Vol 1 ING - Vers 2018 PDF

ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DL 10280
First Volume
Openlab Laboratory
DL 10280
blank page
II Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
GENERAL CONTENTS DL 10280

FIRST VOLUME: ELECTRICAL MOTORS
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Page 1
1.1 Alternating current machines Page 2

1.1.1 Stator Page 2
1.1.2 Squirrel cage rotor Page 3
1.1.3 Ring rotor Page 4
1.2 Direct current machines Page 6

1.2.1 Stator Page 6
1.2.2 Rotor with segment commutator Page 7
2. BASIC CONCEPTS Page 9
2.1 Magnetic circuit Page 9
2.2 Induction law Page 12

2.2.1 Sinusoidal alternating voltage generator Page 13
2.2.2 Electromagnetic actions Page 15
2.3 Commutation Page 17

2.3.1 Armature reaction Page 18
2.4 Rotating magnetic field Page 20

2.4.1 Pulsating magnetic field Page 20
2.4.2 Three-phase rotating magnetic field Page 21
Experiment N°1: Flux produced by the poles Page 25

N°1.1: Main poles Page 26
N°1.2: Interpoles Page 28
Experiment N°2: Main magnetic field Page 29
Experiment N°3: Intensity of the magnetic field Page 33
Experiment N°4: Induced voltage Page 35
Experiment N°5: Interpole effect Page 39
Experiment N°6: No-load magnetic neutral axis Page 41
Experiment N°7: Rotating magnetic field Page 43

N°7.1: Three-phase rotating field Page 44
N°7.2: Single phase rotating field Page 46
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3. INDUCTION MOTOR Page 49
3.1 Starting of the induction motors Page 50

3.1.1 Three-phase squirrel cage motor Page 50
3.1.2 Three-phase motor with ring rotor Page 51
3.1.3 Star-delta starting Page 51
3.1.4 Single-phase motor Page 52
3.2 Control of the three-phase motor speed Page 53
3.3 Direction of rotation Page 54
3.4 Performances of the induction motor Page 54
3.5 Induction devices Page 54

3.5.1 Phase shifter Page 54
3.5.2 Voltage regulator Page 55
3.6 Induction synchronous motor Page 56
Experiment N°8: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 24 V Page 57
Experiment N°9: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 42 VY Page 63
Experiment N°10: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 24 V Page 69
Experiment N°11: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 42 VYY Page 75
Experiment N°12: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 4 poles, 24 V Page 81
Experiment N°13: Three-phase squirrel cage motor ,4 poles, 42 VY Page 87
Experiment N°14: Three-phase Dahlander motor, 4/2 poles, 42 V/YY Page 93
Experiment N°15: Split phase motor Page 99
Experiment N°16: Capacitor start and run motor Page 105
Experiment N°17: Three-phase motor with wound rotor, 2 poles, 42 VYY Page 111
Experiment N°18: Phase shifter Page 117
Experiment N°19: Induction regulator Page 121
Experiment N°20: Three-phase synchronous induction motor, 2 poles, 24 V Page 125
Experiment N°21: Three-phase synchronous induction motor, 2 poles, 24 V Page 131
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4. DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS Page 137
4.1 Back-electromotive force Page 137
4.2 Excitation systems Page 138
4.3 Performances of the direct current motor Page 138
4.4 Rotation sense Page 138
4.5 Motor with separate excitation Page 139
4.6 Motor with shunt excitation Page 141
4.7 Motor with series excitation Page 142
4.8 Motor with compound excitation Page 144

4.8.1 Motor with cumulative compound excitation Page 144
4.8.2 Motor with differential compound excitation Page 145
4.8.3 Check of the excitation windings Page 146
4.8.4 Inversion of the rotation sense Page 146
Experiment N°22: Dc motor with separate excitation Page 147
Experiment N°23: Dc motor with shunt excitation Page 153
Experiment N°24: Dc motor with series excitation Page 159
Experiment N°25: Dc motor with compound excitation, long shunt Page 165
Experiment N°26: Dc motor with compound excitation, short shunt Page 175
5. COMMUTATOR MOTORS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT Page 185
5.1 Single phase series motor / universal motor Page 185

5.1.1 Inversion of the direction of rotation Page 186
5.2 Repulsion motor Page 186

5.2.1 Speed adjustment and rotation sense Page 188
5.3 Performances of the commutator motors Page 188
Experiment N°27: Single phase series motor Page 189
Experiment N°28: Repulsion motor Page 195
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SECOND VOLUME: ELECTRICAL GENERATORS AND APPENDICES
6. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
6.1 Three-phase alternator

6.2 Voltage variation
6.3 Alternator performances
6.4 Rotation sense
6.5 Parallel connection of the alternator with the mains
6.6 Synchronous motor
Experiments N°29 ÷ N°37
7. DIRECT CURRENT GENERATORS
7.1 Excitation systems

7.2 Dynamo performances
7.3 Rotation sense
7.4 Separate excitation dynamo
7.5 Shunt excitation dynamo
7.6 Series excitation dynamo
7.7 Compound excitation dynamo
Experiments N°38 ÷ N°45
APPENDICES
A1. Component list

A2. Magnetic probe
A3. Test execution
A4. Measurement of the mechanical power
A5. Tolerances
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Bibliographic references
A.BANDINI BUTI/M.BERTOLINI: Misure elettriche

A.BANDINI BUTI/M.BERTOLINI/V.RE: Macchine elettriche
A.BARBAGELATA/P.DE POL: Macchine ed apparecchi elettrici
S.BOCCHI: Costruzioni elettromeccaniche e disegno
E.BUSSONI/S.FORNARI: Disegno di avvolgimenti e di costruzioni elettromeccaniche
S.J.CHAPMAN: Macchine elettriche
A.W.HIRST: Applied electricity
W.MÜLLER/E.HÖRNEMANN/H.HÜBSCHER/D.JAGLA/J.LARISCH/V.PAULY:
Elektrotechnic Fachstufe Energietechnik Fachrechnen
L.OLIVIERI/E.RAVELLI: Macchine elettriche
L.OLIVIERI/E.RAVELLI: Misure elettriche
G.PAGLIARI: Le prove delle macchine elettriche
M.PEZZI: Elettrotecnica generale
G.RAGO: Costruzioni elettromeccaniche
F.TIBERIO: Prove sulle macchine elettriche
Standard CEI 2-3 (IEC 34-1)

Standard CEI 2-6 (IEC 34-2)
Drawings:
G.Giuli/F.Sangaletti/G.M.Sangaletti
Composition and translation:
M.G.Giroli
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1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The modular system DL 10280 for the study of the rotating electrical machines includes the
following components:
 Base plate  DC stator

 Supports with bearing  AC stator
 Coupling joints  Rotor with commutator
 Flexible coupling  Brush holder with 2 brushes
 Electronic speed transducer  Cage rotor
 Assembling screws  Ring rotor
 Wrenches  Brush holder with 6 brushes
Besides, a magnetic probe is provided to display the magnetic fields.
Moreover, for the operator safety a transparent cover is included, that prevents from the accidental
contact with the rotating parts.
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1.1 ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES
The alternating current machines are divided into asynchronous machines (usually motors) and
synchronous machines (generators and motors).
1.1.1 Stator
For the asynchronous motors and for the fixed armature alternator the stator is composed of a metal
frame supporting the laminated magnetic circuit, affected by a time variable flux, and the electrical
winding.
The sheet pack is 60 mm long, with internal diameter of 80 mm and external diameter of 150 mm and
it has 24 half-closed slots inside of which there is a double three-phase winding: the beginnings and
the ends of the different phases are shown outside the stator on a suitable educational terminal
board.
The winding is of the double layer, long coil lap type, with winding span 6 (1÷7).
Every slot contains two coils of 19 turns each of enamelled wire of diameter 1.12 mm.
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1.1.2 Squirrel cage rotor
The rotor is composed of a shaft to which a pack of magnetic sheets is fixed, where the slots
suitable to contain the rotor winding are set.
The sheet pack is 60 mm long, with external diameter of about 78 mm.

To avoid the phenomenon of the motor jamming in the starting phase and to reduce the noise, the
rotor slots are inclined with respect to the stator slots.
The rotor winding is composed of the squirrel cage.
The cage is carried out by setting in every rotor slot some conducting bars that are closed in short-
circuit at both ends by means of conducting rings.
Therefore, the rotor winding can be considered a multiphase winding, with a single conductor for
pole-phase, so it does not have its own pole number, but it takes a pole number that is equal to that
of the stator winding.
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1.1.3 Ring rotor
The rotor is composed of a shaft to which the collector rings and a magnetic sheet pack are fixed:
the pack has 21 semi-closed slots suitable to contain the winding.
The sheet pack is 60 mm long, with external diameter of about 78 mm. To avoid a noisy mechanical
running, the rotor slots are inclined with respect to the stator slots.
The rotor winding is composed of coils and it is a two pole, three-phase winding.
Each slot contains two coils of 8 turns each of enamelled wire of diameter 1.5 mm.
The winding is star connected and ends at the collector rings while the star centre is internal.
The terminals of the rotor winding are accessible by means of the collector rings to which the
brushes, supported by a brush holder, are connected.
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The brushes are two for each phase and they end at an external terminal board that shows the
synoptic diagram of the rotor winding.
Notes
1) Three-phase asynchronous motor

The starting of the motor with wound rotor is carried out by connecting the brushes to a rheostat
that temporarily increases the resistance of the rotor circuit.
2) Synchronous generator
The magnetic field in the alternator is generated through the rotor poles by connecting the rotor
winding to a direct source in such a way that the current enters through one phase and leaves
through the other two in parallel.
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1.2 DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
The machines operating in direct current are divided into dynamo (generators) and direct current
motors.
1.2.1 Stator
The stator is composed of a metal frame supporting the laminated magnetic circuit, with 2 main
poles and 2 interpoles, and the electrical windings.
The sheet pack is 60 mm long, with internal diameter of 80 mm. The coils, whose terminals are
shown on a suitable educational terminal board, are wound on the poles.
Terminals F1-F2/F5-F6 (separate or shunt excitation)

Coil terminals (one for each pole) of 500 turns of enamelled wire of diameter 0.45 mm.
Terminals D3-D4 (series excitation)
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Terminals of the series excitation winding: 28 turns for each pole carried out with two enamelled
wires of diameter of 1.12 mm., parallel connected.
Terminals D1-D2 (compensating excitation)

Terminals of the series excitation winding to be used with compound excitation machine: 5 turns
for each pole carried out with two enamelled wires of diameter of 1.12 mm., parallel connected.
Terminals B1-B2 (interpoles excitation)

Terminals of the winding carried out on the interpoles to be used to improve the commutation: 61
turns for each pole carried out with two enamelled wires of diameter of 1.12 mm., parallel
connected.
1.2.2 Rotor with commutator
The rotor is composed of a shaft to which the commutator is fixed and of a magnetic sheet pack
where 20 semi-closed slots suitable to contain the electrical winding are set.
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The sheet pack is 60 mm long, with external diameter of about 80 mm.
Each slot contains two coils with two sections of 5+5 turns carried out with enamelled wire of
diameter 1.12 mm.
The winding ends at the 40 segments of the commutator on which two brushes, supported by a
brush holder, are connected.
The brushes end at terminals set on two external boards that show the synoptic diagram of the rotor
winding.
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2. BASIC CONCEPTS
In this section some fundamental concepts are reminded for the correct comprehension of the
operation of the rotating electrical machines.
2.1 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
The fundamental structure of a rotating electrical machine is composed of a fixed part (stator) and a
moving part (rotor), carried out with magnetic material to support the passage of the magnetic flux
, that can be generated by a permanent magnet or, better, by electromagnets.
The flux lines flow through a closed circuit that includes both iron (stator yoke, poles and rotor) and
air (air gap between stator and rotor).
Once known the value of the flux  (Wb) that is necessary for the machine operation, it is possible
to calculate the electromotive force F (Aturns), that is necessary for its sustenance, as the sum of the
magnetomotive forces FM corresponding to the different sections of the magnetic circuit:
F =  FM =  H l
where H (A/m) is the intensity of the magnetic field in a given section and l (m) is its length.
Then, after having determined the magnetic induction B (T), defined as flux by surface unit and
relevant to each section:

B
S
the intensity of the magnetic field is determined by knowing that:
B=µH
where µ (H/m) is the magnetic permeability of the medium.
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For what concerns the air, the magnetic permeability is constant, µ = 1.2566370614…×10−6 H·m−1,
while for the ferromagnetic materials we usually have to use the graphs that represent the
magnetization curve in order to determine the intensity of the magnetic field, because their
permeability is not constant.
Finally, since the total magnetomotive force F is applied to two poles, the ampere-turns for each
pole are simply obtained by the relationship:
F = 2 N Ie
where N is the number of turns per pole and Ie the excitation current.
Note
In the air gap and in the rotor teeth the useful flux is equal to , while in the poles we have to
consider a higher flux p = 1.2 , to take into account the side leakage.
Finally, in the rotor section and in the stator yokes only half of the useful flux will have to be
considered.
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NUMERICAL EXAMPLE N° 1
Determine the value of the excitation current of a direct current machine in such a way to obtain a
flux  = 1.4 mWb, knowing that coils of N = 500 turns are wound on the poles.
The geometrical data of the machine are shown in the calculation table.
Calculation table
Section Section S Section S Induction B Intensity H Portion l M.m.f.

