LIST OF INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

CHAPTER-I 1-5
INTRODUCTION
1.1Automobile industry 01
1.2 Methodology 04
1.3 Principle of braking system 05
1.4 Electromagnetic brakes 05
1.5 Switch And Wires 05

CHAPTER –II 6-22

LITRECHER REVIEW 06
2.0 Eddy current probe 11
2.1 Bobbin probes 12
2.2 Rotating probes 12
2.3 Array probe 13
2.4 Rotating field probe with bobbin coil 14
2.5 Comparison of eddy current probes 15
2.6 EM NDT techniques 15
2.7 Pulsed eddy current 15
2.8 ECT with MF measurement method 16
2.9 Multi-frequency techniques 18
2.10 Factors contributing to eddy current signals 18
2.11 Frequency 19
2.12 Conductivity of test material 20

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2.13 Magnetic permeability 21
2.14 Lift-off 22

CHAPTER-III 24-74
FABRICATION WORKING
3. Fabrication model construction 24
3.1 Alloy wheel 25
3.2 Electro-magne 25
3.3 Electromagnet 26
3.4 Belt 26
3.5 Pulley 26
3.6 Construction Details 26
3.7 Ac Motor 27
3.8 The Electromagnet 34
3.9 Hand Rule 34
3.10 The Magnetic Strength of the Electromagnet 36
3.11 Electromagnet using a nail 38
3.12 Permeability of Electromagnets 38
3.13 Electromagnet Example No1 39
3.14 The energy in a magnetic field 40
3.15 Uniform magnetic fields 42
3.16 Fields with negligible fringing 44
3.17 The force on materials with low χ 46
3.18 A simple experiment with a solenoid 47
3.19 must read on dc motors: 49
3.20 Construction of DC Motor 50
3.21 Working Principle of DC Motor 50
3.22 Back- EMF of DC motor 51
3.23 Definition of DC motor 52

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3.24 DC Motor Diagram 53
3.25 Different Parts of a DC motor 53
3.26 Armature or Rotor 53
3.27 Field Coil or Stator 53
3.28 Commutator and Brushes 54
3.29 Brushes 54
3.30 power from the static electrical circuit to the mechanically rotating region or the rotor. 54
3.31 Types of DC motor 55
3.32 Self Excited DC Motor 55
3.33 Separately Excited DC Motor 57
3.34 brushed dc motor vs brushless dc motor 57
3.35 Applications of DC 58
3.36 Shunt DC Motors 58
3.37Series DC Motors 58
3.38 Cumulative Compound DC motors 59
3.39 Fabricating welding works 59
3.40 Tools 60
3.41 Processes 61
3.42 Safety Precautions 62
3.43 Drilling Machine: 62
3.44 Line Diagram of Drilling Machine: 63
3.41 Parts of Drilling Machine: 63
3.45 Base: 64
3.45.1 Vertical Column: 64
3.45.3 Power Transmission system: 64
3.45.4. Drill Feed Handle: 65
3.45.5 Chuck: 65
3.45.6 Table Clamp: 65
3.45.7 Spindle: 65

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3.45.8 Drill bit: 65
3.46 Working Principle of Drilling Machine: 65
3.47 Types of Drilling Machines: 67
3.48 Drilling Machine Operations: 70
3.48.1 Drilling Operation: 71
3.48.2 Boring Operation: 71
3.48.3 Reaming Operation: 71
3.48.4 Tapping Operation: 72
3.48.5 Spot Facing Operation: 72
3.48.6 Trepanning Operation: 72
3.48.6 Honing Operation: 72
3.48.8 Countersinking Operation: 73
3.49 Advantages of Drilling Machine: 73
3.49.1 The advantages of Drilling Machine are as follows. 73
3.50 bill of material& cost of estimation 74

CHAPTER-IV 75-77
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 75
4.1 Calculate the Force of an Electromagnet 75
4.2 Advantages 76
4.3 disadvantages 77

CHAPTER-V 78
CONCLUSION
5.1 Future Scope 78

REFERENCES 79

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES PAGENO.
Fig: 1.1 applied the manually force 1
Fig: 1.2 Electromagnetic brakes 2
Fig:1.3 This coil develops magnetic lines 4
Figure 2.1 Tube inspection probes: (a) absolute and (b) differential 12
Figure 2.2 . Rotating probe 13
Figure 2.3 Array prob 14
Figure 2.4 3D model of rotating field probe with bobbin coil 14
Figure 2.5 PEC to test multilayer sample.33 16
Figure 2.6 Lift-off curves and crack displacement at impedance plane.82 20
Figure 2.7 Wobble simulation: a bobbin coil in an offset position to a tube.87 23
Fig:3.1 frame cutting pipes 27
Fig: 3.2 single pipes 28
Fig: 3.3 pipes cutting 28
Fig: 3.4 welding frame 28
Fig: 3.5 table welding frame 29
Fig: 3.6 sprockets bush 29
Fig: 3.7 motor 30
Fig:3.8 12mm shaft 30
Fig: 3.9 sprocket wheel 31
Fig: 3.10 12mm shaft bush 31
Fig: 3.11 chain 31
Fig: 3.12 wheel 32
Fig: 3.13 12mm shaft bush 33
Fig: 3.14 brake wheel 33
Fig: 3.15 battery 12v 1.5 33
Fig:3.16 Lines of Force around an Electromagnet 35

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Fig: 3.17 Magnetic Field Strength for Electromagnets 36
Fig: 3.18 strength of the magnetic field 37
Fig: 3.19 needed to push the current 41
Fig: 3.19 electromechanical relays 44
Fig: 3.20 A 'solenoid' is the term 47
Fig: 3,21 Fleming’s left-hand rule and its magnitude decide the direction of this force 50
Fig:3.22 dc motor 51
Fig: 3.23 Motor Diagram 53
Fig: 3.24 conductors located 54
Fig: 3.25 shunt wound motor 55
Fig: 3.26 In a series wound DC motor 56
Fig: 27 DC motors having both shunt and series field 56
Fig:3.28 In a separately excited DC motor 57
Fig: 3.29 A brushless DC motor 57
Fig: 3.30 fabirication 59
Fig: 3.31 The line diagram of Drilling machine 63
Fig: 3.32 rack and pinion mechanism in drilling machine 66
Fig: 3.33 Radial Drilling Machine 67
Fig: 3.34 Upright drilling machine.Photo Courtesy:IndiaMart 68
Fig: 3.35 Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine. Photo Courtesy:IndiaMart 68
Fig: 3.36 Deep hole drilling Machine. Photo Courtesy:IndiaMart 69
Fig: 4.1 Final Testing 78

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLES PAGENO.
Table 2.1. ECT probes for tube or pipe assessment inspection 15
Table2. 3. Typical depths of penetration 19
Table 2.4. Conductivity and resistivity of conductive materials 21
Table 2.5. Review of lift-off compensation techniques 22
Table 3.5 Bill of Materials & Cost of estimation 74

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