The Meme Wall

Percent composition & empirical & molecular formulas

Molecular formula
- Shows the actual number of each type of atom
- Shows the mole ratio
- Not always the simplest formula

Example: C6H12O6 = glucose

Empirical formula
- Is is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms
- It is calculated by dividing subsripts in the molecular formula by a whole number to give the
lowest ratio

Example: C6H12O6 / 6 = C1H2O1 = CH2O

Ionic compounds end to have the same empirical and molecular formulas

- Some molecular and empirical formulas

1. CH2
2. C4H7
3. C and B
4. S4N4
 Percent composition
- Is the percent by mass of each element in a formula

H3PO4
0.086g of hydrogen
3.161g of phosphorus
6.531g of oxygen

Empirical formula
Hydrogen = 1.008gmol
Phosphorus = 39.974g/mol
Oxygen = 63.996g/mol

Finding mole
Hydrogen = 0.086/1.008
Phosphorus = 3.161/30.974
Oxygen = 6.531/15.999

Mole
Hydrogen = 0.085
Phosphorus = 0.102
Oxygen = 0.408

Mole ratio
H = 1 -> 1
P = 1.18 -> 1
O = 4.82 -> 5

HPO5

Mg3N2
72.2% = 72.2g
27.8% = 27.8g

Question he told us to try

Oxalic acid is a weak acid sometimes used to clean or bleach materials. It is especially effective in removing
rust. Oxalic acid has a molar mass of 90.0g/mol. It contains 2.20% hydrogen and 26.7% carbon. The rest of
the compound is made up of oxygen (6.7, 6.9)

Physical formula = HCO2

a) What percentage of oxalic acid is made up of oxygen

Oxalic acid itself = 90.0g/mol
It has 2.20% Hydrogen
26.7% carbon
100 - 26.7 - 2.2
Oxygen = 71.1%
 b) What is the empirical formula for oxalic acid?

C = 26.70/12.01
= 2.22

H = 2.20/1.008
= 2.18

O = 71.10/15.999
= 4.44

Mole ratio:
C = 1.02
H = 1.00
O = 2.04

HCO2

c) What is its molecular formula?

Find molar mass of HCO2
12.01 + 1.01 + 2(15.99)
= 45.02g/mol

Factor = 90.0g/mol divided by 45.02g/mol = 2

Molecular formula = C2H2O4
Ideal gas law
PV = nRT
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1V1/T1 x T2 = P2V2/P2
P1V1T2/T1P2 = V2

101.3kPa x 22,4L x T2/ P2 x 273K

101.3 kPa x 22.4L/273K

(101.3 x 22.4)/273 = 8.31kPaL/K

#1
PV = nRT
(300kPa) = n(8.31)(293.15)
(300kPa)(3.1)/(8.31)(293.15) = n
N = 0.38mol

#3) find molar mass

2.366g of a gas
800ml at 78.0
103kPa
8.31

PV = nRT
(103kPa)(0.8L) = (8.31)(351.15)
(103 x 0.8)/(8.31 x 351.15)
= 0.28mol

2.366g/0.0282mol
= 83.9g/mol

It it is krypton
Identifying compounds combustion
- To start a chemical reaction we always need activation energy
- Wax is made of carbon and hydrogen
- Carbon dioxide and water is collected from combustion

- Board writing
- Mass of compounds = 2.40g
- Mass of CO2 = 8.12g
- Water = 1.66g

- Mass of carbon dioxide = 44.01g/mol

- M of C = 12.01g/44.01g x 8.12g
- = 2.22g

- Mh = 2.40g - 2.22g = 0.18g

- Carbon = 2.22g
- Hydrogen = 0.18g
- Turn into moles
- 12.01
- 1.01
- Both moles equal 0.18
- Divided by itself it equals 1
- Therefore the answer is CH

- Board writing 2
- CuSO4 x H2O

16.
Mass of sample of ester = 4.479g
Mass of carbon = 3.161g
Mass of hydrogen = 0.266g
Mass of oxygen = 1.052

Element Mass (g) Molar Mass (M) g/mol Mole Ratio

C 3.161 12.01 0.26/0.07 4

H 0.266 1.01 0.26/0.07 4

O 1.052 16 0.07/0.07 1

C4H4O1
Textbook question

a) Mass of Zinc = 36.244 - 35.503/65.409 (molar mass of Zn)