(mm2) (mm2) (T) (A/cm) (cm) FM (A)
Yoke 1.2x0.7 780 1.1 3 21 63
Poles 1.2x1.4 3600 0.5 0.8 2x1.7 2.72
Air gap 1.4 5000 0.3 2400 2x0.1 480
Teeth 1.4 2600 0.5 0.8 2x1.5 2.4
Rotor 0.7 600 1.1 3 6 18
Total m.m.f. F. 566
The intensity of the magnetic field for the air gap is calculated with the relationship:
H (A/cm) = 8000 B
while for the remaining sections of the magnetic circuit the magnetization characteristic FeSi (1.3
W/kg) has been used.
The intensity of the excitation current is:
F 566
Ie    0.566 (A)
2 N 2  500
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2.2 INDUCTION LAW
The time variation of the magnetic flux produced by an inductive field generates in a winding of N
turns (induced circuit) an induced electromotive force e (V) whose value depends on the flux
variation speed and on the number of turns according to the induction law (Faraday):
d
e  N
dt
The sign "-" indicates that the induced e.m.f. is so directed as to oppose itself to the induction
process that generates it (Lenz’s law).
The time variable flux can be obtained by supplying a coil having N1 turns by means of an
alternating current.
When the generated flux  links together with a second coil of N2 turns, in the latter a mutual
induction e.m.f. generates, whose value is:
N2
E 2  E1
N1
By winding the two coils on a single magnetic core, to make the leakage flux d negligible, we
have made a transformer.
If coil N2 is closed on a load and we consider the transformer as ideal, we have:
E1 I1 = E2 I2
and, therefore:
E1 N
I 2  I1  I1 1
E2 N2
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2.2.1 Sinusoidal alternating voltage generator
Every generator can be represented as a conducting turn that is rotating at constant speed in a
uniform magnetic field.
Since the flux linked together with the turn is given by:
 = B S = B l1 l2 cos = B l1 l2 cost
the induced e.m.f. is:
e = B l1 l2  sint
and it is possible to understand how, during the rotation, the section S that is affected by the flux
passes from a maximum value ( = 0°+k180°) to a null value ( = 90°+k180°) and, therefore, the
voltage that can be collected at the brushes shows a sinusoidal trend (principle of the alternator).
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The maximum value of the e.m.f. induced in the turn is:
EM = 2 B l2 v
where the peripheral speed v is given by:

n
vR= l1
60
since n is normally expressed in min-1.
The direction of the e.m.f. that is induced on a side of the turn can be obtained through the
Fleming’s rule of the three fingers of the right hand, where:
 Thumb = mechanical force
 Forefinger = magnetic field
 Middle finger = electric current
Determine the maximum e.m.f. induced in a rectangular turn composed of two conductors having a
length of l2 = 60 mm. and a width of l1 = 80 mm., rotating at a speed of n = 3000 min-1, lying in a
magnetic field of induction B = 1.2 T.
Determine the peripheral speed:
3000
v 0.08  12.56 m / s
60
And, therefore, the total induced e.m.f.:
EM = 2 x 1.2 x 0.06 x 12.56 = 1.8 V
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2.2.2 Electromagnetic actions
When a conductor, having a length l (m), is passed by a current I (A) and lies in a magnetic field of
uniform induction B (T), it is subject to a force F (N) that tends to act perpendicularly to the
direction of the field and of the conductor, whose value is:
F = B I l sen
The maximum value of the mechanical force is obtained when the conductor is perpendicular to the
magnetic field ( = 90°).
The direction of the force can be obtained through the Fleming’s rule of the three fingers of the left
hand, where:
 Thumb = mechanical force
 Forefinger = magnetic field
 Middle finger = electric current
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As an application, we now determine the expression of the torque stressing a rectangular turn, that
is passed by a current I and lies in a magnetic field of uniform induction B, whose rotation axis is
perpendicular to the induction lines.
Sides AE = DC, having a length of l1, are subjected to the forces Fv that, however, do not generate a
torque, while sides AD = EC, having a length of l2, are subjected to the forces Fo = B I l2, so that the
torque M (Nm) that is acting on the turn is:
M = l1 Fo sinß = l1l2 B I sinß =  I sinß
and, therefore, it is proportional to the magnetic flux .

It is interesting to notice that the torque becomes null when the turn is perpendicular to the magnetic
field (ß = 90°).
Determine the value of the maximum torque exerted on a rectangular turn (l1 = 80 mm., l2 = 60
mm.) that is passed by a current I = 5 A and lies in a uniform induction field B = 1.2 T.
We determine the force:
Fo = B I l2 = 1.2 x 5 x 0.06 = 0.36 N
and, therefore, the maximum torque is:
M = Fo l1 = 0.36 x 0.08 = 0.0288 Nm
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2.3 COMMUTATION
We have seen how a turn connected to two rings and rotating at constant speed in a uniform
magnetic field is subjected to an induced e.m.f. that inverts the polarity every half turn.
If the turn ends are instead connected to two segments (a/a1) of a single ring, isolated between them
and from the axis, we obtain a cylindrical body (commutator) on which the brushes are laid, so that
it is possible to obtain a unidirectional and pulsating e.m.f. (principle of the dynamo).
In fact, the function of the commutator is to invert the connections of the turn with respect to the
brushes, and therefore to the external circuit, every time the turn is in correspondence to the
magnetic neutral axis, coinciding with the geometrical one, situated in the centre line of the main
poles where the induced e.m.f. is null.
Therefore, it is evident that the direction of the induced e.m.f. does not change its sign with respect
to the external circuit.
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2.3.1 Armature reaction
Every time the rotor winding (armature), normally composed of many turns distributed on the
periphery and series connected, is passed by a current, delivered, if it is a generator, or absorbed, if
it is a motor, if the brushes are in correspondence to the geometrical neutral axis and in the
hypothesis of de-energized dynamo, an armature magnetic field (NI)a is generated, as shown in
figure, detail (a).
G.N.A. = Geometrical Neutral Axis

M.N.A. = Magnetic Neutral Axis
In figure, detail (b), the main magnetic field (NIe) is shown; it is generated by the main poles when
the machine is energized and operates in no-load conditions, i.e. with open-circuited armature.
Finally, in figure, detail (c), the magnetic field (NIr) is shown; it is the result of the combined effects
of the main field and of the armature field: the relevant flux is more or less distorted, with its
strengthening on one side of the pole and its weakening on the other side (armature reaction). This
effect results in an apparent shift, equal to the angle , of the main pole axis in the direction of the
rotation.
Since the magnetic neutral axis does not coincide any longer with the geometric axis, the brushes
are in a position in which there is a voltage between the commutator reeds that generates a
sparkling: in order to avoid this phenomenon, the brushes have to be rotated by the angle  in the
rotation direction for a generator (in the opposite direction for a motor).
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Since the angle  depends on the value of the armature current, it is more convenient to compensate
the armature reaction by means of a magnetic field created by means of interpoles set at the centre
lines between the main poles and series excited with the armature, obtaining in this way an optimal
commutation without sparkling and keeping the brushes on the geometric neutral axis.
In particular the polarity of the interpole has to be:

