing power over the period.

 Only that part of the increase in the prices of

assets that exceeds the increase in the
general level of prices is regarded as profit.
Increase in the prices
The rest of the increase is treated as a capital
maintenance adjustment and, hence, as part
of equity.

67

DN A bắt đầu kinh doanh vào ngày 1/1/x1 với vốn chủ sở hữu ban đầu là
2.000 triệu đồng, được sử dụng để mua 200 sản phẩm với giá mua là 10
trđ/ sp. Vào ngày 31/12/x1, 200 sản phẩm này được bán ra bên ngoài với
giá bán 2.200 triệu đồng. Trong năm x1, giá mua sản phẩm này đã tăng lên
10,75 trđ/sp và chỉ số giá 5%.

Xác định lợi nhuận của doanh nghiệp theo khái

niệm:
 Bảo toàn vốn theo sức mua không đổi

34