= 0.0098 mol zn - > 0.0098/0.0098 -> 1
Mass of chloride = 36.933 - 36.244/ 35.450 (molar mass of Cl)
= 0.018 mol cl -> 0.018/0.0098 -> 2
::: The formula is most likely ZnCl2
b) I believe so because it accounted for the fumes coming out with the hydrogen in excess so I think this
experimental design is valid because it gets rid of the weight
Stoichiometry question
1. The reaction of Ca with water produces calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Ca + 2H2O -> Ca(OH)₂ + H2
a. What mass of hydrogen is produced when 0.29 g of Calcium solid reacts with liquid
water.
Mass of Ca = 0.29g
0.29g x 1mol/40.1g x 1 mol of H2/ 1 mol of Ca x 2.02g of H2/ 1 mol of H2
0.29/40.1g x 2.02g
= 0.0145g of hydrogen

Experiment
Initial mass = 97.64
Final mass = 97.63
Mass of H2 = 0.01g

Actual yield
% yield = A.Y/ T.A x 100 =
0.010g/0.015g x 100
= 66.67%

b. What mass of water is consumed in the above reaction?

0.29g x 1mol/40.1g x 2 mol of H2O/ 1 mol of Ca x 36.04 of H2O/ 2 mol of H2O
0.29/40.1 x 36.04
= 0.26g of water
Independent Work

27) Many new substances are discovered, sometimes accidentally, and are found to have useful
applications in society or in industry. Examples are Teflon, used to coat pots and pans, Kevlar, used in
bullet-proof vests (Figure 2), and Aspirin, which is derived from a compound, salicylic acid, present in
willow bark. Research one of these or another discovery, and present a report on how the molecular
formula of the compound was determined.
Aspirin
1. report on how the molecular formula of the compound was determined.

29) . The process of cheesemaking began thousands of years ago but is today an industrial process
using technology that has been investigated by chemists in many countries (Figure 3). Enzymes act as
chemical catalysts that change the milk fats and proteins into cheese; moisture in the final product is
controlled by various methods of salting, molding, and pressing. Using the Internet, research the
“ripening” process in cheesemaking, and report in one page your findings about how the percentage
of moisture and milk fats in different cheeses is related to their characteristic shape, texture, and
flavor.

- Copper (II) sulfate = CuSO4

- Sodium Hydroxide = NaOH
- CuSO4 + 2NaOH -> Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
- M of CuSO4 = 2.00g
- 2.00/159.6 = 0.013

- 100.7g/ | 367.4g/
- Number of moles = 2.28 and 11.48
-
Textbook questions
#4, 5, and 6 (Pages 239 - 240)

11, and 12 (Page 243)

# 2,3 and (4 or 5) Page 244

#4) in an experiment when 16.1g of FeS reacted with 10.8g of O2, 14.1g of
Fe2O3(g) was produced. The balanced equation for the reaction is given
below:

4 FeS(s) + 7 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s) + 4 SO2(g)

a) Identify the limiting reagent in the experiment

16.1g FeS x mol/88 x 2/4 = 0.091 moles of FeS

10.8g O2 x mol/32 x 4/7 = 0.19 moles of O2

The limiting reagent is FeS

b) Calculate the theoretical yield

0.091 x 159.69 = 14.5g of Fe2SO3

c) Calculate the percentage yield of Fe2O3(s)

14.1/14.5 x 100 = 97%

#5) Iron is produced from its ore, hematite, Fe2O3(s), by heating with carbon
monoxide in a blast furnace. If the industrial process produced 635 kg of iron
from 1000 kg of hematite, what is the percentage yield of iron in the process?
The equation for the reaction is given below:

Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

1000000/159.69 = 6262.13 moles of Fe2SO3

12524.26 x 55.45 = 694470.22g of Fe

635000/694470.22 x 100

91%

#6) Methyl salicylate, C8H8O3(l), is the chemical responsible for the

wintergreen flavoring. It can be prepared by heating salicylic acid, C7H6O3(s),
with methanol, CH3OH(l), according to the equation below:

C7H6O3(s) + CH3OH(l) → C8H8O3(l) + H2O(l)

If 2.00 g of salicylic acid is reacted with excess methanol, and the yield of oil
of wintergreen is 1.65 g, what is the percentage yield?