a) for a generator:
equal to that of the main pole that precedes it in the movement direction.
b) for a motor:
opposite to that of the main pole that precedes it in the movement direction.
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2.4 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
In certain conditions, the three-phase currents can generate rotating magnetic fields, as
demonstrated by Galileo Ferraris.
A rotating magnetic field is a magnetic field whose representative vector H shows a constant
intensity and rotates in the space at a uniform speed around a given point.
2.4.1 Pulsating magnetic field
A single phase alternating current that supplies the winding of a coil produces at point P of its axis a
magnetic field H that has always the same direction, but with variable amplitude and sign according
to the instantaneous value of the current (pulsating magnetic field).
The pulsating magnetic field can be considered composed at every instant of two magnetic fields of
constant intensity, equal to half of the maximum value HM, rotating in opposite directions at the
same speed, so that they make a turn in the time corresponding to a period of the alternating current.
The two rotating fields are represented by vectors OA=Hs (left-rotatory) and OB=Hd (dextro-
rotatory) and they generate a resulting field H in the fixed direction QR that pulses between the
maximum positive value Hs + Hd = HM ( = 0°) and the negative value -(Hs + Hd) = -HM ( =
180°), becoming null for  = 90° and  = 180°.
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2.4.2 Three-phase rotating magnetic field
In order to obtain a rotating magnetic field H, it is necessary to have three identical coils, whose
axes are set in a plane at 120° one from the other and whose windings are passed by a symmetric
three-phase current system.
The three coils generate in the central zone O three magnetic fields H1, H2 and H3 that reach the
same intensity HM, cyclically delayed in the time of a third of a period.
If we divide each of the three vectors H1, H2 and H3 in the dextro and left-rotatory component
vectors, as it is shown in figure, detail (a), we can determine the simultaneous action of the three
coils at the central point O as the vector composition of all the dextro and left-rotatory components,
as it is shown in figure, detail (b).
The left-rotatory components H1s,H2s and H3s give null resultant because they have the same
intensity, but are out of phase by 120°.
The dextro-rotatory components H1d, H2d and H3d are in parallel and give as resultant a vector H
whose amplitude is equal to their sum:
H = H1d + H2d + H3d
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By repeating the previous considerations for any other instant, the left-rotatory components will
always give null resultant so that the resulting vector H will be given only by the vector sum of the
dextro-rotatory components, that are always parallel among them.
In conclusion, since Hs = Hd = ½HM, the resulting vector of the magnetic field will have intensity:
3
H  3 Hd = HM
2
and will rotate in the plane in the dextro-rotatory direction (clockwise) at uniform angular speed.
The rotation speed n (min-1) of the magnetic field depends on the frequency f (Hz) of the supply
currents and on the number p of the pole pairs according to the relationship:
f
n  60
p
The direction of rotation of the magnetic field coincides with the direction of the cyclic succession
of the phases and, therefore, it is enough to invert the cyclic succession of the phases in order to
invert the direction of rotation.
Determine the rotation speed of a magnetic field, respectively at 2 and 4 poles, created by a three-
phase system at the frequency of (a) 50 Hz, (b) 60 Hz.
It is:
(a) Frequency 50 Hz
50
n 2  60  3000 min -1
1
50
n 4  60  1500 min -1
2
(b) Frequency 60 Hz
60
n 2  60  3600 min -1
1
60
n 4  60  1800 min -1
2
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The stator of the alternating current machine has a double three-phase winding; by suitably
combining the single windings, it is possible to obtain two windings, respectively at 4 and 2 poles.
4 pole winding
2 pole winding
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EXPERIMENT N°1
FLUX PRODUCED BY THE POLES
Purposes:
 Verify the generation of a magnetic flux by means of electromagnets.
 Determine the direction of the magnetic flux.
Components:
 1 Direct current machine stator
 1 Magnetic probe
 1 DL 10281 Supply module
 1 DL 10282N Measurement module
Electrical diagrams
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EXPERIMENT N°1.1: MAIN POLES
Procedure
Carry out the circuit shown in the previous topographical diagram by using only the stator of the
direct current machine, without rotor.
At the beginning the coil F1-F2 is supplied.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a variable direct voltage 0÷8V/12A: selector "c0d" to position
"d" and control knob to 0%.
Use the measurement module DL 10282N and read the values of the voltmeter and the ammeter for
direct current measurements on first device, and observe the polarities (+ at red terminal).
Activate the supply module and adjust the value of the excitation current at about 0.3 A (dc value
on first measurement device).
Connect the magnetic probe between the poles in correspondence of the machine axis.
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The direction of the generated flux is shown by the small magnet that has the north pole of red
colour.
After having deactivated the supply, repeat the previous procedure by replacing the terminals F1
with F5 and F2 with F6.
If finally the sense of the excitation current is inverted the probe indication will result with an
opposite sense with regard to the previous one.
Note
At the end of the experiment and after having deactivated the supply verify that there is still a weak
magnetic field due to the residual magnetism.
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EXPERIMENT N°1.2: INTERPOLES
Procedure
Activate the supply module and adjust the value of the excitation current at about 5A (dc value on
first measurement device).
The direction of the interpole flux is shown by the small magnet that has the north pole of red
colour.
After having deactivated the supply, repeat the previous procedure by inverting the sense of the
excitation current: the probe indication will result with an opposite sense with regard to the previous
one.
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EXPERIMENT N°2
MAIN MAGNETIC FIELD
Purposes:
 Determine the direction of the main magnetic flux generated with electromagnets.
 Observe the flux distribution around the pole-shoes.
Components:
Electrical diagrams
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EXPERIMENT N°2: MAIN MAGNETIC FIELD
Procedure
At the beginning connect the excitation coils F1-F2 and F5-F6 in concurrent series (electrical
diagram 2.1)
Activate the supply module and adjust the value of the excitation current at about 0.2A (maximum
clockwise rotation of the control knob).
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The direction of the auxiliary flux is shown by the small magnet that has the north pole of red
colour.
Now move the probe around the pole-shoes and record the flux direction in correspondence of the
pole ends: this direction is radial.
After having deactivated the supply, carry out the series-opposition connection (electrical diagram
2.2) by connecting terminal F2 to the F6 one and terminal F5 to L-.
Activate the supply module again and adjust the excitation current at about 0.2A.
In these conditions the resulting flux in correspondence of the machine axis is about null because
some poles create that present the same polarity.
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EXPERIMENT N°3
INTENSITY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Purposes:
 Determine how the magnetic permeability of the circuit influences the intensity of the magnetic
field.
Components:
 1 Direct current machine
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°3: INTENSITY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Procedure
Carry out the circuit shown in the previous topographical diagram by using at first only the stator of
the direct current machine, without rotor.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a constant direct voltage 32V/14A: selector "a0b" to position
"a" and switch L+/L- to position "0".
direct current measurements on first and second devices, and observe the polarities (+ at red
terminal).
Activate the supply module and switch on and off again and again the excitation circuit F1-F2 by
means of L+/L- switch: the ammeter A2 series connected to the coil F5-F6 does not provide any
indication.
Deactivate the supply module and connect the commutator rotor.
Activate the supply module again and switch on and off again and again the excitation circuit
F1-F2: on the ammeter A2 (dc value on second measurement device) now an index deviation will
be noticed and this owing to the decreasing of the magnetic circuit reluctance because the rotor is
present too.
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EXPERIMENT N°4
INDUCED VOLTAGE
Purposes:
 Verify the induction law
 Determine the ratio between voltages and currents
Components:
 1 Direct current machine
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°4: INDUCED VOLTAGE
Procedure
Carry out the circuit shown in the previous topographical diagram by using the direct current
machine completed with rotor.
At the beginning do not carry out the dotted connection for the ammeter A2.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a variable alternating voltage 0÷10V/12A: selector "c0d" to
position "d" and control knob to 0%.
alternating current measurements on first and second devices.
Activate the supply module and adjust the value of the primary voltage V1 = 1V.
Record the value of the secondary voltage
V2 = ..... V
and calculate the ratio between the voltages
V2
.......
V1
and verify that it is approximately equal to the turn ratio N2/N1 = 500/56 = 8,92 (see point 1.2.1).
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Typical result
V2 = 9 V
Set the control knob to 0% and connect the ammeter A2 by carrying out the dotted connection.
Adjust the value of the primary current I1 = 5A and record the value of the secondary current
I2 = ...... A
Calculate the ratio between the currents
I1
........
I2
This ratio is much higher than the turn ratio because the high magnetizing current has not been
considered.
Typical result
I2 = 0,45 A.
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EXPERIMENT N°5
INTERPOLE EFFECT
Purposes:
 Determine the axis shift of the main poles for effect of the interpole field
Components:
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°5: INTERPOLE EFFECT
Procedure
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed direct voltage 32V/14A (selector "a0b" to position "a"
and switch L+/L- to position "0") and for a variable direct voltage 0÷8V/12A (selector "c0d" to
position "d" and control knob to 0%).
terminal).
Activate the supply module and excite the coils of the main poles by switching on the switch L+/L-
(position 1).
The direction of the generated flux is shown by the small magnet that has the north pole of red
colour: the main flux is directed along the axis of the main poles.
Now supply the coils of the interpoles with a variable current until about 6A and notice how the
resulting flux moves in the clockwise sense.
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EXPERIMENT N°6
NO-LOAD MAGNETIC NEUTRAL AXIS
Purposes:
 Set the brushes in correspondence of the no-load magnetic neutral axis
Components:
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°6: NO-LOAD MAGNETIC NEUTRAL AXIS
Procedure
Carry out the circuit shown in the previous topographical diagram by using the direct current
machine completed with commutator rotor and brushes.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed direct voltage 32V/14A: selector "a0b" to position "a"
and switch L+/L- to position "0".
terminal).
Activate the supply module and repeatedly switch on and off the separate excitation circuit by
means of the switch L+/L-: observe the indication of the voltmeter V2.
If the indication of the voltmeter V2 is null, the brushes are in correspondence of the no-load
magnetic neutral axis because the voltage collected between two contiguous segments is nearly null.
If the indication of the voltmeter V2 is on the contrary different from 0, the blocking screw A is
loosened and the brush holder socket-joint is turned.
Through attempts we determine therefore the socket-joint position to which the minimum indication
of the voltmeter corresponds: this position corresponds evidently to the no-load neutral axis and
therefore in this position the socket-joint has to be blocked with screw A.
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EXPERIMENT N°7
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
Purposes:
 Verify the production of a three-phase rotating magnetic field by means of three-phase currents.
 Invert the rotation sense of the three-phase rotating field by varying the phase sequence.
 Verify the production of a single phase rotating magnetic field by means of two pulsating fields
created by two coils carrying currents out of phase.
 Invert the rotation sense of the single phase rotating field by varying the connection of the
auxiliary phase.
Components:
 1 Alternating current machine stator
 1 DL 10283 Loads and rheostats
Electrical diagrams
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EXPERIMENT N°7.1: THREE-PHASE ROTATING FIELD
Procedure
alternating current machine, without rotor (electrical diagram 7.1).
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed alternating voltage 24V/15A: selector "a0b" to position
"a" and switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0".
alternating current measurements on first device.
Activate the supply module and supply the star connected stator windings by setting the switch
L1/L2/L3 to position "1".
Connect the magnetic probe in correspondence of the machine axis and explore the magnetic field.
The gimbal has to be kept parallel to the support, by using adhesive tape or other things, to avoid
that it moves.
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The small magnet is stimulated in a certain direction of rotation and it goes on turning.
Deactivate the winding supply and exchange two phases between them, for example L2 with L3.
Supply the stator windings again: the small magnet turns now in the opposite sense as regards the
previous one.
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EXPERIMENT N°7.2: SINGLE PHASE ROTATING FIELD
Procedure
alternating current machine, without rotor (electrical diagram 7.2).
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a single phase variable alternating voltage 0÷10V/12A:
selector "c0d" to position "d" and control knob to 0%.
alternating current measurements on first device.
Set the step connector of the capacitive load C of the module DL 10283 to position "0" (maximum
counter clockwise rotation).
Activate the supply module and adjust the current value in the main winding U1-U6 at about 5A.
Connect the magnetic probe in correspondence of the machine axis and explore the magnetic field.
The gimbal has to be kept parallel to the support, by using adhesive tape or other things, to avoid
that it moves.
The small magnet oscillates but it does not turn.
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Connect now the auxiliary phase by connecting in sequence the capacitances C1 = 80 µF (connector
to "1"), C12 = 160 µF (connector to "1-2") and therefore C123 = 240 µF (connector to "1-2-3"): the
small magnet is now stimulated and it turn in a certain rotation sense and it goes on rotating even if
the auxiliary phase is disconnected.
After having reset the current, exchange the connection of the auxiliary phase (connect V6 to U6
and C to U1).
Repeat the previous operations and verify that the small magnet turns now in the opposite sense as
regards the previous one.
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3. INDUCTION MOTOR
The induction motors are the most used and widespread electrical machines thanks to their simple
structure, together with a safe use and a definitely low price.
Their operation principle is based on the phenomenon of the induction, meaning that the electrical
energy is adduced to the stator winding and then magnetically transferred to the rotor through the
rotating magnetic field that sets up in the stator.
The speed of the stator rotating magnetic field depends on the supply frequency f and on the
number p of the pole pairs according to the relationship:
f
ns 
p
If we suppose to replace the stator with a ring of fictitious magnetic poles rotating with the
synchronous speed ns, in the rotor winding a system of three-phase e.m.f. is induced and, therefore,
if the rotor electrical circuit is closed, a system of three-phase currents flows through it; these
currents, by reacting with the inducing poles, create a torque that tends to brake the inductor if the
rotor is blocked.
Since the rotor is free to rotate, it will be driven by the inductive field and it will accelerate its
running without ever reaching the synchronous speed ns because, should it reach this condition, any
relative motion between inductive and induced field would end and the torque would become null.
If n is the rotor speed, the relative slip (or simply slip) s is:
ns  n
s
ns
The induction motors, or asynchronous motors, can have both the squirrel cage rotor (short-circuit
motor) and the ring rotor (motor with three-phase rotor winding).
cage rotor (short-circuit motor) and the ring rotor (motor with three-phase rotor winding).
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3.1 STARTING OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR
In this section some methods that are used for the starting of the induction motors are described.
3.1.1 Three-phase squirrel cage motor
The low power motors can be directly connected to the mains because they have starting currents of
value such as to interact with the mains in a non significant way.
At starting, these motors absorb a current that is equal to about 5 times the rated current; then, the
current will quickly decrease as the motor accelerates.
In order to reduce the starting current, it is possible to start the motor at a reduced voltage by using
rheostats or autotransformers connected to the stator circuit; however, with these systems, besides
reducing the current, also the starting torque is reduced because the latter depends on the square of
the voltage.
On the contrary, in textile machines a soft starting is often necessary. In this case, only the starting
torque is reduced: in one of the three supply conductors a resistance R is inserted.
M
3
At starting, in this conductor the current decreases, but it increases in the other two and as a
consequence the rotating field is influenced and becomes elliptical, but without varying the number
of rpm: the starting torque decreases and the motor starts by gradually accelerating.
Once the starting phase is completed, when the motor has reached the maximum speed, the
resistance is short-circuited.
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3.1.2 Three-phase motor with ring rotor
The starting of the three-phase motor with ring rotor is possible at high starting torque and low
current by connecting a rheostat R in the rotor circuit that is accessible through the collector rings.
R=0
M
3 R max
R ns n
At starting, the rheostat is connected at the maximum resistance and, while the motor accelerates, it
is progressively switched off until the rotor winding is short-circuited.
After every stop of the motor, before the latter is again connected to the mains, it is necessary to re-
insert the starting rheostat.
3.1.3 Star-delta starting
The three-phase induction motors, with squirrel cage rotor or wound rotor, but short-circuited, and
built to normally operate with the stator phases delta connected for the mains voltage, can be started
first of all by star connecting the stator winding (each phase is supplied at a voltage equal to 1/ 3
times the mains voltage while the line current is reduced to 1/3 of the value that we would have
with the delta starting: the starting torque is equal to 1/3 of that of the delta connection) and then by
delta connecting it when the motor has reached a sufficient speed.
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3.1.4 Single phase motor
The single phase motor with squirrel cage rotor differs from the equivalent three-phase motor only
for what concerns the stator winding, that is here composed of a main winding and of an auxiliary
winding.
The field produced by a single-phase winding is of the pulsating type and not of the rotating one, so
that, if only the main winding is supplied, the pulsating field, that can be represented by two
rotating fields rotating in opposite directions, exerts on the rotor two equal, but opposite torques, a
clockwise torque Md and a counter clockwise torque Ms, whose algebraic sum provides the
resulting torque Mr acting on the rotor.
Md
Mr
ns
ns n
Ms
When the rotor is stopped we have clearly that Mr = 0 so the single phase motor cannot start by
itself: in any case, if the rotor is driven in a rotation sense at will, one of the torques prevails on the
other one and the rotor goes on turning.
To make the single phase motor self-starting a rotating field has to be created: this is obtained by
using the auxiliary winding too in series to which a resistance R or a capacitor C is connected so
that the current in the auxiliary winding is out of phase as regards the main winding one.
M M
1 1
Therefore, the two windings generate a rotating field, even if not of constant amplitude, that allows
the starting of the motor.
When the motor has gained speed, the auxiliary winding with the series resistance is switched off
(single phase motor), while the one with the capacitor can be switched off (single phase motor) or
left connected at a reduced capacity and in this case we obtain a single phase capacitor motor (two-
phase motor).
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3.2 CONTROL OF THE THREE-PHASE MOTOR SPEED
The three-phase induction motor is essentially a machine having a nearly constant speed.
The speed of the motor is given by the relationship:
f
n  n s (1  s)  (1  s)
p
so the speed control of the motor under load can be carried out by varying:
a) the supply frequency f
The motor has to be supplied by means of a frequency converter.
b) the slip s
The slip variation is possible only in motors with wound rotor by means of the rotor rheostat, in
which energy is dissipated.
c) the number of pole pairs p
The variation of the pole number is possible only in motors with squirrel cage rotor by carrying
out the stator winding with six coils that, suitably combined among them, allow two possible
different pole numbers in the ratio 1:2 (Dahlander connection).
The coils are series connected and then delta connected and taken to a terminal board, where the
higher (lower) numerical code shows the supply terminals for the higher (lower) speed.
c.1) Low speed, D connection, 4 poles

