Міністерство освіти і науки України

ВСП «Київський фаховий коледж комп'ютерних технологій та

економіки Національного авіаційного університету»
Циклова комісія іноземної мови

ЗАТВЕРДЖУЮ
Заступник директора
з навчально-методичної роботи
_____________А. В. Майдан
«____»_____________2022 р.

МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПОСІБНИК
з дисципліни «Англійська мова
за професійним спрямуванням»
для студентів ІІІ курсу
спеціальностей 121 «Інженерія програмного забезпечення»,
123 «Комп'ютерна інженерія»
та 186 «Видавництво та поліграфія»
освітньо-професійний ступінь фаховий молодший бакалавр

Київ – 2022
Укладач: Крещанова С.Л., викладач іноземної мови (англійської), спеціаліст
вищої категорії, голова циклової комісії іноземної мови

Рецензент: Альохіна Р.І., голова міського методичного об'єднання викладачів

іноземної мови

Обговорено та схвалено на засіданні

циклової комісії іноземної мови
Протокол № 1 від 26.08.2022 р.

Голова комісії__________ Крещанова С.Л.

 ЗМIСТ
I. Вступ 5
II. Основна частина
1. Science in Britain and Ukraine. Some prominent scientists 6
2. J.C. Maxwell 16
3. Practical Americans 26
4. Masters of Invention 32
5. From the history of computers 37
6. W.H. Gates 40
7. Microsoft Corporation 44
8. Kyiv the Home City of MECM 46
9. Modern technology 49
10. Mobile Phone 54
11. Application of computers 57
12. Personal computer 60
13. Types of computers 66
14. A typical PC 71
15. Processing 67
16. Operating system and the GUI 81
17. Programming 86
18. Channels of Communication 90
19. The Internet and World Wide Web 94
20. E-mail 99
21. Internet security. Health and safety 102
22. Future trends 107
23. What is chat? 112
24. Web design 116
25. Multimedia 121
26. Video conferencing 128
27. Some useful advice to a publisher 131
28. Graphics and design. Types of graphics software 133
29. Desktop publishing 136
III. Теми для самостійного опрацювання
1. I. Newton 140
2. Alfred Bernhard Nobel 142
3. John Logie Baird 144
4. Famous people of science and engineering 145
5. K. Tsiolkovskyi 146
6. S. Koroliov 147
7. Borys Yevhenovych Paton 148
8. Input and output units 151
9. Memory or storage unit 161
10. Long-distance and local networks 165
11. Video games 167
12. Online shopping 170
13. Online banking 171
IV. Заключна частина 172
V. Використана література і джерела 173
3
 ВСТУП
Оновлення змісту освіти є визначальним складовим реформування освіти в
Україні і передбачає приведення його у відповідність до сучасних потреб особи і
суспільства. Одним із стратегічних завдань реформування освіти є розробка
навчально-методичних матеріалів та посібників і відповідне формування системи та
обсягу знань, навичок, умінь, творчої діяльності, інших якостей особистості на різних
освітніх рівнях.
Навчально-методичний матеріал розробляється і добирається з урахуванням
умов, визначених базовим навчальним планом, і практики роботи сучасних освітніх
закладів.
Іноземна мова, що входить до освітньої галузі "Словесність", покликана
сформувати позитивне ставлення і комунікативні уміння та навички з іноземних мов.
Відповідно до державного стандарту фахової передвищої освіти метою навчання
іноземної мови є оволодіння студентами основами іншомовного спілкування, у
процесі якого здійснюються освіта, виховання, розвиток особистості і формування
мовленнєвої та соціокультурної компетенції.
Цей методичний посібник слід розглядати як цілий комплекс можливостей для
студентів при оволодінні ними навчальної дисципліни «Англійська мова за
професійним спрямуванням», які можуть бути запропоновані в межах освітньої
програми. Ці можливості гранично мінімізовані, але включають необхідний перелік
тем для аудиторного та самостійного опрацювання.
Посібник призначений для студентів третього курсу спеціальностей 121
«Інженерія програмного забезпечення», 123 «Комп'ютерна інженерія» та 186
«Видавництво та поліграфія» ВСП «Київський фаховий коледж комп'ютерних
технологій та економіки НАУ» і складений згідно вимог програми та стандартів.
Мета посібника - подальше удосконалення мовленнєвих навичок та накопичення
лексичного запасу для читання та розуміння текстів за спеціальністю без словника,
ведення тематичної бесіди, а також читання та розуміння спеціальної літератури
середньої складності користуючись словником.
Основна частина посібника складається 29 тематичних розділів. Кожен розділ
включає: нову лексику, текст, питання до тексту, окремі лексичні / граматичні
завдання, спрямовані на засвоєння нових лексичних одиниць.
Тексти посібника підібрані з урахуванням специфіки тем, згідно програми.
Робота з текстами спрямована на розвиток навичок читання та усного мовлення
(відповіді на питання і тренування нової лексики).
В кінці посібника є тексти для самостійного опрацювання, які носять чисто
практичний характер і є додатком до основного матеріалу кожного розділу. Ці теми
вивчаються разом з лексичним матеріалом. Для закріплення нової теми
рекомендується виконувати деяку частину завдань під час аудиторного заняття.
Використання даного посібника не виключає можливості роботи з іншими
додатковими джерелами, аудіо та відеозаписами.
5
T O P I C 1. SOME PROMINENT SCIENTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN
I. Read the text and speak about these great scientists.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727), one of the greatest
scientists of all time, discovered the method of fluxions,
later known as the calculus. It was a most important
mathematical invention. His second major work was the
discovery of the law of gravitation. Then came the
formulation of Newton’s three laws of motion, the analysis
by experiment of white light and the nature of colours, and
research on a new type of telescope, called the reflecting
telescope. His main publication was “Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy”, of which there have been
several editions. The whole development of modern science
begins with this great book.
William Herschel (1738-1822), an astronomer,
became expert in grinding lenses and built the largest
telescope then known. In 1781 Herschel discovered the
planet Uranus, the first such discovery since prehistoric
times. His other discoveries include binary stars, two new
satellites of Saturn, and infra-red rays from the Sun.
Humphry Davy (1778-1829), a chemist and
physicist, prepared and tested nitrous oxide (laughing gas).
He discovered that pure nitrous oxide was respirable. In
1807 he succeeded in preparing potassium and sodium by
the process of electrolysis. He also investigated the nature
of fire-damp, the explosions of which had caused much
damage in mines. This investigation led to the invention of
the safety lamp (known as the Davy lamp).
Michael Faraday (1791-1867), a physicist and
chemist, contributed greatly to the development of modern
science. In 1825 he discovered benzene. However, it is with
electricity and electrochemistry that his name is usually
linked. He discovered the connection between electricity
and magnetism and showed that electromagnetic induction
was possible. He used induction to produce the first
electrical generator and the first transformer. He was also
the discoverer of the laws that control the process of
electrolysis.