2/138.12g = 0.01448 moles of C7H6O3

0.01448 x 152 = 2.28g

1.65/2.28 x 100

= 72%

Pg 243

#11) The carbon in coal can be converted into methane, CH4(g), by first
heating the coal powder with steam and oxygen, followed by heating with
carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The overall process is summarized below:

C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g)

(a) When 10.0 kg of coal is used in the process, 4.20 kg of methane is produced.
What is the percentage yield of methane, assuming the coal is pure carbon?

10000/12.0107 = 832.02 moles of carbon

832.02 x 16.04 = 13345.6g

4200/13345.6 x 100

= 31.4%
(b) Further analysis shows that the coal contains only 40.0% carbon by mass.
Recalculate the percentage yield of methane, taking into account the purity of the
coal.

4200/(13345.6 x 0.4) x 100 = 78.68%

#12) . Maximizing percentage yield is not the only factor to consider in

designing a chemical process. A reaction must be assessed for its efficiency,
potential effect on the environment, and many other factors. For each of the
following factors, select the “greener” option and give reasons for your
selection.

a) a reaction that requires the use of an organic solvent versus one that uses
water as a solvent

b) a reaction that takes place at high temperature versus one that takes place at
room temperature

c) a reaction that requires the product to be dried versus one that does not
require a drying agent

d) a reaction that requires the product to be purified versus one that requires no
purification of the product

e) a reaction that uses starting material derived from crude oil versus one that
uses material derived from plant or animal matter
Page 244

#2) Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), C9H8O4(s), is the chemical name for an

analgesic whose common name is Aspirin. It is manufactured by heating
salicylic acid, C7H6O3(s), with acetic anhydride, C4H6O3(s), according to the
equation below:

C7H6O3(s) + C4H6O3(s) → C9H8O4(s) + C2H4O2(s)

(a) If 2.00 g of salicylic acid is heated with 4.00 g of acetic anhydride, what is the
theoretical yield?

2.0/138.21 = 0.0145 moles of C7H6O3

0.0146 x 102.09 = 1.49g of C4H6O3

(b) If the actual yield is 2.09 g, what is the percentage yield?

(1.49/2.09 )x 100

71.29%

#3). In this lab exercise, iron(III) silicate, Fe2(SiO3)3(s), is to be synthesized in

a chemical reaction, in a simulation of an industrial process. Iron(III) silicate is
produced as a yellow-orange precipitate in the reaction of sodium silicate and
excess iron(III) nitrate.

(a) Design an experiment to determine the actual yield of iron(III) silicate using this
reaction. Write a report that includes the procedure, safety procedures, and an
evaluation of the chemical process used in the synthesis.

(b) Assume that the percentage yield in the experiment is 80.0%. Evaluate the
experimental process with regard to maximizing yield.
#5) The efforts of the BHC Company in improving its process in the
manufacture of ibuprofen were recognized and the company received several
awards. Industrial designs of products and processes that are efficient and
benign to the environment and to human health are referred to as “green”
chemistry. Using the Internet, research other “green” chemistry projects and
briefly summarize the major features of one such project.

- Non Halogenated Flame Retardants

- These are additives which is used in polymers to increase fire resistance in
ignition and to slow down the spread of fire

Balanced chemical equation:

CO + 2H2 -> CH3OH

MICE/RICE TABLE or ICE TABLE

Mole Ratio 1 2 -> 1
Initial Moles m = 68.5g M = 8.60g Zero
M= m = 2.02g/mol
28.01g/mol n = 4.26 moles
n =2.45 moles 2.13 moles
In excess limited
Change -2.13 mol 4.26 mol 4.26 x 1/2 + 2.13 mol
End 0.32 0.00 2.13 mol
M=
32.04g/mol
Mass (m) =
2.13 x 32.04
= 68.25g

(35.7/68.25) x 100 = 52.31%

Chemistry homework
1. Hydrogen gas can be produced in the laboratory by the reaction of magnesium
metal with hydrochloric acid.
How many grams of hydrogen can be produced when 6.00 g of HCl is added to 5.00 g
of Mg? (Ans 0.164 g H2)