Terminals 2U, 2V, 2W remain free while terminals 1V, 1U, 1W are connected to the mains.
c.2) High speed, YY connection, 2 poles

Terminals 1U, 1V, 1W are connected among them to form the star centre while terminals
2U, 2V, 2W are connected to the mains.
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3.3 DIRECTION OF ROTATION
The clockwise direction of rotation corresponds to a rotation of the machine shaft in the direction of
the watch hands, when the observer looks at the machine standing in front of the biggest shaft end
or in front of the end opposite to the rings.
The direction of rotation of the three-phase motor can be inverted by exchanging two supply phases.
The direction of rotation of the single phase motor can be inverted by exchanging the connection
between the auxiliary winding and the main winding.
3.4 PERFORMANCES OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR
The performances of the induction motor can be determined through the direct method by recording
the electromechanical characteristics (curves of the power factor, of the efficiency, of the absorbed
current and of the speed as a function of the output power) and the mechanical characteristics
(torque as a function of the speed) by loading the motor shaft by means of a brake.
3.5 INDUCTION DEVICES
The induction machine can be used, besides as a motor, for many other purposes among which we
will remind the main ones.
It is obvious the operation of the three-phase ring motor as an ordinary transformer when the rotor
is kept blocked: but this use does not offer any advantage due to the presence of the air gap between
the primary and the secondary.
3.5.1 Phase-shifter
The phase-shifter allows obtaining an e.m.f. out of phase with respect to the supply voltage.
The induction phase-shifter is composed of a three-phase asynchronous ring motor where the rotor
can be forced to rotate by hand by means of a suitable gear driven by a small hand wheel, so that the
phase shift between the primary supply voltage (normally the stator) and the secondary induced
voltage, of constant value, depends on the angular position of the rotor with respect to the stator.
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For a two pole machine the rotor has to do a complete rotation to obtain all the possible phase
values.
The phase shifter is suitably used in wattmeter and watt-hour meter calibration to carry out the
different power factors at which we want to perform the test.
3.5.2 Voltage regulator
The induction regulator allows varying the voltage of an alternating source in a continuous way
within certain limits.
The three-phase induction regulator is composed of a three-phase asynchronous ring motor where
the rotor can be forced to rotate by hand by means of a suitable gear driven by a hand-wheel.
The three rotor phases are star connected and they are supplied by the three-phase line to be
adjusted, while the three stator phases are tidily series connected to the load at the three wires of the
line.
The rotor operates as the primary of a transformer and it induces in the stator, that operates as
secondary, an e.m.f. Es whose value depends on the turn ratio between the two windings, while its
phase, that depends on the rotor position, can be varied by 180° by means of an angular shift of a
pole step.
Therefore, the voltage on the load is:
V  Vr  E s
and it can be varied with continuity from a minimum Vr-Es to a maximum Vr+Es.
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3.6 INDUCTION SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
The system of low frequency three-phase currents flowing in the rotor, star connected, of a three-
phase asynchronous motor induces some poles that rotate at speed (ns-n) around the rotor.
Now, if we consider the instant aa), when the current in phase 1 is maximum, while in the other two
it is the negative half of the maximum, it will be possible to stabilize, so to say, this instant if the
rotor rings are connected to a source E of direct current. By doing this, the poles that are induced in
the rotor will remain fixed to it in the position they had at the instant aa) and the rotor will become a
smooth inductor and will go on rotating at the synchronism speed ns.
The synchronized synchronous motors have the fundamental structure of an asynchronous motor
with ring rotor and they are normally started by means of the rotor rheostat R.
After the motor has been started, the rheostat R is switched off and by means of the switch S the
rotor rings are supplied from a source of direct current E in such a way that the current enters a
phase and goes out from the other two, parallel connected.
Then, the asynchronous motor passes to the synchronous motion and under load its speed does not
vary until when, in presence of an overload, it drops out of phase and stops.
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EXPERIMENT N°8
THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR, 2 POLES, 24 V
Purposes:
 Connect the stator winding in delta
 Start the motor with direct connection to the mains
 Record the operation characteristics of the motor
Components:
 1 Ac machine stator and squirrel cage rotor
 1 DL 10284 Adapter support
 1 DL 10300A Electromagnetic brake with arms
(Weight G = 3.5 N, balance weight g = 1.5 N)
 1 MY60 Digital multimeter
Note
For an accurate speed measurement we advise:
 1 DL 2026 Digital tachometer
Electrical diagram
M
3
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EXPERIMENT N°8:
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Procedure
Assemble the group asynchronous motor-brake, by using the stator of the alternating current
machine completed with squirrel cage rotor.
Carry out the circuit shown in the previous topographical diagram.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed alternating voltage 24V/14A: (selector "a0b" to
position "a" and switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0") and for a variable direct voltage 0÷40V/5A
(selector “c0d” to position "c" and control knob to 0%).
Use first and second devices of the measurement module DL 10282N to read the values of voltages,
currents and power to the stator terminals of the motor for alternating current. For the active power
press the “Function” button on the right of the appropriate measuring device.
Use the measurement module DL 10282N for speed measurements on third device.
Use the MY60 Digital multimeter for current measurement in excitation circuit of the brake
Activate the supply module and start the motor by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1": the
motor turns clockwise.
Once the motor has been started provide to balance the brake: the system is balanced by setting the
weight G = (2+1.5)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the
balance weight g = 1.5 N until the water level shows the horizontal position.
Start measuring the supply voltage U, the absorbed current I and the powers P13 and P23. Record the
speed n of the motor.
The motor is therefore loaded by steps by means of the brake: the load is carried out by moving the
weight G to a distance b from the zero position and therefore, by means of the variable direct
voltage 0 ÷ 40 V, its excitation current is adjusted until balancing the system again.
Carry out the measurements previously shown for every value of arm b shown in the following
table, where the measurement indications are therefore written.
f= 50 Hz
U I P13 P23 Pin cos G b M n P 

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
3.5 0 0 0 0
3.5 0.025 0.0875
3.5 0.05 0.175
3.5 0.075 0.2625
3.5 0.1 0.35
3.5 0.125 0.4373
3.5 0.15 0.525
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Stop the group by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position “0” and deenergize the brake.
Complete the table with the calculated values of:
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
%  100
Pin
Draw on the same diagram the absorbed current I, the power factor cos, the speed n and the
efficiency  as a function of the output power P.
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Draw on a diagram the mechanical characteristic M = f(n).
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EXPERIMENT N°9
THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR, 2 POLES, 42 VY
Purposes:
 Connect the stator winding in star
 Soft starting of the motor
Components:
Note
Electrical diagram
M
3
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EXPERIMENT N°9:
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Procedure
position "b" and switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0") and for a variable direct voltage 0÷40V/5A
Set the switch R of the module DL 10283 to position "0".
Activate the supply module and start the motor by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1": the
motor turns clockwise.
The motor starts by gradually accelerating until reaching about the synchronous speed after a
certain time interval.
(If the rotor crawls at the starting, because it is in the position of minimum reluctance, and therefore
it does not start, a light push on the shaft is enough to begin the starting procedure).
weight G at a distance b from the zero position and therefore, by means of the variable direct
f= 50 Hz

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
3.5 0 0 0 0
3.5 0.025 0.0875
3.5 0.05 0.175
3.5 0.075 0.2625
3.5 0.1 0.35
3.5 0.125 0.4373
3.5 0.15 0.525
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- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
%  100
Pin
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EXPERIMENT N°10
THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR, 2 POLES, 24 V
Purposes:
 Connect the stator winding in double delta
Components:
(Weight G = 4 N, balance weight g = 1.5 N)
Note
Electrical diagram
M
3
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EXPERIMENT N°10:
THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR, 2 POLES, 24 V
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Procedure
Activate the supply module and start the motor by switching on the switch L1/L2/L3 (position "1"):
the motor turns clockwise.
weight G = (2+2)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance
weight g = 1.5 N until the water level shows the horizontal position.
voltage 0 ÷ 40V, its excitation current is adjusted until balancing the system again.
f = 50 Hz

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 0 0
4 0.025 0.1
4 0.05 0.2
4 0.075 0.3
4 0.1 0.4
4 0.125 0.5
4 0.15 0.6
4 0.175 0.7
4 0.2 0.8
4 0.225 0.9
4 0.25 1
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- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
72 Vers.e 2018/06/13
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Vers.e 2018/06/13 73
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blank page
74 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°11
THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR, 2 POLES, 42 VYY
Purposes:
 Connect the stator winding in double star
Components:
Note
Electrical diagram
M
3
Vers.e 2018/06/13 75
DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°11:
THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR, 2 POLES, 42 VYY
76 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
Procedure
f = 50 Hz

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 0 0
4 0.025 0.1
4 0.05 0.2
4 0.075 0.3
4 0.1 0.4
4 0.125 0.5
4 0.15 0.6
4 0.175 0.7
4 0.2 0.8
4 0.225 0.9
4 0.25 1
Vers.e 2018/06/13 77
DL 10280
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
78 Vers.e 2018/06/13
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Vers.e 2018/06/13 79
DL 10280
blank page
80 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°12
Purposes:
 Start the motor with star-delta starter
Components:
 1 DL 10116 Star-delta starter
Note
Electrical diagram
M
3
Vers.e 2018/06/13 81
DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°12:
82 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
Procedure
currents and power to the stator terminals of the motor for alternating current.
For the active power press the “Function” button on the right of the appropriate measuring device.
Set the starter DL 10116 with the control knob to position "0".
Activate the supply module and start the motor by switching on the switch L1/L2/L3 (position "1")
and by setting the control knob of the starter DL 10116 to star position Y: the motor starts and it
turns clockwise.
Measure the absorbed current with star connected stator: IY = ........ (A).
When up to speed we pass to the delta connection of the stator winding by setting the control knob
of the starter DL 10116 to delta position .
Vers.e 2018/06/13 83
DL 10280
f = 50 Hz