6
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an outstanding
naturalist, spent five years on the Beagle during her voyage
in the Southern Hemisphere (1831-1836). He made
observations of the geology and natural history of the
region, and after his return to England he published a book
about reef formation, which is still generally considered
valid. In 1859 he published his great work “On the Origin
of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the
Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life”.
One of the most important results of Darwin’s work was
the demonstration that the evolution of plants and animals
gives no evidence of divine guidance. Evolution is the
theory that all living things (plants and animals) have
developed from earlier and different forms, and have not
been specially created. This fact led to a conflict between
the upholders of religion and the scientists.
Joseph Lister (1827-1912) was the founder of
antiseptic surgery (the-use of chemicals to prevent surgical
infections). He introduced carbolic acid as an antiseptic to
dress wounds. Mortality arising from infected wounds
declined sharply in Lister’s ward, and gradually other
surgeons began to adopt his methods.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), the great pioneer of
nuclear physics, made fundamental discoveries concerning
the nature of radioactivity. He distinguished between the
two types of radiation, which he named alpha and beta
rays. In 1919 Rutherford was the first to split the atom by
natural means. He deduced the existence of a heavy,
positively charged core in the atom, which he called the
nucleus. Rutherford received the Nobel Prize for his
investigations into the decay of the elements and the
chemistry of radioactive substances.
mention згадувати
inventor винахідник
plaque меморіальна дошка
to discover відкривати
fluxions диференційне рівняння
calculus диференційні та інтегральні обчислювання
the law of gravitation закон всесвітнього тяжіння
motion рух
7
research дослідження
the reflecting telescope дзеркальний телескоп
edition видання
grinding lenses шліфовка лінз
include включати
binary stars подвійні зірки
rays промені, випромінювання
nitrous oxide закис азоту
respirable те, що можна вдихати
potassium калій
sodium натрій
the process of electrolysis процес електролізу
to investigate досліджувати
fire-damp рудничний газ
explosion вибух, спалах
to cause спричиняти, бути причиною
damage шкода, пошкодження
safety lamp безпечна лампа
to contribute вносити
benzene бензол
electromagnetic induction електромагнітна індукція
observations спостереження
reef риф, підводна скеля
valid дійсний, вагомий
evidence ясність, очевидність
divine божественний
guidance керівництво
upholders прихильники
surgery хірургія
to prevent запобігати
carbolic acid карболова кислота
mortality смертність
to decline зменшуватись
nuclear physics ядерна фізика
concern відношення, причетність
to distinguish розпізнавати, визначати
to split розколювати, розщеплювати
to deduce доводити, робити внесок
the existence існування
a heavy тяжкий
charged заряджений
core серцевина
the nucleus ядро
decay of the elements радіоактивний розпад елементів
substance речовина, матерія
8
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND UKRAINE
I. Read the text. Speak about the learned societies.
SCIENCE IN BRITAIN
Learned societies and independent scientific institutions play a large part in
promoting sciences in Britain, although they do very important actual research.
Most research is conducted in the universities, which also play essential part in
maintaining the supply of trained specialists. The learned societies play an important
part in the discussion and publication of the results of research.
At present there are over 900 learned scientific societies in Britain with
approximately 400 scientific publications.
During the recent years there has been a considerable expansion of scientific and
technological training and research within the universities. Most universities have the
departments of engineering, some of them including chemical, aeronautical and production
engineering. Universities in industrial centres have long been known for studies relating to
their local industries. All universities and university colleges have laboratories or research
departments.
Last years have seen appreciable expansion of research in human sciences, including
anthropology, sociology and psychology.
The traditional method of scientific publication, in which results are written in papers
and published in journals, is still the main means of communication among scientists. The
leading learned societies have been important agencies for communicating scientific
information for a long time. The most eminent of the learned societies are:
The Royal Society which was founded in 1660. Its present activities include holding of
the scientific meetings, publication of the research work, mainly in the "Philosophical
Transactions" and the "Proceedings". The Society has always had a special relationship with
the government.
The Royal Society of Arts which was founded in 1754. Its principal object has been to
promote the progress of all departments of science. It deals with scientific, artistic, technical,
industrial and commercial problems. The Society regularly holds meetings and publishes a
monthly journal.
The British Association for the Advancement of Science which was founded in
1831 promotes general interest in science and its application. One of its chief activities is the
annual meetings attended by many young students as well as by eminent scientists. Its 14
sections cover the whole range of pure and applied sciences and there is a division for
studying the social and international relations in science.

Vocabulary
learned societies - наукові товариства
to play part - відігравати роль
9
eminent - видатний
to promote - сприяти, підвищувати
relationship - зв'язок, відносини
to conduct - проводити
to deal with - мати справу (з), займатися
supply - постачання, забезпечення
application - застосування
approximately - приблизно
to cover - закривати, охоплювати
expansion - розширення, зростання
to be founded - бути заснованим
relating (to) - пов'язаний (з)
to attend - відвідувати, бути присутнім
range - діапазон, ряд
engineering - техніка
production engineering - організація виробничого процесу
psychology - психологія
pure science - "чиста" наука
applied sciences - прикладні науки
human sciences - гуманітарні науки
means - засіб, засоби
division - відділ, розділ
to hold a meeting - проводити мітинг, збори

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What part do learned societies and scientific institutions play in Britain?
2. How many learned societies are there in the UK at present?
3. What departments have most of the universities?
4. What is the traditional method of scientific publications?
5. What are the most eminent learned societies in Great Britain?
6. What do the activities of "The Royal Society" include?
7. When was "The Royal Society of Arts" founded?

10
 II. Read the texts about Ukrainian science.

SCIENCE IN UKRAINE
Ukraine has always been the country of
advanced science and technology. It has great
achievements in machine building, rocket and
computer technology. Famous Ukrainian
scientist Pyotr Kapitsa who did much in
nuclear physics was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Space research is the very science which
made the Ukrainian scientists go down in the
history of world science. Olexander Zasyadko, for example, from the glorious
Cossack family designed combat rockets, which were used during the Russian-
Turkish war of 1828-1829. Yuri Kondratyuk made calculations for the first manned
flight to the Moon; Mykhailo Yangel founded his own school in developing rocket
and space equipment.
Speaking about space research, we can't but mention the father of practical
astronautics Serhiy Korolyov. He was born in the city of Zhitomyr, got his first
technical training in Odessa and studied at Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. His great
inventions were designing the spacecraft “Vostok” and “Voskhod”, the first
automatic interplanetary station “Zond”, the spacecraft which made real the flights to
Venus and Mars.

UKRAINE, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (NAS)

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Ukraine is
the highest scientific institution in Ukraine, established in
1918. Under its Statutes, the Academy has independent self-
governing rights. Set up in 1918, its first President was V.
Vernadsky. In the year of its organization, the Academy
consisted of three scholarly departments - history and
philology, physics and mathematics, social and economic
studies, which, in turn, encompassed 3 institutes and 15
commissions. 140 scholars worked in them. Today NAS of
Ukraine has 13 departments, approximately 170 institutes and various other research
institutions which carry out research in the fields of mathematics, physics and
astronomy, engineering, chemistry, life sciences, economics, history, social and
behavioural sciences. The Academy is active in its advisory capacity to the
Government and Parliament of Ukraine.

11
 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

One thing that is acknowledged

broadly is Ukraine’s strong scientific
tradition. The country can take proud
credit for a number of global
discoveries. In 1932, a team led by
Oleksandr Leipunskiy at the Ukrainian
Institute of Physics and Technology in
Kharkiv was the first in continental
Europe to split a lithium nucleus. In 1940 in Kyiv, Vadym Lashkariov conducted the
first experimental research into the PN junction involving silicon, a fundamental
element of modern electronics. In 1951, a team led by Serhiy Lebedev in Feofania, a
suburb of Kyiv, launched the first computer in continental Europe, while the world’s
first Encyclopedia of Cybernetics was edited by Viktor Hlushkov and published in
Ukrainian in 1973, also in Kyiv. In the 1930s in Kharkiv, Lev Landau developed the
theory of second-order phase transitions, while Mykola Boholiubov published
Lectures on Quantum Statistics in the late 1940s in Kyiv. Also in Ukrainian, this was
one of the most important academic texts of the 20th century. The list of
accomplishments continues into the present: detector crystals grown in Kharkiv
helped discover the Higgs boson in an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider in
2012.
ON THE ACADEMIC SIDE

Formed in the 1960-1980s under Borys Paton’s leadership, the Ukrainian

Academy of Sciences was unique. The phrase patonization of science was coined
here: critics used it to reflect the focus on R&D that was customized to the needs of
the country’s economy, thanks to Dr. Paton, president of the Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences since 1962. This system of academic science has barely changed since.
Although academy staff has almost halved in the years since independence, virtually
all of its institutes are still operating. Some continue to contribute to the progress of
global science and technology, while others were set up to serve industries.
Throughout all the transformations in Ukrainian society, the National Academy
of Sciences has kept its leading place in the country’s system of scientific
development. Art. 17 of the Law on scientific and technological activity allocates
55% of all public funding for science to the NAS. Together with five sector-oriented
academies established in the years of independence – medicine, agriculture, teaching,
law and the arts – the academic sector receives 68% of the entire science budget.

12
 Throughout the years of independence, there have been many calls for Ukraine
to turn its universities into key scientific research centers, following American or
British models. The Law on scientific and technological activity placed university
research on an equal footing with academics in 2015. But real numbers don’t reflect
official declarations: less than 15% of the total science and R&D budget goes to
university research in Ukraine today.