Mg + 2HCl -> H2 + MgCl2

Mole Ratio 1 2 -> 1
Initial Moles m = 5.00g m = 6.00g zero
M =24.31g/mol M = 36.46g/mol
5.00/24.31 6.00/36.458
N = 0.21 mol of Mg N = 0.16457/2 mol
Excess Reagent of HCl
0.082285 mol of
HCl
Limiting Reagent

Change -0.082 -0.082 0.17 x 1/2 +0.082

End 0.128 0.00 0.082 mol

M = 2.02g/mol
mass(m) = 0.082 x
2.02g/mol
0.166g of H2

2. Calcium carbonate is decomposed by heating to form calcium oxide and carbon

dioxide gas. What is the percent yield of this reaction if 24.8 g of CaCO3 is heated to
give 13.1 g of CaO? 94.2%
CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
Mole Ratio 1 1 -> 1
Initial Moles m = 24.8 zero
M = 100.09
24.8/100.0869
0.25 mol of CaCO3

Change -0.25 +0.25

End 0.00 0.25 mol

M = 56.08
0.25 x 56.08
=14.02g

13.1/14.02 x 100 = 93.4%

3. If 19 g of zinc are reacted with 19 g magnesium chloride, zinc chloride and
magnesium are formed.
Zn + MgCl2 -> ZnCl2 + Mg
a. Which reactant will be in excess? Zn

Initial m = 19g m = 19g

M = 65.38g/mol M = 95.21g/mol
Moles 19/65.39 19/95.21
0.29 mol 0.2 mol

Zn is the excess reactant

b. Calculate the mass of the zinc chloride produced. 27 g ZnCl2

Mole Ratio 1 1 -> 1
Initial Moles m = 19g m = 19g 0
M = 65.38g/mol M = 95.21g/mol
19/65.39 19/95.21
0.29 mol 0.2 mol

Change -0.2 -0.2 + 0.2

End 0.09 mols left 0 left 0.2 x 136.29

= 27.26g of ZnCl2

The mass of ZnCl2 is made of 27g

c. Calculate the mass of the excess reactant that remains unreacted. 6 g Zn remains
Mole Ratio 1 1 -> 1
Initial Moles m = 19g m = 19g 0
M = 65.38g/mol M = 95.21g/mol
19/65.39 19/95.21
0.29 mol 0.2 mol

Change -0.2 -0.2 + 0.2

End 0.09 mols left 0 left 0.2 x 136.29

0.09 x 65.38g/mol = 27.26g of ZnCl2
= 6g
The mass of the excess reactant that remains is 6g of Zn
Isotopes
An isotope is the atoms with the same atomic number but different number of neutrons in the Nucleus(mass
number)
- Examples
- Same number of protons, different number of neutrons each time
- Carbon
12
- Carbon - 12 (P = 6, N = 6) C6
13
- Carbon - 13 (P = 6, N = 7) 6C
14
- Carbon - 14 (P = 6, N = 8) 6C
- Iodine
- 126.705 -> 127
- 126.705 -> 126
- There are two types of iodine called iodine 126 and 127
- Hydrogen
- 3 different types
1
- H - Protium
1
2
- H - Deuterium
1
3
- H - Tritium
1
- H2O is Protium Hydrogen
- H2O with Deuterium Hydrogen is referred to as D2O
(Dideuterium Monoxide)

10. Natural potassium consists of 93.10% K-39 and 6.90% K-41. Do these
relative values confirm the accepted average atomic mass for natural
potassium?
(9310 x 39u) + (690 x 41u)
= 391380u/10000
= 39.14u
yes because the accepted value for potassium is 39.1amu

11. Natural argon contains 99.60% Ar-40, 0.34% Ar-36, and 0.06% Ar-38.
Do these relative values confirm the accepted average atomic mass
for argon?
(9960 x 40u) + (34 x 36u) + (6 x 38u)
= 399852u /10000
= 39.9852amu
No they don't because the accepted mass of argon is 39.948u
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear reaction is when u convert one element to another
Decomposition or nuclear decay when N -> P + E
P = +ve = 1
N = zero = 1
E = -ve = zero
When a nuclear decay occurs it produces radiation and is dangerous to humans
A change in protons and electron is the cause for nuclear decay

Why is the nucleus stable? Because the positive proton and proton repel each other
Quantities in Chemical Reactions