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 0 0
4 0.025 0.1
4 0.05 0.2
4 0.075 0.3
4 0.1 0.4
4 0.125 0.5
4 0.15 0.6
4 0.175 0.7
4 0.2 0.8
4 0.225 0.9
4 0.25 1
If we suppose a further motor starting we have to set the control knob of the starter DL 10116 to
position “0” again.
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
84 Vers.e 2018/06/13
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Vers.e 2018/06/13 85
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86 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°13
Purposes:
 Connect the stator winding in star
Components:
Note
Electrical diagram
Vers.e 2018/06/13 87
DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°13:
88 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
Procedure
f = 50 Hz

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 0 0
4 0.025 0.1
4 0.05 0.2
4 0.075 0.3
4 0.1 0.4
4 0.125 0.5
4 0.15 0.6
4 0.175 0.7
4 0.2 0.8
4 0.225 0.9
4 0.25 1
Vers.e 2018/06/13 89
DL 10280
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
90 Vers.e 2018/06/13
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Vers.e 2018/06/13 91
DL 10280
blank page
92 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°14
THREE-PHASE DAHLANDER MOTOR, 4/2 POLES, 42 V/YY
Purposes:
 Verify the operation of the two speed Dahlander motor
 Record the operation characteristics of the 4 pole motor
Components:
 1 DL 10185 Pole changing starter
Note
Electrical diagram
M
3
Vers.e 2018/06/13 93
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EXPERIMENT N°14:
THREE-PHASE DAHLANDER MOTOR, 4/2 POLES, 42 V/YY
94 Vers.e 2018/06/13
DL 10280
Procedure
position "b" and switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0") and for a variable direct voltage 0÷40 V/5 A
currents and power to the stator terminals of the motor for alternating current.
For the active power press the “Function” button on the right of the appropriate measuring device.
Set on the module DL 10185 the control knob to position "0".
Activate the supply module and start the motor by switching on the switch L1/L2/L3 (position "1")
and by setting the control knob of the module DL 10185 to position : the motor turns clockwise
with lower speed. After the motor has reached a stable speed set the control knob of the module DL
10185 to position YY: the motor goes on turning clockwise but with greater speed. Set the control
knob of the module DL 10185 to position  again: the motor slows downs and it turns at the lower
speed and the connection of the stator winding is 42V .
Vers.e 2018/06/13 95
DL 10280
f = 50 Hz

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 0 0
4 0.025 0.1
4 0.05 0.2
4 0.075 0.3
4 0.1 0.4
4 0.125 0.5
4 0.15 0.6
4 0.175 0.7
4 0.2 0.8
4 0.225 0.9
4 0.25 1
Stop the group by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position “0” and deactivate the brake.
Set also the control knob of the module DL 10185 to position “0” again.
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
96 Vers.e 2018/06/13
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Vers.e 2018/06/13 97
DL 10280
The operation characteristics of the motor with the stator connected to 42V YY are identical to the
ones recorded in the exercise N°11 to which we refer.
98 Vers.e 2018/06/13
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EXPERIMENT N°15
SPLIT PHASE MOTOR
Purposes:
 Start the motor with resistive auxiliary winding.
 Record the operation characteristics of the motor with main winding only.
Components:
Note
Electrical diagram
M
1
Vers.e 2018/06/13 99
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EXPERIMENT N°15: SPLIT PHASE MOTOR
100 Vers.e 2018/06/13

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Procedure
Use first device of the measurement module DL 10282N to read the values of voltages, currents and
power to the stator terminals of the motor for alternating current. For the active power press the
“Function” button on the right of the appropriate measuring device.
Use second device of the measurement module DL 10282N to read ammeter of the brake excitation
current for direct current measurements (+ at red terminal).
Set on the module DL 10283 the commutator R to position "1" (Connected starting resistance).
When up to speed the auxiliary winding is cut out setting the commutator R to position “0” (max
counter clockwise rotation): the motor goes on running.
f = 50 Hz
U I Pin cos G b M n P 
(V) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
3.5 0 0 0 0
3.5 0.2 0.07
3.5 0.4 0.14
3.5 0.6 0.21
3.5 0.8 0.28
3.5 0.10 0.35
3.5 0.12 0.42
3.5 0.14 0.49
Vers.e 2018/06/13 101
DL 10280
Warning
When the absorbed current reaches about 10 A the thermal protection of the supply module DL
10282 can intervene.
- power factor
Pin
cos 
UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
102 Vers.e 2018/06/13

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Vers.e 2018/06/13 103

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blank page
104 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°16
CAPACITOR START AND RUN MOTOR
Purposes:
 Start the motor with capacitor auxiliary winding
 Record the operation characteristics of the motor with permanently connected capacitor
Components:
Note
Electrical diagram
M
1
Vers.e 2018/06/13 105

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°16:
CAPACITOR START AND RUN MOTOR
106 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
power to the stator terminals of the motor for alternating current. For the active power press the
“Function” button on the right of the appropriate measuring device.
Use second device of the measurement module DL 10282N to read ammeter of the brake excitation
current for direct current measurements (+ at red terminal).
Set on the module DL 10283 the commutator C to position "123" (Connected capacitor battery).
Gradually switch off the capacitor battery by means of the commutator C (set in sequence the
commutator C to positions "12" and therefore "1"). With the commutator C to position "1" the
auxiliary winding with series capacitance of 80 µF is permanently connected.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 107

DL 10280
f = 50 Hz
U I Pin cos G b M n P 
(V) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 0 0
4 0.2 0.08
4 0.4 0.16
4 0.6 0.24
4 0.8 0.32
4 0.10 0.40
4 0.12 0.48
4 0.14 0.56
4 0.16 0.64
4 0.18 0.72
4 0.20 0.80
4 0.22 0.88
Warning
With values of the braking torque greater than 0.9 Nm the motor tends to stop.
- power factor
Pin
cos 
UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
108 Vers.e 2018/06/13

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Vers.e 2018/06/13 109

DL 10280
110 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°17
THREE-PHASE MOTOR WITH WOUND ROTOR, 2 POLES, 42 VYY
Purposes:
 Connect the stator winding in double star
 Start the motor with rotor rheostat
Components:
 1 Ac machine stator with assembled ring rotor and brushes
Note
Electrical diagram
M
3
Vers.e 2018/06/13 111

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°17:
THREE-PHASE MOTOR WITH WOUND ROTOR, 2 POLES, 42VYY
112 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
machine completed with ring rotor and brushes.
Set on the module DL 10283 the knob R of the rotor rheostat to position "0" (maximum counter
clockwise rotation). Activate the supply module and start the motor by switching off the switch
L1/L2/L3 (position "1"): the motor starts slowly and it turns clockwise.
After the motor has reached a stable speed, set the knob R to position "1": the motor increases its
speed. After the motor has reached a stable speed again short circuit the rotor winding by setting the
knob R to position “12”. The motor accelerates and it reaches the maximum no-load speed, that is
lower than the synchronous one.
Measure the supply voltage U, of the absorbed current I and of the powers P13 and P23. Record the
voltage 0÷40V, its excitation current is adjusted until balancing the system again.
f = 50 Hz

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 0 0
4 0.025 0.1
4 0.05 0.2
4 0.075 0.3
4 0.1 0.4
4 0.125 0.5
4 0.15 0.6
4 0.175 0.7
Vers.e 2018/06/13 113
DL 10280
In anticipation of further motor startings set the knob R of the rotor rheostat to position “0” again
(maximum counter clockwise rotation).
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
114 Vers.e 2018/06/13

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Vers.e 2018/06/13 115

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blank page
116 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°18
PHASE SHIFTER
Purposes:
 Verify the operation of an induction phase shifter
Components:
 1 DL 10285 Block and rotation system
 1 Double trace oscilloscope
Electrical diagram
Vers.e 2018/06/13 117

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°18: PHASE SHIFTER
118 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
Assemble the group asynchronous motor-block and rotation device, by using the stator of the
alternating current machine completed with ring rotor and brushes.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed alternating voltage 24 V/14 A: selector "a0b" to
position "a" and switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0".
Use first and second devices of the measurement module DL 10282N to read the values of voltages
and currents for alternating current.
Set on the module DL 10283 the resistive load with star connection.
Set the oscilloscope to AC mode, time base 5 ms/cm, and connect the probe of channel A
(sensibility 5 V/cm) to the stator and the one of channel B (sensibility 0.5 V/cm) to the rotor.
Activate the supply module and set the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1".
Since the rotor circuit is connected to the resistances R, a loud buzzing will be heard due to the fact
that the rotor tends to turn but it is blocked by the device DL 10285.
Measure voltages and currents both on the stator and on the rotor and write the values in the table.
U1 I1 U2 I2
(V) (A) (V) (A)
Turn the rotor by means of the hand-wheel and verify that voltages and currents remain nearly
constant while at the oscilloscope we will observe how the phase between the stator and rotor
voltages varies.
Turn the rotor by means of the hand-wheel until the rotor voltage is in phase with the stator one: to
identify better the condition of null phase shift it is convenient to use the Lissajous’ellipse by setting
the oscilloscope to XY mode.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 119

DL 10280
The null phase shift is in correspondence of a straight line inclined of 45° in the first quadrant.
Once the condition of null phase shift has been carried out loosen the knob blocking the graduated
disc and turn the disc itself in such a way that the scale zero coincides with the reference index:
block the disc in this position again.
The phase shift between the stator voltage and the rotor one depends on the angular position of the
rotor with respect to the stator and it can assume any value included between 0° and 360°: this angle
can be read directly on the graduated disc.
Deactivate the phase shifter by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0".
120 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°19
INDUCTION REGULATOR
Purposes:
 Verify the operation of a three-phase voltage regulator
 Record the control characteristic at constant load
Components:
 1 DL 10285 Block and rotation system
Electrical diagram
Vers.e 2018/06/13 121

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°19: INDUCTION REGULATOR
122 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
Assemble the group asynchronous motor-block and rotation device, by using the stator of the
alternating current machine completed with ring rotor and brushes.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed alternating voltage 24V/14A: selector "a0b" to position
"a" and switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0".
Use first and second devices of the measurement module DL 10282N to read the values of voltages
and currents for alternating current.
Set on the module DL 10283 the resistive load with star connection.
Activate the supply module and set the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1": a buzzing will be heard
due to the fact that the rotor tends to turn but it is blocked by the device DL 10285.
Turn the rotor by means of the hand-wheel until the load current I2 load results null with minimum
indication of the voltmeter V2.
With current I2 = 0 loosen the knob blocking the graduated disc and turn the disc itself in such a
way that the 180° of the scale coincide with the reference index: block the disc in this position
again.
Record the indications of all the instruments and write the values measured in the following table
for the values of the angle  shown and carried out by making the rotor turn by means of the hand-
wheel.
α (°) I1 (A) U1 (V) I2 (A) U2 (V)

0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
Vers.e 2018/06/13 123

DL 10280
Draw on the same diagram the trend of the currents and of the voltages measured as a function of
the angular phase shift .
124 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°20
THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR, 2 POLES, 42 V
Purposes:
 Start and synchronize the three-phase asynchronous motor with winded rotor
Components:
 1 DL 10125 Starting rheostat and synchronizer
Electrical diagram
M
3
Vers.e 2018/06/13 125

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°20:
THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR, 2 POLES, 42 V
126 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
Assemble the group synchronous motor-brake, by using the stator of the alternating current machine
completed with ring rotor and brushes.
Use the MY60 Digital multimeter for current measurement in excitation circuit of the rotor.
Set on the module DL 10125 the switch of the starting rheostat to position R1A and the control
knob of the direct source to 80%: supply the module.
Activate the supply module and start the motor by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1".
Gradually accelerate the motor by setting the switch of the starting rheostat in sequence to positions
R2A, R3A and short-circuit (last clockwise position but one): the motor turns now clockwise with a
speed next to the synchronism.
Synchronize then the induction motor by setting the switch of the starting rheostat in the last
clockwise position: the induction motor is automatically synchronized and now it turns with the
synchronous speed.
Once the motor has been synchronized provide to balance the brake: the system is balanced by
setting the weight G = (2+2)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving
the balance weight g = 1.5 N until the water level shows the horizontal position.
Adjust the direct source of the module DL 10125 by means of the control knob in such a way that
the excitation current is Ie=6 A: this value has to be kept constant during the measurements.
Measure the supply voltage U, the absorbed current I and the powers P13 and P23. (We remind that if
a wattmeter provides a negative indication the connections of the voltmetric coil have to be inverted
and the reading has to be considered as negative).
Record the speed n of the motor too: the rotation speed has to result the synchronous one.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 127