WAR TIPS THE SCALES

The current war partly affected attitudes, as it has hit science hard. Ukraine lost
95% of its marine research infrastructure, the only highland astrophysical observatory
in Crimea, the most modern telescope, the best center for catastrophic medicine, and
more. 27 universities and research institutes have relocated away from the occupied
territories since 2014. Nearly 12,000 researchers and lecturers had to leave their jobs
and start from scratch elsewhere, as their equipment, materials, libraries, lecture halls,
and homes lay on the other side of the line of contact. Meanwhile, politicians and the
public have understood that Ukraine’s researchers and engineers are the only possible
developers of defensive and offensive weapons. A great deal has been done over
these last few years. Ukraine now has its own high-performance multipurpose drones,
new missile systems using new fuels, reliable communications systems, worldclass
tactical combat care methods, and more.

TINY STEPS FORWARD

The Ministry of Education and Science has funded the construction of 15 centers
for the collective use of equipment, each servicing several universities and scientific
institutions based on their specialization. This policy is already bringing positive
results. Two young talents said that they would not emigrate at the opening ceremony
of the Ivan Franko University’s Laboratory of Intermetallic Compounds, a collective-
use research equipment center in Lviv. They can now do more complex work at
home. Ukraine needs many more such centers equipped with the technology worth
tens of thousands of euros, and even millions of euros in some cases.

The Ukrainian Week #9 (139) September 2019

13
Grammar / Nouns, verbs, adjectives
I. Complete this text with words from the box. Are they nouns, verbs or
adjectives? Use the context to help you.
financial Internet electronic print design microchips
A DIGITAL ERA
Computers have changed the way we do everyday things, such as working,
shopping and looking for information. We (1)________ houses with the help of PCs;
we buy books or make flight reservations on the (2)________; we use gadgets that
spring to life the instant they are switched on, for example the mobile phone, the
music player, or the car ignition, all of which use (3)________. Many people now
work at home, and they communicate with their office by computer and telephone.
This is called “teleworking”. With the appropriate hardware and software, a PC can
do almost anything you ask. It's a magical typewriter that allows you to type and
(4)________ any sort of document. It's a calculating machine that makes
(5)_________ calculations. It's a filing cabinet that manages large collections of data.
It's a personal communicator that lets you interact with friends. It's a small lab that
helps you edit photos and movies. And if you like (6)_________ entertainment, you
can also use it to relax with games.
II. Match the words in exercise I with the following definitions.
1 tiny pieces of silicon containing complex electronic circuits
2 to make or draw plans for something
3 relating to money or how money is managed
4 involving the use of electric current in devices such as TV sets or computers
5 the large system of connected computers around the world
6 to produce text and pictures using

14
 II. Match the equipment with their functions and make sentences using the
Passive Voice.

1. Camera a) to wash the dishes;

2. Microwave oven b) to take photos;

c) to cook defrost or pre-prepared

3. TV set
food;

4. Vacuum cleaner d) to wake up people and tell the time;

5. Talking alarm clock e) to do everyday cleaning of the flat;

6. Computer f) to watch video programmes;

7. Calculator g) to operate a TV set from a distance;

8. TV remote control h) to write programmes and find

unit information, to play games;

9. Dishwasher i) to make calculations

15
 T O P I C 2. JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831 -1879)
I. Read the text and speak about James Clerk Maxwell.

James Clerk Maxwell, the great physicist

and mathematician, was born in Edinburgh,
Scotland, on November 13,1831.
After school he entered the University of
that city. Then he attended the University of
Cambridge and graduated from it in 1854. When
at the University Maxwell took great interest in
mathematics and optics.
For two years after the University he
lectured, made experiments in optics at Trinity
College and studied much himself.
In 1856 he became professor of natural
philosophy and in 1860 professor of physics and
astronomy at King's College, London. In
London he lived for 5 years. Here he saw Faraday for the first time.
In 1871 Maxwell became professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. At
that time students could not even have such subjects as electricity or magnetism as
there was no laboratory for the study of these subjects. Maxwell organized such a
laboratory which made Cambridge world - known.
This was a very fruitful period of Maxwell life. He studied the problems of
electromagnetism, molecular physics, optics, mechanics and others.
Maxwell wrote his first scientific work when he was fifteen. Since that time he
wrote a great number of works which were the results of his experiments and
calculations.
His most outstanding investigations, however are in the field of the kinetic
theory of gases and electricity. Maxwell is the the founder of the electromagnetic
field (side by side with Faraday) and the electromagnetic theory of light. In 1873 he
published his famous work on electricity and magnetism. During these years he also
wrote his classic" Matter and Motion”, a small book on a great subject, and many
articles on various subjects ("Atoms", "Attraction", "Faraday" and others.)
Maxwell's works on the kinetic theory of gases, the theory of heat, dynamics and
the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism are monuments to his great
genius.

16
 II. Retell the text according to the following plan
1. Maxwell, the great physicist and mathematician.
2. Date and place of birth (1831, 13XI, Edinburgh).
3. Education (the University of Edinburgh and Cambridge).
4. His work after the University.
5. His life and work in London.
6. Organizing the laboratory for the study of electromagnetism at Cambridge.
7. The Problems which he studied.
8. The founder of electro-magnetic field.
9. His scientific works.
10. Date of death (1879).

Vocabulary
physicist – фізик
mathematician – математик
to attend – відвідувати
outstanding - видатний
natural philosophy – природознавство
world known – всесвітньовідомий
molecular physics – молекулярна фізика
optics – оптика (оптичний)
matter – речовина, матерія
to enter the institute – поступити до інституту
to take a great interest – виявляти великий інтерес
founder – засновник
kinetic theory – кінетична теорія
investigation – дослідження
calculation – розрахунок
however – однак
dynamics – динаміка
heat – тепло, нагрівати
genius – геній
attraction – тяжіння
fruitful – плідний
17
 III. Answer the questions according to the film about James Clerk Maxwell.
1. What is the aim of using Radio Telescope Observatory at Cambridge University?
A) it's used to research planets
B) it's used to examine radio waves
C) it's used to answer questions about the very origin of our universe
2. What made possible to get extraordinary images by these telescopes?
A) radio waves
B) microwaves
C) gamma rays
3. What is at the heart of modern technology?
A) thermodynamics
B) electromagnetic waves
C) zoetropes
4. What do we use them for?
A) in everything from medicine to communications
B) in astronomy
C) in physical experiments
5. What was James Clerk Maxwell?
A) the greatest scientist of England
B) a 19th-century Scottish scientist
C) a 19th-century scientist of Ireland
6. Do people always recognise his photo and know about his discoveries?
A) yes
B) no
C) sometimes
7. What kind of branches of science did James Clerk Maxwell work in?
A) he studied four fundamental forces of the universe
B) he studied astronomy, physiology, colours, optics, thermodynamics, electricity,
magnetism
C) he studied physics
8. Where and when was James Clerk Maxwell born?
A) he was born in Edinburgh, in 1831
B) he was born in Galloway, in 1831
C) he was born in Galloway, in 1860
9. How many children did Maxwell's family have?
A) two children
B) three children
C) Maxwell was the only child
10. What invention did he make when he was a boy?
A) the large telescope
B) the zoetrope
C) electricity
18
11. What did he produce at the age of 14?
A) home-made experiments into light and colour
B) a paper on geometric shapes that showed mathematical ingenuity
C) three mathematical papers
12. What kind of experiments did he conduct as a teenager?
A) experiments into light and colour
B) home-made experiments into electricity
C) physical experiments
13. When did he arrive at Cambridge University?
A) at the age of 19
B) at the age of 18
C) at the age of 21
14. Who was the first discoverer of Saturn's rings in 1610?
A) Maxwell
B) Daniel Dewar
C) Galileo
15. What is diameter of Saturn's rings?
A) over 550,000 kilometres in diameter
B) over 250,000 kilometres in diameter
C) over 220,000 kilometres in diameter
16. What were three possible explanations for Saturn's rings? What were the rings made of?
A) the rings were solid rock or ice
B) the rings were entirely fluid
C) the rings were made up of space's rubbish
D) the rings were made up of lots of individual particles that circled Saturn
17. What did Maxwell use to predict what was happening around Saturn?
A) he used pure maths
B) he used equations
C) he used physical laws
18. Why did Maxwell become known as one of Britain's great theoretical physicists?
A) he discovered important physical laws
B) he discovered electromagnetic waves
C) he gave explanation for nature of Saturn's rings
19. How old was Maxwell when he became professor at Aberdeen's Marischal College?
A) at the age of 25
B) at the age of 48
C) he wasn't a professor at Aberdeen's Marischal College
20. How old was Maxwell when his mother died?
A) he was twenty
B) he was eight
C) he was forty