Name: ___________________ Date: ______________

_______ / 27 = _____________%

* Be sure that your final answers contain the correct # of sig figs and units *

1. Calculate the molar mass for the following compounds. (3 marks)

Note: The values you get for these calculations will be used in Question # 3.
a) Mg3(PO4)2
262.86

b) (NH4)2SO4
132.14

c) BaCl2.2H2O
244.28

2. Complete the following table. (4 marks)

Mass (g) Moles (mol) # molecules # atoms

17.8 g of 0.1 mol of 6.02 x 10^22 molecules of 4.8 x 10^23 atoms

Mg3(PO4)2 Mg3(PO4)2 Mg3(PO4)2 of oxygen

363.39g of 2.75 mol of 1.7 x 10^24 molecules of 3.4 x 10^24 atoms

(NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 of nitrogen

12.21g of 0.05 mol of 3.02 x 1021 molecules of 1,2 x x 10^22

BaCl2.2H2O BaCl2H2O BaCl2H2O atoms of hydrogen

3.A 4.6 kg sample of an unidentified metal contains 25.02 moles. Identify the unknown
metal. (1 mark)
4600/25.02 = 183.85g/mol
The unknown metal is tungsten
4. A compound contains 39.99% carbon, 6.73% hydrogen, and 53.28% oxygen, by
mass.
a) Determine the empirical formula of this compound. (4 marks)

Element Mass Mol Mole ratio

C 39.99 3.33/3.33 1

H 6.73/ 6.66/3.33 2

O 53.28 3.33/3.33 1
COH2

b) If the compound has a molar mass of 330.33g/mol, determine its molecular formula
(1 mark)

330.33/30.031 = 11
COH2 x 11 = C11O11H22

5. Joshua heats 11.76g of an unknown sodium sulfate hydrate (Na2SO4. xH2O), it

loses 6.58g. Determine the chemical formula of the unknown hydrate. (3 marks)
Na2SO4. xH2O
Moles of water
11.76 - 6.58 = 5.18g of water
6.58 /18.02 = 0.36 mol of water

Moles of sulfate hydrate

5.18/142.04 = 0.036

Number ratio
0.36/0.036 = 10
X = 10
Na2SO4 . 10H2O

6.Determine which would be the limiting reagent if you were to react 16.0g of iron
with 39.0g of sulfuric acid (see the reaction equation below). (3 marks)

2 Fe(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) → 1 Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

16g/55.845 x ½ = 0.14
39g/98.08 x ⅓ = 0.13
The limiting reagent is sulfuric acid
7. The equation below shows the reaction between magnesium nitride and water.
Mg3N2(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 3 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 NH3(g)
a) What mass of magnesium nitride would you need to react with excess water to produce 25 grams
of ammonia? [3 marks]
25/17.03 = 1.46/2 = 0.73 moles of ammonia
0.73 x 100.95 = 73.69g of Mg3N2

b) What mass of water would be reasonable to use for this reaction? (Hint: think 10%) [3 marks]
0.73 x 6/1 x 18.02 = 78.82g of H2O

c) If this experiment was actually done using the masses of the two reactants that you calculated in
parts a & b, and you only obtained 16.27g of ammonia, what would the percent yield be for your
experiment? [1 mark]
16.27/25 x 100 = 65.08%

d) List and briefly describe two reasons why the actual yield of a chemical reaction this one is
always less that the theoretical yield. (2 marks)
- This is because the equation is meant to assume what is the most possible if a perfect
experiment occurs
- The reason why it is less is because an unknown amount may be lost during the experiment
because it is unknown what the ideal time is for reaction

8. When 25.0 g of a certain organic compound containing C, H and O is subjected to combustion analysis,
27.8 g of CO2 and 19.9 g of H2O are recovered. Determine the empirical formula of the compound
CHO -> CO2 + H2O

Moles:
27.5/1 x 1/44.01 x 12.01x1 = 7.6g of C
19.9/1 x 1/18.02 x 2.02/1 = 2.23g of H
25g - 7.6g - 2.23g = 15.17g

Empirical formula
7.6g x 1 1/12.01 = 0.63 mol of C/0.63 = 2
2.23 x 1/1.01 = 2.2 mol/0.63 = 7
15.17g x 1/16 = 0.94 mol/0.63 = 3
Empirical formula = C2H7O3
 Solubility