DL 10280
f = 50 Hz; Ie = 6 A

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 3000 0 0
4 0.025 0.1 3000
4 0.05 0.2 3000
4 0.075 0.3 3000
4 0.1 0.4 3000
4 0.125 0.5 3000
4 0.15 0.6 3000
NOTE: When the braking torque is greater than 0.6 Nm the synchronous motor drops out of step
but it goes on turning as asynchronous motor.
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
128 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Repeat the previously shown measurements for an excitation current equal to IE =9 A.
f = 50 Hz, Ie =9 A

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 3000 0 0
4 0.025 0.1 3000
4 0.05 0.2 3000
4 0.075 0.3 3000
4 0.1 0.4 3000
4 0.125 0.5 3000
4 0.15 0.6 3000
4 0.175 0.7 3000
4 0.2 0.8 3000
NOTE: When the braking torque is greater than 0.8 Nm the synchronous motor drops out of step
but it goes on turning as asynchronous motor.
If a further starting and synchronization of the motor is foreseen, set the switch of the starting
rheostat to position R1A and short-circuit the rotor ammeter.
Draw on two different diagrams the absorbed current I, the absorbed power Pin and the output one
P, the power factor cos and the efficiency  as a function of the output torque M for the two used
excitation currents.
Characteristic at Ie = 6 A
Vers.e 2018/06/13 129

DL 10280
Characteristic at Ie = 9 A
130 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°21
THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR, 2 POLES, 24 V
Purposes:
 Start and synchronize the three-phase asynchronous motor with wound rotor
Components:
 1 DL 10125 Starting rheostat and synchronizer
Electrical diagram
M
3
Vers.e 2018/06/13 131

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°21:
THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR, 2 POLES, 24 V
132 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
Assemble the group synchronous motor-brake, by using the stator of the alternating current machine
completed with ring rotor and brushes.
Use the MY60 Digital multimeter for current measurement in excitation circuit of the rotor.
Set on the module DL 10125 the switch of the starting rheostat to position R1A and the control
knob of the direct source to 80%: supply the module.
Activate the supply module and start the motor by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1".
Gradually accelerate the motor by setting the switch of the starting rheostat in sequence to positions
R2A, R3A and short-circuit (last clockwise position but one): the motor turns now clockwise with a
speed next to the synchronism.
Synchronize then the induction motor by setting the switch of the starting rheostat in the last
clockwise position: the induction motor is automatically synchronized and now it turns with the
synchronous speed.
Once the motor has been synchronized provide to balance the brake: the system is balanced by
setting the weight G = (2+2)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving
the balance weight g = 1.5 N until the water level shows the horizontal position.
Adjust the direct source of the module DL 10125 by means of the control knob in such a way that
the excitation current is Ie=9A: this value has to be kept constant during the measurements.
Measure the supply voltage U, the absorbed current I and the powers P13 and P23. (We remind that if
a wattmeter provides a negative indication the connections of the voltmetric coil have to be inverted
and the reading has to be considered as negative).
Record the speed n of the motor too: the rotation speed has to result the synchronism one.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 133

DL 10280
f = 50 Hz; Ie = 9A

(V) (A) (W) (W) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0 0 3000 0 0
4 0.025 0.1 3000
4 0.05 0.2 3000
4 0.075 0.3 3000
4 0.1 0.4 3000
4 0.125 0.5 3000
4 0.15 0.6 3000
4 0.175 0.7 3000
4 0.2 0.8 3000
4 0.225 0.9 3000
4 0.25 1 3000
If a further starting and synchronization of the motor is foreseen, set the switch of the starting
rheostat to position R1A and short-circuit the rotor ammeter.
- absorbed power
Pin = P13 + P23
- power factor
Pin
cos 
3UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
134 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Draw on the same diagram the absorbed current I, the absorbed power Pin and the output one P, the
power factor cos and the efficiency  as a function of the output torque M.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 135

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136 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
4. DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS
A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts direct current electrical power into mechanical
power.
In direct current motors the electrical energy of an external direct source is adduced to the armature
winding by means of the brushes: as it is obvious, in this winding a current Ia will flow that, in
presence of a magnetic field , will interact with it and will generate a torque that will force the
rotation of the rotor:
M = K'  Ia
The presence of the commutator (rotating with the armature) and of the brushes (fixed) allows
keeping always the same relative position between the inducing flux  and the one produced by the
armature winding, so that the driving torque always acts in the same direction.
However, as soon as the motor starts to rotate, in the armature winding an e.m.f. E is generated, that
depends on both the inductive flux  and the rotation speed n:
E=kn
From the Lenz’s law, the e.m.f. E opposes to the cause that has generated it and, therefore, it is
directed in the opposite direction with respect to the direction of the current Ia: for this reason, it is
also named back electromotive force.
In order that the current Ia can still flow, the external source has to provide the voltage:
U = E + Ri · Ia
where Ri represents the internal resistance of the motor (armature resistance, interpole resistance,
brushes, etc.).
4.1 BACK ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
At starting (stopped motor) the back electromotive force E = 0 so, if we directly connect the
armature to the line having the voltage U, the current is limited only by the internal resistance Ri:
U
Ia 
Ri
and it could be excessively high.

Therefore, it is evident the need to reduce the value of the current that is absorbed at starting by
means of a suitable rheostat RA, series connected to the armature, until the back electromotive force
establishes.
After having started the motor and switched off the rheostat RA, it is possible to check the following
operations, that are illustrated in the hypothesis, for simplicity, that the inducing flux  is
independent from the load.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 137

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(a) No-load motor

The armature current has a modest value because the torque has to win only the iron losses and
those due to friction and ventilation: in this case, the applied voltage U is nearly equal to the
back-electromotive force E.
(b) Loaded motor
When a resistant torque is applied to the motor, at the beginning we see a slowing down and,
therefore, also a reduction of the back-electromotive force that, in this way, at equal applied
voltage U, causes an increase of the armature current. This current increase produces a
proportional increase of the torque and, therefore, the motor slows down only by what it is
necessary to allow the driving torque to be equal to the braking torque.
On the other side, if the load is reduced, the motor tends to accelerate because the torque is
temporarily higher than the necessary one. We have an increase of the back-electromotive force
that, in this way, reduces the armature current to the value that is necessary for the new load
condition.
The back-electromotive force acts in this way as a regulator device that makes the direct
current motor a self-adjusting machine in the sense that it absorbs only the current required by
the load.
4.2 EXCITATION SYSTEMS
The magnetic field is produced by means of the inductive circuit composed of the main poles on
which the field coils are wound and supplied by direct current.
The supply of the excitation winding can depend (shunt excitation, series or compound) or not
depend (separate excitation) on the armature voltage or current: the operation characteristics of the
motor depend on the excitation method.
4.3 PERFORMANCES OF THE DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
The performances of direct current motors can be determined through the direct method by
recording the electromechanical characteristics (curves of the torque, of the speed, of the output
power and of the efficiency as a function of the absorbed current) and the mechanical characteristics
(torque as a function of the speed) by loading the motor shaft by means of a brake.
4.4 ROTATION SENSE
The clockwise rotation direction corresponds to a rotation of the machine shaft in the direction of
the watch hands, when the observer looks at the machine standing in front of the end of the biggest
shaft or in front of the end opposite to the commutator.
The rotation direction of the direct current motor can be inverted by changing the direction of the
current in the excitation or armature windings.
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4.5 MOTOR WITH SEPARATE EXCITATION
The power that is necessary for the motor excitation is provided by an external source and it is
independent from the armature voltage or current.
Since the absorbed current I coincides with the armature current Ia, the torque is:
M = K'  Ia = K'  I
Since the excitation current Ie is supposed to be a constant, the flux  is also constant and,
therefore, the torque is proportional to the absorbed current.
Since at starting the back-e.m.f. E is null, the current at starting is high and, therefore, it will be
necessary to limit it by starting the motor by means of a starting rheostat RA, fully connected: with
the speed increase we have an increase of the back-e.m.f. that reduces the current, so that the
rheostat RA can be gradually fully switched off.
When the motor operates in no-load conditions, the absorbed current is small (the torque has to win
only the frictions and the hysteresis and eddy currents losses) and, therefore, the speed can be
expressed by means of the following relationship:
E U  Ri Ia U
n  
K K K
On the contrary, when the braking torque increases, also the absorbed current increases and, as a
consequence, the voltage drops inside the machine increase so the speed decreases, although in a
limited way.
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The mechanical characteristics of the motor have a rectilinear trend, as it is shown in the following
diagram.
Normally, the rotation speed is adjusted by means of the excitation rheostat RF, while, if we want to
invert the rotation direction of the motor, it is enough to invert the excitation current by leaving the
armature polarities unchanged, as it is shown in the following diagrams.
M M
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4.6 MOTOR WITH SHUNT EXCITATION
The excitation current of the motor depends on the voltage that supplies the motor.
Since the current that supplies the motor is I = Ia + Ie, the torque is:
M = K'  Ia
If the voltage U that supplies the motor is supposed to be constant, also the excitation current Ie is
constant, so also the flux  is constant and, therefore, the torque is proportional to the armature
current.
The behaviour of the motor with shunt excitation is, in this way, similar to the one of the motor with
separate excitation.
For a correct starting of the motor, the starting rheostat RA is still used, while it is necessary that the
excitation circuit be always connected to the supply line with the rheostat RF completely switched
off.
Normally, the rotation speed is adjusted by means of the excitation rheostat RF, while if we want to
invert the rotation direction, it would be better to invert only the armature current, to leave the
magnetic field direction unchanged and, therefore, some residual magnetism, as it is shown in the
following diagrams.
M M
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4.7 MOTOR WITH SERIES EXCITATION
The supply current passes both the armature circuit and the excitation winding.
Since the armature current is equal to the supply current, the torque is:
M = K'  Ia = K'  I
and, since the flux  can be considered proportional to the excitation current and, therefore, to the
supply current, the torque depends on the current square:
M = K I²
Since at starting the absorbed current reaches a high value, that is limited only by the series of the
armature resistances and of the interpole and excitation windings, at starting the rheostat RA has to
be fully connected.
Being:
U = E + (Ri + Rs) I
the rotation speed is:
E U  (R i  R s ) I
n 
K K
so, when the motor operates in no-load conditions and the absorbed current is small (the torque has
to win only the frictions and the hysteresis and the eddy currents losses), also the inductive flux  is
small and, therefore, the speed tends to reach very high values that can become dangerous for the
integrity of the machine.
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For these reasons, the motor with series excitation HAS TO BE STARTED UNDER LOAD and it
has never to be used in those installations where there is the possibility that the motor works in no-
load conditions.
The mechanical characteristics of the motor have a roughly hyperbolic trend in correspondence of
the high speeds, as it is shown in the following diagram.
The simplest method to adjust the rotation speed consists in varying the current only in the
excitation winding by means of a rheostat, parallel connected to this winding, while if you want to
invert the rotation direction, it is convenient to invert only the armature current, as it is shown in the
following diagrams.
M M
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4.8 MOTOR WITH COMPOUND EXCITATION
The motor with compound excitation associates the characteristics of the motor with shunt
excitation to the ones of the motor with series excitation, because it is equipped with both the shunt
excitation and the series excitation winding.
The compound excitation motor is said a long shunt motor, when the shunt excitation winding is
connected to the supply terminals, and a short shunt motor, when the shunt excitation winding is
connected to the armature circuit, as it is shown in the following diagrams.
M
M
4.8.1 Motor with cumulative compound excitation
In the motor with cumulative compound excitation the flux that is generated by the series excitation
is added to the one that is generated by the shunt excitation (totalized flux).
M
M
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The mechanical characteristics of the motor have an intermediate trend with respect to the
characteristics of the shunted and series motors, as it is shown in the following diagram.
At low loads, the series field has a very small effect and the motor behaves approximately as a
motor with shunt excitation; vice versa, when the load increases, the series field becomes more
important and, therefore, the speed decreases in a quicker way than with the shunt excited motor.
4.8.2 Motor with differential compound excitation
In the motor with differential compound excitation the flux produced by the series excitation is
subtracted from the one produced by the shunt excitation (differential flux).
M M
Generally, the flux due to the shunt excitation prevails on the flux produced by the series excitation:
while the first one remains sensibly constant, the second one depends on the current absorbed by the
motor.
Hence, when the load increases, also the absorbed current increases and, therefore, the flux
produced by the series excitation increases and so we have a decrease of the useful flux. The speed
decrease that we would have with the shunt excited motor is, therefore, compensated by the
decrease of the useful flux because of the series field.
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A disadvantage that this kind of motor shows is due to the fact that, in presence of a sudden load
increase, the series field can be prevalent on the shunt field, so that the useful flux can change
polarity and the motor at first stops and then starts in the opposite direction with respect to the
previous one. Because of this instability, the motor with differential compound excitation is
practically not much used.
4.8.3 Check of the excitation windings
To practically check if a compound excitation motor is at totalized or differential flux, the motor is
operated with a load and the rotation speed n1 is measured.
While the motor is still rotating, the series excitation winding is short-circuited and the rotation
speed n2 is measured.
From the comparison between the two speeds we deduce:
(a) If n2 < n1, we have a differential flux motor.
In fact, after the series field has been removed, the speed is reduced because the useful flux has
increased: this means that the series field was opposite to the shunt field.
(b) If n2 > n1, we obviously have a totalized flux motor.
4.8.4 Inversion of the rotation direction
The inversion of the direction of rotation of the motor is possible by inverting the current in the
armature circuit, while keeping constant the direction of the current in the two excitation windings,
as it is shown in the following diagrams.
M M
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EXPERIMENT N°22
DC MOTOR WITH SEPARATE EXCITATION
Purposes:
 Start the dc motor with separate excitation
 Invert the rotation sense of the motor
Components:
 1 dc machine stator with assembled commutator rotor and brushes
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°22: DC MOTOR WITH SEPARATE EXCITATION
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Procedure
Assemble the group dc motor-brake, by using the stator of the direct current machine completed
with commutator rotor and brushes.
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed direct voltage 42V/10A (selector "a0b" to position "b"
and switch L+/L- to position "0") and for a variable direct voltage 0÷40V/5A (selector “c0d” to
position "c" and control knob to 0%).
terminal).
Set on the module DL 10283 the starting rheostat RA = (1 + 2) for the maximum resistance
(control knob to position "b") and the excitation rheostat RF = 80  with the minimum resistance
(control knob to position "a").
Activate the supply module and supply the motor by setting the switch L+/L- to position "1": the
motor starts and it turns clockwise.
Stop the group by setting the switch L+/L- to position "0".
Invert the connection F1 with F6 and start the group again by setting the switch L+/L- to position
"1": the motor turns now counter clockwise.
Stop the group by setting the switch L+/L- to position “0” and restore the initial connection of the
excitation winding.
Start then the group again: the motor has to turn clockwise.
Switch off gradually and completely the starting rheostat RA (control knob to position "a": only the
resistance 1 remains connected): adjust the excitation rheostat RF in such a way the separate
excitation current is Ie = 0.9A, that has to remain constant during all the test.
With the rotating group provide to balance the brake: the system is balanced by setting the weight G
= (2+1.5)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance weight
g = 1.5 N until the water level shows the horizontal position.
After the group has reached the thermal stability, control the excitation current and measure the
excitation voltage Ue, the voltage U and the supply current I of the motor and the speed n.
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By checking that the excitation current is the pre-established one (eventual adjustments can be
carried out by means of the rheostat RF) perform the measurements previously shown for every
value of arm b shown in the following table, where also the measurement indications are therefore
written.
Ie = 0.9 A Ue = ....... (V)
U I Pin G b M n P 
(V) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
3.5 0 0 0 0
3.5 0.02 0.07
3.5 0.04 0.14
3.5 0.06 0.21
3.5 0.08 0.28
3.5 0.10 0.35
3.5 0.12 0.42
3.5 0.14 0.49
3.5 0.16 0.56
3.5 0.18 0.63
3.5 0.20 0.7
3.5 0.22 0.77
Stop the group by setting the switch L+/L- to position “0” and deenergize the brake.
If we foresee a further starting of the motor set the starting rheostat RA to position "b" again
(maximum resistance) and the excitation one RF to position "a" (minimum resistance).
- absorbed power
Pin = U I
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
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Draw on the same diagram the output power P, the speed n, the torque M and the efficiency  as a
function of the absorbed current I.
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EXPERIMENT N°23
DC MOTOR WITH SHUNT EXCITATION
Purposes:
 Start the dc motor with shunt excitation
Components:
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°23: DC MOTOR WITH SHUNT EXCITATION
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Procedure
Set the supply module DL 10281 for a fixed direct voltage 32V/14A: (selector "a0b" to position "a"
terminal).
(control knob to position "b") and the switch R to position “0” (maximum counter clockwise
rotation); set the excitation rheostat RF = 80 with the minimum resistance (control knob to
position "a").
motor starts and it turns clockwise. Stop the group by setting the switch L+/L- to position "0".
Invert the connection F1 with F6 and start the group again by setting the switch L+/L- to position
excitation winding.
Switch off gradually and completely the starting rheostat RA (control knob to position "a" and then
short-circuit the rheostat RA by setting the switch R to position “1”): adjust the excitation rheostat
RF in such a way that the shunt excitation current is Ie = 0.9A, that has to remain constant during all
the test.
= (2+1.5)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance weight
After the group has reached the thermal stability, control the excitation current Ie and measure the
excitation voltage Ue, the voltage U and the supply current I of the motor and the speed n.
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written.
Ie = 0.7 A Ue = ....... (V)
(V) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
3.5 0 0 0 0
3.5 0.02 0.07
3.5 0.04 0.14
3.5 0.06 0.21
3.5 0.08 0.28
3.5 0.10 0.35
3.5 0.12 0.42
3.5 0.14 0.49
3.5 0.16 0.56
3.5 0.18 0.63
3.5 0.20 0.7
(maximum resistance), the switch R to position “0” and the excitation rheostat RF to position "a"
(minimum resistance).
- absorbed power
Pin = U I
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
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EXPERIMENT N°24
DC MOTOR WITH SERIES EXCITATION
Purposes:
 Start the dc motor with series excitation
Components:
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°24: DC MOTOR WITH SERIES EXCITATION
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Procedure