19
21. Who was Reverend Daniel Dewar?
A) scientist
B) a new professor of Aberdeen's Marischal College
C) the college principal
22. Who was Katherine?
A) his mother
B) his daughter
C) the principal's daughter
23. What did Maxwell have a passion for?
A) he had a passion for maths
B) he had a passion for poetry
C) he had a passion for theoretical physics
24. When were Maxwell and Katherine married?
A) in 1858
B) in 1852
C) in 1862
25. What did Isaac Newton investigate in the 17th century by using a prism?
A) Isaac Newton investigated the large telescope
B) he discovered electromagnetic waves
C) he had split sunlight into separate colours
26. What do people perceive as white light?
A) electromagnetic waves
B) a mixture of different colours
C) a mixture of red, blue and yellow
27. What did Maxwell invent for investigation colours?
A) the zoetrope
B) colour wheel
C) a colour prism
28. Where did Maxwell used his invention to test out of the mixing of lights?
A) in Cambridge University
B) in Parton Kirk
C) in Trinity College
29. What colours are the primary lights in accordance with Maxwell’s theory?
A) red, blue and yellow
B) red, green and blue
C) red, blue and while
30. What did he produce to show how people would create any colour by mixing the three
primary colours?
A) colour triangle diagram
B) colour wheel
C) the zoetrope

20
31. Where was Maxwell invited in 1861 to give a lecture on colour vision?
A) to Cambridge University
B) to the Royal Institution in London
C) to Trinity College
32. Which possibility did Maxwell show during his experiments?
A) the possibility of creating colours
B) the possibility of creating colour wheel
C) the possibility of creating colour photographs
33. What is the principle used in colour TV, computer screens, even mobile phones daily?
A) the principle of creating colours
B) three-colour principle
C) the principle of creating colour wheel
34. How old was Maxwell when he produced his experiments to audience?
A) he was 29
B) he was 32
C) he was 26
35. What was Glenlair for Maxwell?
A) Katherine's family home
B) the place where his father was born
C) his family home (James had spent an idyllic childhood there)
36. What education did Maxwell get as a child?
A) at Glenlair's school
B) he was home-schooled by his mother
C) he studied by himself
37. Where did he accept a position at the end of 1860 after a rejection from Edinburgh?
A) at King's College, London
B) at Cambridge University
C) at Trinity College
38. Whose help did Maxwell need when he wanted to learn about electricity?
A) Michael Faraday's
B) his friend's advices
C) help of some prominent scientists
39. Where did people use magnetism for centuries?
A) in electricity
B) in physical tools
C) in ships' compasses
40. What kind of wire did Faraday use in one experiment with compass?
A) a tiny wire
B) a copper wire
C) a coiled wire
41. What did Faraday use to generate electricity?
A) a copper wire
B) a magnet
C) a tiny wire
21
42. Did Faraday use light-emitting diodes during his experiments?
A) he did not use light-emitting diodes
B) he use light-emitting diodes during his experiments
C) he use light-emitting diodes from time to time
43. When did Faraday discover the principle of generating electricity used by electricity power
stations nowadays?
A) in 1829
B) in 1836
C) in 1831
44. How did Faraday generate electricity?
A) simply by moving a coiled wire through a magnet
B) simply by moving a coil
C) simply by moving a magnet through a coiled wire
45. What did Faraday take for his simple experiment that could prove the existence of an
invisible field stretching out into thin air?
A) a very powerful permanent magnet
B) iron filings
C) some paper
46. What company did Maxwell always have during an eight-mile round trip from his
Kensington home to King's College?
A) Faraday
B) his wife
C) a dog called Toby
47. What did Maxwell prove by his four maths equations?
A) existence of electricity
B) relationship between electricity and magnetism
C) existence of physical laws
48. What did his four equations describe? Put these equations in wright sequence?
A) that an electric current surrounds itself with a magnetic field
B) how a changing magnetic field generates an electric field
C) that magnetic poles always come in pairs
D) how a magnetic field generates an electric field
E) how a static electric charge generates an electric field
49. What do the electric and magnetic field lines like?
A) like waves travelling along them
B) like ripples on the surface of water
C) like sea waves
50. What is the speed of light and the speed of the electromagnetic wave?
A) 500,000 kilometres every second
B) 200,000 kilometres every second
C) 300,000 kilometres every second

22
51. Whom did Maxwell write an excited letter about an electromagnetic theory of light'?
A) to his cousin
B) to his wife
C) to Faraday
52. What did people develop using higher frequency radio waves?
A) radar
B) aviation
C) geology
53. What have gamma rays been used to?
A) to detect and treat cancer
B) to aviation
C) to sterilise the food we eat
54. What are the colours and light we see according Maxwell's experiments?
A) they are magnetic field
B) light and the colours are electromagnetic waves
C) light and the colours are physical waves
55. When and where did Maxwell design and build the Cavendish Laboratory?
A) in 1865, in Trinity College
B) in 1871, in Cambridge University
C) in 1869, in Trinity College
56. How many scientists of the Cavendish Laboratory are Nobel Prize winners?
A) 29 Nobel Prize winners
B) 19 Nobel Prize winners
C) 39 Nobel Prize winners
57. What disease was he diagnosed in October 1879? What disease did Maxwell have as his
mother had?
A) the pain in his stomach
B) abdominal cancer
C) tubercolosis
58. How old was Maxwell when he died in November 1879?
A) he was just 48
B) he was just 58
C) he was 78
59. How was he called by most scientists?
A) Scotland's Newton
B) Scotland's Galileo
C) Scotland's Einstein
60. What did scientists celebrate in Edinburgh?
A) Maxwell's birthday
B) the anniversary of Maxwell's publication of his equations of electromagnetism
C) the anniversary of Maxwell's publication of his work about three possible
explanations for Saturn's rings
23
Grammar / Prefixes
COMMON PREFIXES

We can form new words by using prefixes and suffixes, e.g. micro-process-or
(prefix + root + suffix).

Prefixes come before the root word and usually change its meaning. Here are
some common ones.
 Negative prefixes meaning ‘not’:
non- Non-volatile memory retains its content when the power is turned off.
un- An unformatted disk has not been ‘initialized’; it doesn’t allow data to be
stored.
 Prefixes of location:
trans- (= across) Data transmission can be wired or wireless.
inter- (= between) The Internet consists of millions of computers interconnected in
a global network,
intra- (= within) An intranet is a private network, restricted to a company’s internal
use.
extra- = outside, in addition to) An extranet links a company with its customers and
suppliers.
tele- (= over a distance) Teleconferencing enables users in different places to talk to
and see each other.
 Prefixes of size:
super- (= large, better) A supersite offers links to other websites on a certain topic.
semi- (= half, partly) A semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good
insulator (e.g. silicon, used to make computer chips).
micro- (= small) A microbrowser is designed to display web pages on PDAs and
mobile.
Prefixes of size are also used in units of memory like megabyte and gigabyte.
 Another common prefix is re- in words like reprint, rewritable and reboot, to
start the computer again.

Ex. I. Common prefixes. Use words to complete these sentences.

1 Medical researchers in many countries exchange information through email
and __________.
2 ________ memory (e.g. ROM or flash memory) is able to hold data when
switched off.
3 Blogs and web portals are examples of ________; they offer news, opinions
and web links.
24
 4 ________ are used for making integrated circuits and computers.
5 I'll post the agenda for next week’s meeting on the company’s ________.
6 A home network is two or more computers _______ to form a local area
network.

Ex. II. Common prefixes. Complete these definitions with words.

1 _____: a disk that is completely blank, so information can’t be recorded onto

it.
2 _____: a network that allows communication between a company and the
people it deals with.
3 _____: the process of sending data over a communication channel.
4 _____: to restart the computer, without switching it off completely.
5 _____: a web browser designed for small screens on hand-held devices

25
 T O P I C 3. PRACTICAL AMERICANS
I. Read and translate the text.
Throughout the 19 th century, Britain, France and Germany were the
leading sources of new ideas in science and mathematics. These new ideas
included: Dalton's atomic theory, Humphrey Davy's electrochemistry
discoveries, Darwin's theory of biological evolution, Rutherford's th eory of the
atomic nucleus, Marie and Pierre Curie's studies of radioactivity.
The period from 1810 to 1910 was glorious period for science in Western
Europe. Great achievements were made in understanding nature - from the
structure of atoms to the movement of the stars.
Scientific achievements in the United States during the same period were
not so impressive as European developments. However, American scientists
were also working hard. Thousands of products that make life easier, safer and
more enjoyable for people were developed by Americans during the 19 th
century.
The most outstanding American scientist of the
th
19 century was Thomas Alva Edison (1897-1931),
who is the author of more than a thousand original
inventions including an electric lamp. Edison
investigated numerous scientific discoveries to see if
those discoveries could be put into practical use. His
designs were very practical.
Another important application of scientific ideas
to practical uses was provided by the Wright brothers
of Dayton, Ohio. In their small bicycle shop, they
became interested in descriptions of the glider experiments. The brothers
decided to build a flying machine. On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers
flew a controlled, heavier-than-air flying machine.