- Is the proportion of Solute to solvent and is usually expressed as the concentration

- Usually done with grams or millilitres
- Hotter liquids will be able to dissolve more solute compared to colder liquids
- In gases, pressure and temperature play an important role in determining solubility
- Solubility is the relative ability of a solute to dissolve into a solvent.
- To predict whether a compound will be soluble in a given solvent, remember the saying, “Like
dissolves like.” Highly polar ionic compounds such as salt readily dissolve in polar water, but do
not readily dissolve in non-polar solutions such as benzene or chloroform.
- Will be looking at solubility charts
- Ksp = solubility product constant

Solubility is the ability of capacity of a substance to dissolve

Vansh’s work

21.
= K2CO3
Hydrochloric acid = HCl
Acid + carbonate ions → ionic + water + CO2
K2CO3 (aq) + HCl (aq) → KCl (aq) + H2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) (Remove non-ionic)
K2CO3 (aq) + HCl (aq) → KCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
K2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2KCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
This is the balanced equation
Products formed are an aqueous solution of KCl, liquid H2O and CO2 gas
___________________________________________________________________________________
22.
Sulfuric Acid = H2SO4
Sodium Carbonate = Na2CO3
Carbonate ions + An Acid → ionic + water + CO2
H2SO4 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → H2CO3 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) (Remove non-ionic)
H2SO4 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
H2SO4 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
This is the balanced equation, already balanced
Products formed are an aqueous solution of Na2SO4, liquid H2O and CO2 gas
________________________________________________________________________________________
___________
23.
Ammonium chloride = NH4Cl
Sodium hydroxide = NaOH
Ammonium + Hydroxide → ionic + water + ammonia
NH4Cl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + NH4OH (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g) (Remove non-ionic)

NH4Cl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
NH4Cl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
This is the balanced equation, already balanced
Products formed are an aqueous solution of NaCl, liquid H2O and ammonia gas
___________________________________________________________________________________
24.
Rubidium hydroxide = RbOH
Hydrochl..... = HCl
Hydroxide + acid → ionic + water
RbOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → RbCl (aq) + HO... + H2O (l)(Remove whatever the second one was)
RbOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → RbCl (aq) + H2O (l)
RbOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → RbCl (aq) + H2O (l)
This is the balanced equation, already balanced
Products formed are an aqueous solution of rubidium chloride and liquid water
___________________________________________________________________________________
25.
Calcium Carbonate = CaCO3
Acetic acid = CH3COOH
Carbonate ions + Acid → ionic + water + CO2
CaCO3 (s) + CH3COOH (aq) → Ca(CH3CO2)2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
CaCO3 (s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) → Ca(CH3CO2)2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
This is the balanced equation
Products formed are aqueous Calcium acetate, liquid H2O and CO2 gas
___________________________________________________________________________________
26.
Lithium hydroxide = LiOH
Ammonium bromide = NH4Br
Hydroxide + ammonium → ionic + water + ammonia
LiOH (aq) + NH4Br (aq) → LiBr (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
This is the balanced equation, already balanced
Products formed are aqueous lithium bromide, liquid H2O and ammonia gas

___________________________________________________________________________________
27.
Sulfuric acid = H2SO4

Lithium hydroxide = LiOH

Acid + Hydroxide → ionic + water
LiOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Li2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
2LiOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Li2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
This is the balanced equation
Products formed are aqueous LiSO4 and liquid H2O
___________________________________________________________________________________
28.
Lithium hydrogen carbonate = LiHCO3
Acetic acid = CH3COOH
Carbonate + acid → ionic + water + CO2
LiHCO3 (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) → LiCH3O2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
This is the balanced equation, already balanced
Products formed are aqueous LiCH3O2, liquid H2O and CO2 ga
___________________________________________________________________________________
29.
Calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2
Nitric acid = HNO3
Acid + hydroxide → ionic + water
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + HNO3 (aq) → Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l)
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HNO3 (aq) → Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
This is the balanced equation
Products formed are aqueous Calcium Nitrate and liquid H2O
___________________________________________________________________________________
30.
Ammonium Chloride = NH4Cl
Magnesium hydroxide = Mg(OH)2
Ammonium + hydroxide → ionic + water + ammonia
NH4Cl (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
2NH4Cl (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) → MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O (l) + 2NH3 (g)
This is the balanced equation
Products formed are aqueous MgCl2, liquid H2O and ammonia gas
___________________________________________________________________________________
Lecture
ppm = parts per million
Ppb = parts per billion
Ppt = part per trillion