rotation).
Since it is not possible to balance the brake with the rotating motor provide to balance the brake
with the stopped group: the system is balanced by setting the weight G = (2+2)N in correspondence
of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance weight g = 1.5 N until the water level
shows the horizontal position. In this way we can neglect the losses for brake ventilation.
After having balanced the brake provide to load the motor by setting the weight G to the distance b
= 0.10 m and by adjusting the variable voltage knob 0÷40V at about the 30%.
Stop the group by setting the switch L+/L- to position "0".
Invert the connection A1 with A2 and start the group again by setting the switch L+/L- to position
excitation winding.
Switch off gradually and completely the starting rheostat RA (control knob to position "a") and then
short-circuit the rheostat RA by means of the switch R (position “1”).
After the group has reached the thermal stability provide to balance the brake for the pre-established
load by adjusting with caution the variable direct voltage 040V and therefore measure the supply
voltage U, the absorbed current I and the speed n.
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Write the measured values in the following table and repeat the measurements previously shown for
every value of arm b shown in the following table, where also the measurement indications are
therefore written.
(V) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
4 0.1 0.4 0 0
4 0.12 0.48
4 0.14 0.56
4 0.16 0.64
4 0.18 0.72
4 0.2 0.8
4 0.22 0.88
(maximum resistance) and the switch R to position "0".
- power factor
Pin = U I
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
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EXPERIMENT N°25
DC MOTOR WITH COMPOUND EXCITATION, LONG SHUNT
Purposes:
 Start the dc motor with compound excitation
 Record the operation characteristics of the motor with cumulative and differential excitation
Components:
 1 DL 10282 Measurement module
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°25:
DC MOTOR WITH COMPOUND EXCITATION, LONG SHUNT
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Procedure
Assemble the group dc motor-brake by using the stator of the direct current machine completed
Carry out the circuit shown in the previous topographical diagram relative to the motor with
cumulative excitation.
terminal).
rotation); set the shunt excitation rheostat RF = 80 with the minimum resistance (control knob to
position "a").
short-circuit the rheostat RA by setting the switch R to position “1”).
Adjust the excitation rheostat RF in such a way the shunt excitation current is Ie = 0.75, that has to
remain constant during all the test.
With the rotating group provide to balance the brake: the system is balanced by setting the weight
G = (2+2)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance weight
After the group has reached the thermal stability, control the excitation current and measure the
voltage U and the supply current I of the motor and the speed n.
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written.
U I Ie Pin G b M n P 
(V) (A) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
0.75 4 0 0 0 0
0.75 4 0.02 0.08
0.75 4 0.04 0.16
0.75 4 0.06 0.24
0.75 4 0.08 0.32
0.75 4 0.10 0.40
0.75 4 0.12 0.48
0.75 4 0.14 0.56
0.75 4 0.16 0.64
0.75 4 0.18 0.72
0.75 4 0.20 0.8
(maximum resistance), the switch R to position “0” and the excitation one RF to position "a"
- absorbed power
Pin = U I
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
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After having set the group for a further starting, the motor is set for a differential excitation by
exchanging the connections D1 with D2, as it is shown in the particular (a).
Start the group as we have previously shown and repeat the measurements as we have already seen
for the cumulative excitation, by loading the motor by means of the brake and by writing the
measured values in the following table.
(V) (A) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
0.75 4 0 0 0 0
0.75 4 0.02 0.08
0.75 4 0.04 0.16
0.75 4 0.06 0.24
0.75 4 0.08 0.32
0.75 4 0.10 0.40
0.75 4 0.12 0.48
0.75 4 0.14 0.56
0.75 4 0.16 0.64
0.75 4 0.18 0.72
0.75 4 0.20 0.8
Stop the group by setting the switch L+L- to position “0” and deenergize the brake.
- absorbed power
Pin = U I
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
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blank page
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EXPERIMENT N°26
DC MOTOR WITH COMPOUND EXCITATION, SHORT SHUNT
Purposes:
 Start the dc motor with compound excitation
 Record the operation characteristics of the motor with cumulative and differential excitation
Components:
Electrical diagram
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EXPERIMENT N°26:
DC MOTOR WITH COMPOUND EXCITATION, SHORT SHUNT
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Procedure
Assemble the group dc motor-brake, by using the stator of the direct current machine completed of
commutator rotor and brushes.
Carry out the circuit shown in the previous topographical diagram relative to the motor with
cumulative excitation.
and switch L+/L- to position "0") and for a variable direct voltage 0÷40 V/5 A (selector “c0d” to
terminal).
rotation); set the shunt excitation rheostat RF = 80  with the minimum resistance (control knob to
position "a").
short-circuit the rheostat RA by setting the switch R to position “1”).
Adjust the excitation rheostat RF in such a way that the shunt excitation current is Ie = 0.75A.
G = (2+2)N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance weight
After the group has reached the thermal stability control the excitation current and measure the
voltage U and the supply current I of the motor and the speed n.
The excitation rheostat RF is not moved for the whole duration of the test.
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Perform the measurements previously shown for every value of arm b shown in the following table,
where also the measurement indications are therefore written, by recording the excitation current
too.
(V) (A) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
0.75 4 0 0 0 0
4 0.02 0.08
4 0.04 0.16
4 0.06 0.24
4 0.08 0.32
4 0.10 0.40
4 0.12 0.48
4 0.14 0.56
4 0.16 0.64
4 0.18 0.72
4 0.20 0.8
- absorbed power
Pin = U I
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
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After having set the group for a further starting, the motor is set for a differential excitation by
exchanging the connections D1 with D2, as it is shown in particular (a).
Start the group as we have previously shown and repeat the measurements as we have already seen
for the cumulative excitation, by loading the motor by means of the brake and by writing the
measured values in the following table.
(V) (A) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
0.75 4 0 0 0 0
4 0.02 0.08
4 0.04 0.16
4 0.06 0.24
4 0.08 0.32
4 0.10 0.40
4 0.12 0.48
4 0.14 0.56
4 0.16 0.64
4 0.18 0.72
4 0.20 0.8
- absorbed power
Pin = U I
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 100
Pin
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5. COMMUTATOR MOTORS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT
The induction motors do not allow an easy adjustment of the speed, while this feature is typical of
direct current motors.
On the contrary, similar operation characteristics of direct current motors can be obtained with
motors with commutator supplied by alternating current.
5.1 SINGLE PHASE SERIES MOTOR / UNIVERSAL MOTOR
The single phase series motor is directly derived from the corresponding direct current motor with
series excitation, although it constructively differs especially because also the armature (rotor) has
to be laminated being here subject to alternating magnetization.
The operation of the single phase series motor can be understood by reminding that, since the
inductor winding (stator) and the induced winding (rotor) are series connected and, therefore, the
current passing them changes its direction at the same time, the actions between the inductor flux
and the armature current always keep the same direction and, as a consequence, also the torque and
the rotation direction.
The electromechanical characteristics of the single phase series motor are similar to the ones of the
direct current motor with series excitation, even if there are greater commutation difficulties and a
higher internal voltage drop owing to the inductive reactance.
The torque is pulsating, with a frequency that is double with respect to the one of the field and of
the current, and its average value is proportional to the product of their RMS values:
Mav = K'  I
The single phase series motors are also named "universal motors" to show that they can be supplied
by alternating or direct current.
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5.1.1 Inversion of the direction of rotation
The inversion of the direction of the motor rotation (the clockwise rotation corresponds to a rotation
of the machine shaft in the direction of the watch hands when the observer looks at the machine
being in front of the opposite end of the commutator) is possible by inverting the current only in the
series excitation winding, as it is shown in the following diagrams.
5.2 REPULSION MOTOR
The repulsion motor has a single phase excitation stator winding, while the laminated rotor is like
the one of a direct current machine, but with the brushes in short-circuit. So, this motor can be
thought as derived from the single phase series motor; however, the rotor is not supplied, but it
operates by induction according to the principle of the transformer, while the brushes can be
angularly moved.
When at stopped motor the alternating voltage is applied to the stator winding, in the rotor winding
some e.m.f. are induced; these are collected between the brushes, that divide the induced winding in
two parallel circuits.
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Let us consider first of all the condition in which the brushes are placed in the neutral plane (angle
 = 90° with respect to the polar axis AB).
The e.m.f. induced in the two parallel ways nullify each other: no current I1 flows in the armature
and, therefore, the torque is null.
Let us consider now the condition in which the brushes are placed exactly on the axis of the
inductor field (angle  =0° with respect to the polar axis AB).
The maximum induced e.m.f. is collected between the brushes and, therefore, the maximum
armature current I1 flows (the motor behaves like a short-circuited transformer): however, the
torque is null because the field created by the poles and the one created by the armature current act
on the same line.
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Finally, let us consider the condition in which the brushes are at an intermediate position, i.e., the
brush axis forms an angle  with the pole axis AB.
The e.m.f. induced in the conductors included in the arc AE of the armature are nullified by the
ones in the conductors of the arc AC: in a similar way, the ones corresponding to the arc BD nullify
the ones of the arc BF.
The e.m.f. available at the brushes is represented by the two e.m.f. equal and in parallel between
them, induced in the two series of conductors set in the arcs ED and CF, and makes a current I1 flow
that generates a magnetic field that has as its axis the line of the brushes CD. Then, two poles form
at points C and D; they always have such a polarity to be repelled by the corresponding poles A and
B of the stator: in this way, by repulsion a torque is generated, that takes the motor to rotation.
As for the single phase series motor, we have the maximum torque at starting, in correspondence of
the theoretical angle of the brushes setting  = 45°; it will, then, decrease with the speed until it
nullifies itself in correspondence of a certain speed: in this behaviour, the repulsion motor differs
from the series motor in which the no-load speed can reach theoretically infinite values.
5.2.1 Speed adjustment and direction of rotation
The speed adjustment of the repulsion motor is performed by rotating the brushes.
The motor rotation direction is opposite to the one where the brushes are moved starting from the
position of  = 90°.
5.3 PERFORMANCES OF THE COMMUTATOR MOTORS
The performances of the commutator motors can be determined through the direct method by
recording the load characteristics (curves of the absorbed current, of the power factor, of the speed,
of the output power and of the efficiency as a function of the torque).
Observation
The direct test of small power motors such as the commutator motors is particularly difficult,
especially because the losses due to ventilation already represent a great part of the power of the
motor under test.
188 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°27
SINGLE PHASE SERIES MOTOR
Purposes:
 Start the single phase series motor
 Invert the rotation sense
Components:
Electrical diagram
Vers.e 2018/06/13 189