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What countries were leading in science during the 19 th century?
2. Could you name some of the most outstanding ideas of that time?
3. Did the American science develop at that time?
4. Who was the most outstanding American scientist of the 19 th century?
5. When was the first controlled, heavier-than-air flying machine flown?

26
 ALBERT EINSTEIN

III. Read and translate the text.

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in
Germany. He developed the special and general
theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for
Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric
effect. Einstein is generally considered the most
influential physicist of the 20th century.
Einstein’s father, Hermann Einstein, was
originally a salesman and later ran an electrochemical
factory. His mother ran the family household. He had
one sister, Maria born two years after Albert.
He spent his school years in a special high school
in Switzerland which he graduated in1896.
His years in Zürich, Switzerland, were some of the happiest years of his life. He
met many students who would become loyal friends. He also met his future wife,
Mileva Maric, a fellow physics student from Serbia.
In 1902 Einstein reached perhaps the lowest point in his life. He could not marry
Maric and support a family without a job, and his father’s business went bankrupt.
Later he was recommended for a position as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in
Bern. About then, Einstein’s father became seriously ill and, just before he died, gave
his blessing for his son to marry Maric.
Einstein married Maric on January 6, 1903. Their children, Hans Albert and
Eduard, were born in Bern in 1904 and 1910, respectively. While at the polytechnic
school he had studied Maxwell’s equations, which describe the nature of light, and
discovered that the speed of light remains the same no matter how fast one moves.
This led Einstein to formulate the principle of relativity: “the speed of light is a
constant in any inertial frame (constantly moving frame).”
During 1905 he published four papers in the Annalen der Physik, each of which
would alter the course of modern physics.
In 1905 Einstein also submitted a paper for his doctorate.
Einstein was the first to assemble the theory of relativity and to realize that it
was a universal law of nature.
In 1909 he received the attention of the most influential physicist of his
generation, Max Planck, the founder of the quantum theory.
Einstein was invited to lecture at international meetings and he rose rapidly in
the academic world. He was offered a series of positions at prestigious institutions.

27
 In November 1915 Einstein finally completed the general theory of relativity,
which he considered to be his masterpiece.
Einstein’s work was interrupted by World War I. A lifelong pacifist, he was
only one of four intellectuals in Germany to sign a manifesto opposing Germany’s
entry into war.
In 1921 Einstein began the first of several world tours, visiting the United
States, England, Japan, and France. On his route from Japan, he learned that he had
received the Nobel Prize for Physics.
In December 1932 Einstein decided to leave Germany forever (he would never
go back). His life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine with
Einstein’s picture and the caption “Not Yet Hanged” on the cover. There was even a
price on his head.
Einstein settled at the newly formed Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton,
New Jersey, USA.
To his horror, during the late 1930s, physicists began seriously to consider
whether an atomic bomb was possible.
Einstein became an American citizen in 1940.
When he heard the news that an atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan, he
immediately joined an international group which tried to bring the atomic bomb
under control.
Although Einstein continued to pioneer many key developments in the theory of
general relativity he was increasingly isolated from the rest of the physics
community.
Einstein have been too far ahead of his time. In 1993 a Nobel Prize was awarded
to the discoverers of gravitation waves, predicted by Einstein.
He died in Princeton Hospital on 18 April, 1955, at the age of 76, having
continued to work until near the end.

Vocabulary
fascination – захоплення
inertial [ɪ'nǝ:ʆjǝl] – інерційний
frame – структура, система
to alter – змінювати
caption – напис, підпис

IV. Answer the following questions.

1. When and where was he born?
2. What were his parents?
3. What school did he graduate from?
4. What was the worst period in his life?
28
 5. What had he studied at the polytechnic school?
6. What did he publish during 1905?
7. Whose attention did he receive?
8. What did he complete in 1915?
9. What did he sign about war?
10. What did he receive the Nobel Prize for?
11. Why did he decide to leave Germany?
12. Where did he settle?
13. What did he do when he heard that an atomic bomb had been dropped on
Japan?
14. When did he die?

V. Listen to the audio script. Complete the text with the correct words.
Albert Einstein was a German-born 1)__________, although most people
probably know him as the most intelligent person who 2)__________. His name has
become part of many languages when we want to say someone is a 3)__________, as
in the phrase, “She’s a real Einstein”. He must have been pretty brainy 4)__________
2
the Theory of Relativity and the equation E=mc . In 1999, ‘Time’ magazine named
Einstein as the Person of the Century. No one could have guessed this would happen
when he was at school. He was extremely 5)___________ in science but hated the
system of learning 6)___________. He said it destroyed learning and creativity. He
had already done many experiments, but failed the entrance exams to a
7)___________. He didn’t let this setback stop him. When he was 16, he performed
his famous experiment of imagining traveling alongside a 8)__________ of light. He
eventually 9)__________ university, in 1900, with a degree in physics. Twelve years
later he was a university professor and in 1921, he 10)__________ the Nobel Prize
for Physics. He went on to publish over 300 scientific papers. Einstein is the only
scientist 11)___________ a cult figure, a household name, and part of everyday
culture. He once joked that when people stopped him in the street, he always replied:
"Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein.” Today, he is seen
as the typical mad, absent-minded professor, who just happened 12)___________ our
world.

29
Grammar / Prefixes
VERB PREFIXES
 Prefixes used to form verbs which mean ‘to cause to be something’:
en- encrypt: to change data into a secret code so that only someone with a key can
read it.
up- update: to modify data in a file and thus ensure the file reflects the latest
situation.
upgrade: to add or replace hardware or software in order to expand the
computer’s power.
upload: to send files to a central, often remote computer; compare with
‘download’.

 Prefixes that mean ‘the opposite of an action’ or ‘to reverse an action’:

de- decrypt: to convert secretly coded (encrypted) data back into its original form.
decompress: to restore compressed data back to its original size.
debug: to correct errors in a program or system.
defragment: to reorganize data stored on disk by putting files into contiguous
order.
un- uninstall: to remove hardware or software from a computer system.

THE PREFIXES E- AND CYBER-

 The e- prefix means ‘electronic’; cyber- describes things relating to computer
networks.
e- The term e-leaning refers to the use of ICT to provide education and training.
An e-zine is a magazine or newsletter published online.
E-commerce is the buying and selling of products or services over the Internet.
cyber- The electronic space in which online communication takes place is called
cyberspace.
Cyberslacking means using a company’s Internet access for activities which are
not work-related, e.g. emailing friends, playing games, etc.; it is also called
‘cyberloafing’.

I. Verb prefixes. Complete these sentences with words and make any
necessary changes.
1 The program ran so slowly, I had to un _____ it.
2 Your financial information is fully en _____ and cannot be accessed.
3 Messages encrypted using a public key can only be de_____ by someone with
the corresponding private key.

30
 4 The computer compresses and de_____ a colour image in less than a
second.
5 Once you’ve written a program, you have to rest it and de_____ it to remove
all the errors.
6 In cyberspace, ‘up_____’ means to send a file.
7 You can easily up_____ your files by adding or deleting information.
8 To de_____ your hard disk you need a disk optimizer, a program that will
reorder your files.
9 There are minimum system requirements for your PC to be suitable for _____
to Windows Vista.

II. The prefixes e- and cyber-. Complete this text with words.

The term ‘cyber’ first appeared in the word ‘cybernetics’, coined by Norbert
Wiener in 1948 as the science of communication and control. In the 1960s new
‘cyber’ words emerged, such as cybermen and cyborg, referring to a being that is part
robot, part human. In 1984 William Gibson popularized the term (1)_______ in his
novel Neuromancer. He used it to describe a futuristic, virtual world of computers,
but now it refers to the Internet. Other common words are cyberworld, cybercafe and
cyberphobia (a fear of computers). Companies are now worried about (2)_______:
employees using the Net to do things that have nothing to do with their jobs, e.g. chat
with friends.
The e- prefix is often added to activities that have moved from the physical
world to the electronic alternative, e.g. email and e-shopping. Other well-known
examples are: (3)________, small magazines that are available on the Internet;
(4)________, doing business electronically on the Net; and (5)________, providing
instruction via optical discs, the Web or satellite TV.