6m = 6 mol of hcl/1000ml
0.6 mol/100ml

10 ppm
10g of Hg/1000000g of solution
1g/100000g = 0.001g/100g

5. Bags of a DSW intravenous sugar solution used in hospitals contains a 5.0%W/V dextrose-in-water
solution
a) What mass of dextrose is present in a 500 ml bag?
5g of C₆H₁₂O₆/ 100ml x 1g/500ml
5g x 5 = 25g of dextrose

b) What is the concentration of DSW expressed in parts per million? 50000ppm

5g/100ml x 1000000ml
= 50000ppm

c) What is the concentration of DSW expressed in mol/L? 0.26

6. Bald eagle chicks living around lake superior were found to contain PCBs (polychlorinated
biphenyls) at an average concentration of 18.9mg/kg. If a chick had a mass of 0.6kg, what mass of PCB
would it contain? 11.34mg
18.9mg/1kg x 0.6kg
= 11.34mg

If the average concentration of PCB in the body tissue of a human is 4.00 ppm, what mass of PCBs is
present in a 64kg person 256mg
4ppm = 4mg of PCB/ 1000000 mg
= 4mg pcb/ 1000g
4mg pcb/1kg x 64kg
=256 mg

The label on a bottle of “sports drink” indicated that the beverage contains 50mg of sodium ions and
55mg of potassium ions per 500 ml servings. Calculate the concentration in parts per million of the
sodium and potassium ion in the beverage. 125 ppm
50mg/400ml sodium -> 12.5mg/100ml
55mg/400ml potassium -> 13.75mg/100ml

0.0125g x 1000000ml
0.01375mg x 1000000ml
Double displacement
lead(II)nitrate + Potassium Iodide
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) -> PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Soluble + Soluble -> Insoluble + Soluble

2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2

2.00mol/L x 0.125 = X/0.125 x 0.125
- 0.25 mol of H2O2
- 0.25 x 2/1 -> 0.25 x 16
- 0.25 x 16 -> 4g

-
Samosa factory
#3a)
2FeCl3 + 3Na2Co3 -> Fe2(CO3)3 + 6NaCl

75ml of 0.200mol/L Iron(III)Chloride

0.250mol/l of sodium carbonate

(75ml x 0.2mol of FeCl3 x 3/2)/0.25mol of sodium carbonate

= 90ml

b) a reasonable volume would be somewhere around 95 - 105 since it is reacting in excess and by
stoichiometry standards our calculations are usually lower than the original result.

#2) 50.0ml of 0.100 M Na3PO4 is mixed with 150.0ml of 0.250M Pb(NO3)2 to produce a solid precipitate of
lead (II) Phosphate. WHat mass of the precipitate is will be produced?

Barium sulfate is opaque in water, and it is slightly soluble in water

BaSO4 (s) → Ba2+ + SO4 2-

Barium sulfate together, is safe, when it changes to barium 2+ ions it is toxic

Barium Nitrate is very soluble in water

Ba(NO3)2 → Ba +2 + 2NO3 -

CuSO4 → Cu +2 + SO4-2

Copper sulfate is safe, copper 2+ ions are not safe

Cu+2 + SO4-2 + 2Na+ + CO3 -2 → CuCO3 (s) + 2Na+ + SO4-2

CuSO4 Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 CuCO3

c= 0.250M Also will be 0.025 142.04g/mol Should also be

V=100mL = 0.1L mols 0.025 molsof
Should also be CuCO3?
0.250M x 0.1L = 105.99g/mol x 0.025mols
0.025 mols of 0.025mols 123.56 = mole
CuSO4 mass
159.60g/mol = 2.64975 grams of
molar mass Na2CO3 142.04g/mol x 123.56g/mol x
0.025mols 0.025 mols
0.025mols
= 3.551 grams 3.089grams
0.025mols x produced
159.60g/mol 3.551g in 0.1L
= 3.99 grams of
CuSO4 3.551g / 0.1L