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°27: SINGLE PHASE SERIES MOTOR
190 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
Assemble the group series motor-brake by using the stator of the direct current machine completed
power for alternating current. For the active power press the “Function” button on the right of the
appropriate measuring device.
ATTENTION
Since in the no-load operation the single phase series motor reaches the speed of about 4500min-1
for this experience do not connect the maximum speed protection K1 between the modules DL
10281 and DL 10282N.
Activate the supply module and supply the motor by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1":
the motor starts and it turns clockwise.
Stop the group by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0".
Invert the connection D3 with D4 and start the group again by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to
position "1": the motor turns now counter clockwise.
Stop the group by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "0" and reset the initial connection of the
series excitation winding D3-D4.
Start the group again by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1": the motor turns clockwise.
G = 2 N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance weight
After the group has reached the thermal stability measure the voltage U, and the supply current I
and the absorbed power P13 and the speed n (we remind that in no-load conditions the speed reaches
about 4500min-1).
Vers.e 2018/06/13 191

DL 10280
U I P13 G b M n P 
(V) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
2 0 0 4500 0 0
2 0.03 0.06
2 0.04 0.08
2 0.05 0.10
2 0.06 0.12
2 0.07 0.14
- power factor
P13
cos 
UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 (%)  100
P13
192 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Draw on the same diagram the absorbed current I, the power factor cos, the output power P, the
speed n and the efficiency  as a function of the torque M.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 193

DL 10280
blank page
194 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°28
REPULSION MOTOR
Purposes:
 Start the repulsion motor
Components:
 1 dc machine stator with connected commutator rotor and brushes
Electrical diagram
Vers.e 2018/06/13 195

DL 10280
EXPERIMENT N°28: REPULSION MOTOR
196 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Procedure
Assemble the group repulsion motor-brake by using the stator of the direct current machine
completed with commutator rotor and brushes.
Loosen the blocking screw A of the brush holder ring in such a way that the brushes can be turned
by hand: set the brushes in correspondence of the neutral plane (angle  = 90° with respect to the
polar axis).
currents and power for alternating current. For the active power press the “Function” button on the
right of the appropriate measuring device.
Set on the module DL 10283 the rheostat RA = (1 + 2) for the maximum resistance (control
knob to position "b").
Activate the supply module and supply the motor by setting the switch L1/L2/L3 to position "1" and
adjust the supply voltage at about 13÷14V by means of the rheostat RA: the motor cannot start
because the rotor current is null.
Turn the brushes clockwise for who looks at the commutator: some current flows in the rotor and
the motor starts in the sense opposite to the brush shift.
Set the brushes on the neutral plane again: the motor stops.
Turn the brushes counter clockwise: some current flows in the rotor again and the motor starts in a
sense opposite to the brush shift.
ATTENTION
With the brushes turned of 90° with respect to the neutral plane the motor stops but the maximum
current flows in the rotor.
Set the brushes to the neutral plane again: the motor stops.
Turn the brushes of the angle  = 45° clockwise again: the motor starts and it turns clockwise
looking at the shaft from the part opposite to the commutator.
Adjust the supply voltage of the motor to U = 12 V by means of the rheostat RA.
= 2 N in correspondence of the zero of the graduated scale and by moving the balance weight g =
1.5 N until the water level does not show the horizontal position.
After the group has reached the thermal stability control the supply voltage U, that has to be equal
to 12 V and constant for all the measurements (eventual corrections can be performed by means of
the rheostat RA): measure the current I and the absorbed power P13, the speed n and the armature
current I1.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 197

DL 10280
ATTENTION
During the measurements the rheostat RA is subject to overheating and therefore we advise to
perform the measurements with a certain promptness.
 = 45°
U I1 I P13 cos G b M n P 
(V) (A) (A) (W) (N) (m) (Nm) (min-1) (W) (%)
12 2 0 0 0 0
12 2 0.01 0.02
12 2 0.02 0.04
12 2 0.03 0.06
12 2 0.04 0.08
12 2 0.05 0.10
- power factor
P13
cos 
UI
- output power
P = 0.1047 n M
- efficiency
P
 (%)  100
P13
198 Vers.e 2018/06/13

DL 10280
Draw on the same diagram the absorbed current I, the power factor cos, the output power P, the
speed n and the efficiency  as a function of the torque M.
Vers.e 2018/06/13 199

DL 10280
blank page
200 Vers.e 2018/06/13

© 2018 DE LORENZO SPA - Printed in Italy - All right reserved
DE LORENZO SPA
V.le Romagna, 20 - 20089 Rozzano (MI) Italy
Tel. ++39 02 8254551 - Fax ++39 02 8255181
E-mail: info@delorenzo.it
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ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES

GENERAL CONTENTS DL 10280

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Page 1

1.1 Alternating current machines Page 2

1.2 Direct current machines Page 6

2. BASIC CONCEPTS Page 9

2.1 Magnetic circuit Page 9

2.2 Induction law Page 12

2.3 Commutation Page 17

2.4 Rotating magnetic field Page 20

Experiment N°1: Flux produced by the poles Page 25

Experiment N°2: Main magnetic field Page 29

Experiment N°3: Intensity of the magnetic field Page 33

Experiment N°4: Induced voltage Page 35

Experiment N°5: Interpole effect Page 39

Experiment N°6: No-load magnetic neutral axis Page 41

Experiment N°7: Rotating magnetic field Page 43

Vers.e 2018/06/13 III

3. INDUCTION MOTOR Page 49

3.1 Starting of the induction motors Page 50

3.2 Control of the three-phase motor speed Page 53

3.3 Direction of rotation Page 54

3.4 Performances of the induction motor Page 54

3.5 Induction devices Page 54

3.6 Induction synchronous motor Page 56

Experiment N°8: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 24 V Page 57

Experiment N°9: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 42 VY Page 63

Experiment N°10: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 24 V Page 69

Experiment N°11: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 2 poles, 42 VYY Page 75

Experiment N°12: Three-phase squirrel cage motor, 4 poles, 24 V Page 81

Experiment N°13: Three-phase squirrel cage motor ,4 poles, 42 VY Page 87

Experiment N°14: Three-phase Dahlander motor, 4/2 poles, 42 V/YY Page 93

Experiment N°15: Split phase motor Page 99

Experiment N°16: Capacitor start and run motor Page 105

Experiment N°18: Phase shifter Page 117

Experiment N°19: Induction regulator Page 121

Experiment N°20: Three-phase synchronous induction motor, 2 poles, 24 V Page 125

4. DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS Page 137

4.1 Back-electromotive force Page 137

4.2 Excitation systems Page 138

4.3 Performances of the direct current motor Page 138

4.4 Rotation sense Page 138

4.5 Motor with separate excitation Page 139

4.6 Motor with shunt excitation Page 141

4.7 Motor with series excitation Page 142

4.8 Motor with compound excitation Page 144

Experiment N°22: Dc motor with separate excitation Page 147

Experiment N°23: Dc motor with shunt excitation Page 153

Experiment N°24: Dc motor with series excitation Page 159

5. COMMUTATOR MOTORS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT Page 185

5.1 Single phase series motor / universal motor Page 185

5.2 Repulsion motor Page 186

5.3 Performances of the commutator motors Page 188

Experiment N°27: Single phase series motor Page 189

Experiment N°28: Repulsion motor Page 195

SECOND VOLUME: ELECTRICAL GENERATORS AND APPENDICES

6.1 Three-phase alternator

Experiments N°29 ÷ N°37

7. DIRECT CURRENT GENERATORS

7.1 Excitation systems

Experiments N°38 ÷ N°45

A1. Component list

A.BANDINI BUTI/M.BERTOLINI: Misure elettriche