31
 T O P I C 4. MASTERS OF INVENTION (INVENTORS OF COMPUTERS)
I. Read the text and speak about inventors of computers.
Charles Babbage
English mathematician Charles Babbage
designed the first, modern computer in the 1830's.
He called it an analytical engine.
If Babbage had been able to get enough money
to build the computer, the analytical engine would
have been as big as a locomotive. It would have been
able to store 1.000 50-digit numbers.
Charles Babbage was born the day after
Christmas in 1792. As a child, he liked to take toys
apart to see how they were made. He loved to work
with maths problems. He eventually became a professor at Cambridge
University in England.
He had a brilliant mind. In addition to designing the forerunner of today's
digital computer, Babbage invented a railroad signal system, a device for
examining eyes, a submarine and a system of flashing lights for lighthouses.
During the 70 years following Babbage's death in 1871, computer scientists
improved on Babbage's original idea.

Howard Aiken
In 1944, Harvard University physicist Howard
Aiken built the forerunner of today's computer.
Aiken's Mark I was the first working digital
binary computer. It used thousands of electrical
switches that clicked on and off to compute data.
When it was running, the switches sounded like the
clicking of knitting needles.
Howard Aiken grew up poor in Indianapolis. He
had to work his way through school, but he made it
through Harvard.
Aiken, like Charles Babbage, had a prickly
personality. While his computer, the Mark I, was being built, he drove the
workers like slaves.
For 16 years the Mark I was used to solve the complex equations needed to
aim the U.S. Navy's big guns. But it was much slower than later computers,
which use electronic components instead of switches.
32
 Vocabulary
submarine - підводний човен
r engine - машина
to store - зберігати
digit number - однозначне число
to take apart - розбирати на частини
equation - рівняння
eventually - згодом
forerunner - попередник
railroad - залізниця
flashing light - сигнальне світло
lighthouse – маяк
switch – перемикач
knitting needle - спиця (в'язальна)
to compute data - обчислювати дані
slave - раб
prickly – колючий
to drive - перевантажувати роботою
gun – гармата
to aim - націлювати
digital computer - цифрова обчислювальна машина
to click on (off) - вмикатися (вимикатися) з клацанням

II. Read the text and solve the clues.

TYPES OF DEVICES AND SERVICES

At present most of the devices used in ICT systems are multi-purpose: mobile
phones can be used as digital cameras or agendas, printers are also scanners and
faxes. Not only is there media integration in the hardware, but also in the services
offered by these telecommunication systems.

Call centres are one example
of computer telephony
integration where companies
use databases and telephones
for telemarketing.
Digital television uses digital technology to
increase the number of channels and their quality
of image. It also enables viewers to interact with
the content and provide feedback to the
programmer via telephone line, cable or satellite.
33
Faxes or telefaxes use Radio has also adopted the digital technology
telecommunication technology DAB, Digital Audio Broadcasting. Most
to send copies of documents digital radio stations are broadcast together
through telephone lines. with television signals.

Teletext is a text-based The Internet, a global network of computers,

information service provided enables users to exchange files, send emails
by television companies. It uses and surf the Web to find information, take part
part of the TV signal and is in e-commerce, etc.
visible on sets with suitable
decoders.
III. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle with words from the text.
Across 2
1 A new radio communication system. 1
3 A system that integrates telephones 3
and computer is a _______ centre.
4 A global system of networks of
4
integrated services.
5 A device used to send and receive
exact copies of documents. 5

Down
1 Similar to interactive TV.
2 Written information you get on
your TV screen.
34
Grammar / Suffixes
COMMON SUFFIXES
Suffixes change the class of the root word. For example, by adding the suffix –er, the
verb publish becomes the noun publisher. Suffixes can tell you if a word is a noun,
adjective, verb or adverb.
Suffixes for jobs:
-er manufacturer The two major manufacturers of processor chips are Intel and
webmaster AMD.
-eer engineer Greg is a software engineer, which means he writes computer
auctioneer programs.
-or animator He worked as a computer animator on Toy Story.
operator
-ant IT consultant She’s a computer consultant and specializes in e-commerce, data
IT assistant protection and IT strategies.
-ian technician A computer technician installs, troubleshoots and upgrades
electrician hardware and software.
-ist typist Anyone who works as a typist may develop a problem with their
scientist hands.
WORD FAMILIES
It is useful to know how to build up word families by adding suffixes. Look at these
examples:
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
magnet, magnetism magnetize magnetic, magnetized magnetically
recorder, recording record recordable, recorded
digitizer, digitizing digitize digital, digitized digitally
Adding a suffix may change the pronunciation. Look at how the stress changes in
these words: photograph photographer photographic photographically

I. Which IT professionals are described here?

1 a person who designs and maintains software applications
2 a person who gives expert, professional advice
3 a person who uses graphics software to make or edit animated pictures
4 a person who is employed to type letters, reports and other documents
5 a person or enterprise that produces goods in large numbers, using machines
6 a specialist in the technical details of computers

II. Complete each sentence using the word in brackets and the correct suffix.
1 IBM’s BIueGene was the most ______ supercomputer. (POWER)
2 Most library databases are ______ via the Internet. (ACCESS)
3 I’ll email my report to you as an ______. (ATTACH)
4 This book will show you how to ______ your small business (COMPUTER)
35
 5 An ______ optical disc allows data to be deleted and new data to be recorded on it.
(ERASE)
6 The growth of the Internet has increased the need for effective data
______.(SECURE)
7 The combination of ______ and new textile materials has made it possible to create
musical jackets and smart shirts that can read our heart rate. (ELECTRON)
8 Bluetooth is a ______ technology designed to connect computers, mobile phones
and other devices, replacing direct cable links. (WIRE)
9 Aircraft flight ______ is used to train pilots. (SIMULATE)

III. Look at the word families and complete these sentences with the correct
word.
1. From kitchen magnets 5 A video _______ is
to computer disks, used to convert analogue
_______ plays a central video into digital video
role in the technology of files.
everyday life. 6 Sound and pictures
2. Hard disks are _______ can be stored _______ as
storage devices. on a CD.