35.51M

100mL 1:2 ratio but that

0.250M means there
Also will be 0.025 should still be
0.1L x 0.250M mols 35.51M
=0.025mols

Molar
Concentration

M1(V1) = M2(V2)
0.250M(0.1L) =
M2(0.0028L)

8.92857 mol/L

Chlorine molar
mass =
35.3427g/mol

3.089grams in
100mL
0.025mols

I SUPPOSED TO
DO NA2CO3
NOOOOO

1.
Sodium Chloride = NaCl

13.2g in 100.0mL
Chlorine molar mass = 35.3427g/mol
NaCl molar mass = 58.44 g/mol
100.0mL = 0.1L

13.2g / 58.44g/mol = 0.22587 mols of sodium chloride

0.22587 mols / 0.1L = 2.258…M

2.26mol/L

In NaCl there is 1:1 ratio which means there is 2.26mol/L of chloride ions as well

2. 38.4g of magnesium chloride in 125.0ml of solution

125.0ml = 0.125L

Magnesium chloride molar mass = 95.21g/mol

38.4g / 95.21g/mol = 0.403318979 mols of MgCl2

0.403318979 mols /0.125L = 3.22655M

There is a ratio of 2:1 which means the concentration of chloride ions is

6.44mol/L

3. There is a total mass of 38.4g + 13.2g = 51.6g with a total solution of 225mL

1.031 x
Learning Check
HCl + OH -> Cl + H2O
HCl is an acid
OH is a base
Cl is a conjugate base
H2O is a conjugate acid

H2O + H2SO4 -> HSO4 + H3O

H2O is a base
H2SO4 is an acid
HSO4 is a Conjugate acid
H3O is a conjugate base
June 03/2022
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) -> H2O + NaCl(aq)
total Ionic: Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- -> H2O + Na+ + Cl-
Spectator ions: Cl-, Na+
Net Ionic: OH- + H+ -> H2O(l)

MHCl = 2.0g/36.458 -> 0.055 moles

VH2O = 100ml
Molar concentration:
0.055mol/100ml x 1000
= 0.55 mol/L

HCl + H2O -> H(aq) + Cl-

PH = -log(0.55)
= 0.26
Vansh Bozo question
Calculate the molar concentration of sodium ions when you add 2.80g of Na2CO3 to 100ml of 0.250M
solution of CuSO4
Na2CO3 + CuSO4 ->
2.80g/105.99g/mol 100ml = 0.1L
= 0.0264 moles 0.1L x 0.25M
0.025 moles
Convert the g to
moles by diving it Limiting reagent
by its molar mass
Convert the ml to L by
diving it by 100 and
times it by the
concentration of the
solution to find it moles
This is the limiting
reagent because its
number is lower
Na2SO4 + CuCO3
Break this down into
Na2SO4 -> 2Na + SO4
There is a mole ratio of 1:2 the 1
representing the left side and the 2
representing the sodium on the right
0.025mol/0.1L
= 0.25M
0.25M x 2(mole ratio)
= 0.5M
::Concentration of sodium is 0.4M
Breakdown the equation to isolate
for sodium and make sure its
balanced
Find the mole ratio of the equation
After convert the limiting reagent to
concentration by diving it by the L of
the solution
Times it by the mole ratio of sodium
and thats your answer.
Lecture
Cl2 + H2 -> 2HCl2

Cl2
8.0L

H2
0.72g
70.9g/mol
0.01mol

#4 how much zinc (in grams) must react with hydrochlroic acid to produce 18ml if G2 gas at SATP? Hint:
another product of the reaction is ZnCl2

Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2

PV = nRT
P = 100KPA
T = 298K
V = 0.018L
N = PV/RT = 0.00073 moles

#7 how many grams of baking soda (NaHCO2) must be used to produce 45ml of carbon dioxide at 190
degrees celsius and 101.3kPa in a pan of muffins (the mole ratio of NaHCO2 to CO2 is 2:1)

2NaHCO3 -> CO2 + H2O + Na2O

PV = nRT
P = 101.3kPA
T = 190 + 273 = 463
V = 0.045L

n = PV/RT = (101.3 x 0.045)/(8.31 x 463) = 0.00118moles

0.00118 x 84.007 = 0.099g