3. My digital voice _______ has a storage capacity of 8 GB.

4. Blu-Ray Disc is a _______ optical disc format developed
by nine electronic manufacturers.

36
 T O P I C 5. FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER
I. Read the text and speak about computers.
The educated man of 200 years ago did not to
know anything about science. Several decades the
educated man did not need to know anything about
computers. But the educated man of today needs to
have some significant knowledge of science and a
little significant knowledge about computers.
The computer is no doubt the most amazing
achievement of mankind. It is a data storage system created by man. A human tells the
machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.
The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.
In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of
Cambridge University designed the first computer. The mathematical programme for
his machine had been composed by Lord Byron’s daughter.
The first programmed computer which operated successfully was built in 1939 by
H. H. Aiken, professor of Harward University.
In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the
Ukrainian Academician S. A. Lebedev in 1950.
Nowadays computers greatly increase man's thinking capabilities of planning,
analyzing, computing and controlling. Millions of computers are already in daily use.
They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy
production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting,
manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses.
There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid. An analogue
computer computes by using physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital
computer computes by using numbers or digits, A hybrid computer is a machine which
combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.
II. Answer the following questions.
1. What kind of knowledge does the educated man of today need?
2. What is the computer?
3. What word does the word computer come from?
4. When was the first computer designed?
5. Who had the mathematical programme for this machine been composed by?
6. When was the first successful computer built?
7. Who constructed the first digital computer in our country?
8. What spheres of our life do computers penetrate?
9. What are the three kinds of computers?
37
 II. Read and translate the text.
A calculator — able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide — was developed by
the famous scientist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who also developed
calculus, binary numbers, and many important ideas in philosophy and logic.
With binary, inventors were able to use punch card systems for the first
electronic computers. International Business Machines (IBM) later took this
technology and made it available for more widespread uses.
To meet missile guidance demands during World War II, IBM and Harvard
University teamed up to create the Harvard Mark I, a mechanical computer eight feet
tall and fifty-one feet wide. This was the first modern computer.
Hewlett-Packard (HP), a technology company started in 1939, developed its first
computer in 1966. The HP 2116A, as it was called, was a controller for several
different instruments. In 1974, HP developed a memory processing system that used
dynamic random access memory chips (DRAM), as opposed to the magnetic cores
that were popular.
The 1960s saw large mainframe computers become much more common in
large industries and with the US military and space program. IBM became the market
leader in selling these large, expensive, error-prone, and very hard to use machines.
The first personal computer was available in 1975: the MITAS Altair computer.
It came in a box and had to be assembled by the purchaser. This was the computer
that inspired Harvard freshman Bill Gates to drop out. The first Apple computer, the
Apple I, was available a year later.
A real explosion of personal computers occurred in the early 1970s, starting
with Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak exhibiting the first Apple II at the First West
Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco. The Apple II boasted built-in BASIC
programming language, color graphics, and a 4100 character memory for only $1298.
Programs and data could be stored on an everyday audio-cassette recorder.
After the Apple I, personal computers became smaller, easier to use, and more
powerful. In 1977, Paul Owen and Bill Gates started the Microsoft Company.
In 1981, Osborne Computers released the Osborne 1 computer, considered to be
the first consumer laptop. It weighed 24.5 pounds and cost $1,795. Once
manufacturers began developing smaller and smaller technology, the personal
computer revolution really took off. Several new computer models came out each
year, each one more powerful than the ones before. Earlier the size of a whole room,
the home computer now fits easily on a small desk.
There are several places to view the evolution of computer technology. The
Computer History Museum is located in Mountain View, California, part of the
famous Silicon Valley. The University of Virginia also has a computer museum, with
pictures of some of the exhibits on their website along with links to other museums.
38
 III. Read the text and decide if the statements are T (True) or F (False).
The First Computer Programmer Ada Lovelace was
the daughter of the poet Lord Byron. She was taught by
Mary Somerville, a well-known researcher and scientific
author, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in June
1833. Babbage was an English mathematician, who first
had the idea for a programmable computer. In 1842 and
1843, Ada translated the work of an Italian mathematician,
Luigi Menabrea, on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. Though
mechanical, this machine was an important step in the
history of computers; it was the design of a mechanical
general-purpose computer. Babbage worked on it for
many years until his death in 1871. However, because of
financial, political, and legal issues, the engine was never built. The design of the
machine was very modern; it anticipated the first completed general-purpose
computers by about 100 years. When Ada translated the article, she added a set of
notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating certain numbers with
the Analytical Engine, which have since been recognized by historians as the world’s
first computer programme. She also saw possibilities in it that Babbage hadn’t: she
realised that the machine could compose pieces of music. The computer programming
language ‘Ada’, used in some aviation and military programmes, is named after her.
l. Ada Lovelace’s teacher introduced her to Charles Babbage.
2. Babbage programmed the first computer.
3. Ada translated the article in 1842.
4. The Analytical Engine was electronic.
5. Luigi Menabrea designed the first computer.
6. Babbage finished the machine before he died.
7. Babbage’s design was ahead of its time.
8. Ada Lovelace noticed that Babbage’s Analytical Engine could make computer
games.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

39
 T O P I C 6. BILL GATES
I. Read the text and speak about Bill Gates.
Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, one of the richest
and most successful persons in the world. Microsoft, the
business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the
world’s largest computer software company, and Gates
was the world’s youngest billionaire at the age of 31.
His full name is William Henry Gates III, and he
was born on 28th October, 1955, in Seattle, USA. At
school Bill soon showed that he was very intelligent, and
especially good at Maths and Science. His parents
decided to send him to Lakeside, the private school
where he first began to use computers. 13-year-old Bill
Gates and his school friend Paul Allen were soon
spending all their time writing programs and learning about computers instead of
doing their schoolwork.
After finishing school in 1973, Bill went to Harvard. The next year, he and Paul
Alien wrote an operating program for the Altair, one of the first microcomputers. The
two friends started Microsoft in 1975, and Gates left Harvard.
Since then, the company has continued to grow, producing most of the world’s
leading PC software. One reason for his success is that Gates has always been very
ambitious and hardworking. In 1995 he wrote his best-seller, The Road Ahead.
Bill has mixed feelings about spending so much time running Microsoft. “There
are a lot of experiences I haven’t had, but I do like my job,” he says. When he has
some time to relax, he likes puzzles, golf and reading about science.
For such a rich person, his life is simple, and he spends little on himself and his
family. When it comes to helping others, though, Gates is very generous. He has
already given huge amounts of money to charity.

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What's Bill Gates? When and where was he born?
2. What school did he finish?
3. How did he spend his free time at school?
4. What university did he enter?
5. Did he graduate from it? Why not?
6. What have he and Paul Alien done together?
7. Why has Gates been so successful?
8. What does he do in his free time?
9. Is Bill Gates generous or greedy?
40
 III. Complete the text with the correct words from the box.
leap, successful, public, between, footsteps, aptitude, opportunity, acquired,
part-time, adapted, fascinated, around, inexpensive, precociously, to excel

William H. Gates III was born in Seattle, Washington, the second of three
children, in 1)_______ an older and a younger sister. His father was a 2)________
attorney, and it was expected that young Bill would follow in his father’s 3)_______.
He was a notably gifted student who did well in all subjects but showed a special
4)_______ for mathematics. When he was 13, his parents believed he was not being
challenged in his 5)_______ school and enrolled him in the private and highly
demanding Lakeside School. The school 6)_______ a computer terminal, and young
Bill Gates was immediately 7)_______. He and a small group of friends, including
his future business partner Paul Allen, took every 8)_______ to explore the
possibilities of the new technology, teaching themselves the basics of computer
programming.
Soon Gates and his friends were working 9)_______ and summers, writing
computer programs for large businesses 10)________ the Seattle area. Although they
were all 11)_______ gifted programmers, it became clear that Gates had a unique
talent for business as well, and he quickly emerged as the leader of the group.
Meanwhile, Gates continued 12)_______ in his studies and followed his
parents’ wishes by going to Harvard. Paul Allen soon moved to Boston to work for
Honeywell and continue their collaboration. No one had yet developed software for
13)_______ microcomputers, and the young programmers saw a unique opportunity.
They 14)_______ the computer language BASIC to run on the new device Altair
8800, although they had never actually seen one. Gates and Allen saw this as the
beginning of a new industry. Gates left Harvard at the beginning of his junior year to
make the 15)_______ into the world of business. Along with Paul Allen, he moved to
New Mexico at the end of 1975 to produce software for MITS. The following year,
they started their own company, Microsoft.

IV. Listen to the audio script. Complete the text with the correct words.
William Henry Gates III was born on October 28, 1955. He is one of the world's
richest people and perhaps the most 1)__________ businessman ever. He co-founded
the software 2)__________ Microsoft and turned it into the world’s largest software
company. He is the best-known entrepreneur of the PC 3)__________. He has also
written two best-selling books and started his own 4)__________ with his wife. Gates
was fascinated with 5)__________ from a young age. In 1975 he read about a small
6)___________ company. He contacted them to see if they were interested in a
computer programme he 7)___________. This led to the creation of Microsoft. Gates
41
8)__________ struck a deal with IBM that put Microsoft's Windows on IBM
computers. This deal made Microsoft a major player in the IT industry. Gates was
9)__________ at Microsoft from 1975 until 2006. He was an active software
10)___________ at the beginning. He had a vision that computers 11)___________
everyone’s life. He helped make this 12)___________ come true and developed
many products that are now part of modern life. His management style has been
studied and copied around the world. Gates stepped down as Microsoft CEO (chief
executive officer) in June 2008. He now 13)___________ his time with his wife,
Melinda, focusing on their charitable 14)___________. They provide funds for global
problems that are ignored by governments and other organizations. ‘Time’ magazine
15)____________ Gates as one of the biggest influences of the 20th Century.
Scientists named the Bill Gates flower fly after him.
V. Read and translate the text.

ICT SYSTEMS: COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS

ICT systems are much more than computers. An ICT system involves the use of
computers or other types of hardware to meet a specific need. A LAN, local area
network, can be an example of an ICT system, but interactive television and the
database of a library are types of systems too.
ICT systems have these components:
 software, instructions and data
 hardware, computers and other devices
 personnel, people who use, design, control or benefit from the system.
The components perform these basic functions:
 input, the data is collected and entered
 processing, data is changed or manipulated
 output, the results are shown
 communication and feedback, the results are sent out and new data is
collected and entered in the system
 memory or storage of data.
42
 VI. Fill in the diagram of components and functions of ICT systems with
words from the text.

43
 T O P I C 7. MICROSOFT CORPORATION
I. Read and translate the text.
Microsoft Corporation, American computer software
company, was founded in 1975 by William H. Gates III and Paul
Allen, after they had collaborated on the first version of the
BASIC programming language for the Altair, the first personal
computer (PC). Microsoft was originally located in Albuquerque,
New Mexico, but in 1979 it moved to Redmond, Washington.
In 1981 Microsoft began diversifying beyond the programming language market
when it released MS-DOS, the operating system for the personal computer produced
by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Microsoft later introduced a
graphical operating system Windows. Increasingly powerful Windows systems
appeared over the years. Another significant aspect of Microsoft's activities has been
its business application software. In 1984 Microsoft was one of the few software
companies to develop application software such as word-processing and spreadsheet
programs.
Other product areas include local area network (LAN) systems that link
computers, and hardware such as the Microsoft Mouse pointing device. Microsoft has
also expanded into the development of database software and multimedia products
that range from children's products to reference material. In 1995 Microsoft
announced a joint venture with Dream Works SKG to launch a new company initially
called Dream Works Interactive, concentrating on interactive multimedia
entertainment programs. Microsoft launched the Microsoft Network (MSN), an
Internet online service that provides Internet access and a variety of content, such as
news, special-interest information, and reference material.
Vocabulary
to diversify – урізноманітнити
application software – прикладна програма
word processor – текстовий редактор
spreadsheet – електронна таблиця
local area network – локальна мережа
pointing device – пристрій управління курсором
to range – (тут) бути різноманітним
reference material – довідковий матеріал
joint venture – спільне підприємство
to launch a company – заснувати компанію
to provide access – забезпечувати доступ
II. Answer the following questions.
1. When was Microsoft Corporation founded?
2. What are the most significant aspects of Microsoft’s business?
44
 II. Listen to the audio script. Arrange the following computer terms in the correct
order.

menu, file, a laptop, a mouse, memory, a mainframe computer,

modem, a printer, monitor, software
1)_________ A small, portable computer that runs on either batteries or AC power,
designed for use during travel.
2)_________ A high-level computer designed for the most intensive computational
tasks.
3)_________ A common pointing device.
4)_________ A computer peripheral that puts text or a cpmputer-generated image on
paper or on another medium.
5)_________ Computer programs; instructions that make hardware work.
6)_________ The device on which images generated by the computer’s video adapter
are displayed.
7)_________ A communications device that enables a computer to transmit information
over a standard telephone line.
8)_________ A complete, named collection of information, such as a program, a set of
data used by a program, or a user-created document.
9)_________ Circuitry that allows information to be stored and retrieved.
10)_________ A list of options from wich a program user can make a selection in order
to perform a desired action, such as choosing a command or applying a format.

45
 T O P I C 8. KYIV, THE HOME CITY OF MECM
I. Read the text and speak about S.A. Lebedev.
MECM was conceived by S.A. Lebedev
to be a model of a Big Electronic Computing
Machine (BECM). At first it was called the
Model of the Big Electronic Computing
Machine, but later in the process of its
creation it was transformed into a small
computer. There were added: the input-output
devices, magnetic drum storage, the register
capacity was enhanced; and the word “Model” was changed for “Malaya” (Small).
S.A. Lebedev was proposed to head the Institute of Energetics in Kyiv. After a
year, when the Institute was divided into two departments: the electronical one and
the department of heat-and-power engineering, Lebedev became the director of the
first one. At once he began to work on computer science. Since autumn 1948
Lebedev directed his laboratory towards creating the MECM. The most difficult part
of the work was the practical creation of MECM. The hall at the ground-floor of a
two-storied building was assigned for MECM and when, at last, the MECM was
assembled and switched on 6.000 of red-hot electronic lamps created the “tropics” in
the hall, so they had to remove a part of the ceiling to decrease the temperature.
Finally all the tests were over and on 15 December, 1951 MECM was put into
operation.
Only 12 people (including Lebedev) took part in the creating who were helped
by 15 engineers. We can say that S.A. Lebedev and his team accomplished a feat
(200 engineers and many workers besides 13 main leaders took part in the creation of
the first American computer).
As life has shown the foundations of the computer-building laid by Lebedev are
used in modern computers without any fundamental changes. Nowadays they are
well known:
- such devices an arithmetic and memory units; input-output and control ones
should be a part of a computer architecture;
- the program of computing is encoded and stored in the memory as numbers;
- the binary system should be used for encoding the numbers and commands;
- the computation should be made automatically basing on the program stored in
the memory.
Vocabulary
to conceive - задумувати, замислити (щось)
creation - створення
to transform - перетворювати
46
 for that reason - з цієї причини
to enhance - збільшувати
heat-and-power engineering- теплоенергетика
already existing - вже існуючий
many-sided experience - багатогранний досвід
to fulfill a task - виконувати завдання
to assign - призначати
to decrease the temperature - зменшити температуру
to put into operation – ввести в дію
to assemble - збирати, складати, будувати
to accomplish a feat - здійснювати подвиг
device - прилад, пристрій
encoded - закодований
to store - зберігати, запам’ятовувати
binary system -двійкова система
computation - розрахунки
basing on – на основі, нa базі

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Who was MECM conceived by?
2. How was MECM called at first?
3. What devices were added to it?
4. What department did S.A.Lebeder head at the Institute of Energetics in Kyiv?
5. When did Lebeder direct his laboratory towards creating MECM?
6. When was the machine put into operation?
7. Why can the creation of MECM be called a feat?

III. Complete the text with the correct words from the box.
persuaded, purpose, a suburb, was defined, large-scale, appeared,
equations, career, a degree, launched, together, a little later
Lebedev started his scientific 1)________ as a “Junior scientific collaborator”.
However, soon he headed a research team and 2)________ a research laboratory,
“Laboratory of Electric Networks”. In 1933 he published a monograph, “Stability of
Parallel Operation of Electric Systems”, 3)_________ with his colleague A.S.
Zhdanov. In 1935 Lebedev was awarded a professorship and in 1939 he submitted
thesis of doctoral dissertation and received 4)_________, “Doctor of Technical
Sciences”, thus skipping preliminary degree, “Candidate of Technical Sciences”
(PhD).
47
 At the end of the war, in 1945, Lebedev created the first electronic analogue
computer for solving systems of ordinary differential 5)_________ - a “common
calculation tool” at the electrical power engineering. Already before the war
Lebedev demonstrated interest in facilitated computations. Lebedev also
experimented with binary arithmetic. Intensive development of power engineering
in civil area, as well as progress of nuclear physics researches and beginning rocket
construction caused urgent need in precise 7)_________ facilitated computations.
Some information already 8)_________ about the first foreign electronic computing
machines. Later, leading scientists of Kiev such as academician V.M. Glushkov or
O.A. Bogomolets - the younger and mathematician S.G. Krein (who was the first
programmer for Lebedev), remembered that it was M.A. Lavrentyev who
9)_________ him to start practical work on electronic computers. Lavrentev himself
learned about them from commercial advertising in some technical journals, which
O.A. Bogomolets had brought from some of his trips to Switzerland.
In the autumn 1948 Lebedev 10)_________ regular work on creation of the
Small Electronic Computing Machine (MESM). First of all the complete set of
necessary mathematical operations to be performed by the computer should be
defined. For that 11)________ Lebedev invited to Kiev leading experts, physicist
A.A. Dorodnitsin and mathematician K.A. Semendyaev.
By the end of 1949, all design calculations were completed and the basic
structure of the computer 11)_________. In 1950 MESM was assembled in
12)_________ of Kiev - Feofania (Theofania).

IV. Who made these inventions?

a) Howard Aiken, an American

1. Electricity. England, 1831
mathematician.
d) Serhii Lebedev, a member of the
2. Electric light lamp. USA, 1897
Academy of Science of Ukraine

3. Telephone. Canada, 1876 c) John Baird, a Scottish inventor

4. Television. Scotland, 1925 d) Michael Faraday, an English scientist

5. Computer. The USA, 1939 e) Alexander Bell, a Scottish inventor

6. Computing machine MECM. Kyiv,

f) Thomas Edison, an American scientist
1951

48
 T O P I C 9. MODERN TECHNOLOGY
I. Read and translate the text.

Modern technology has had great effect on our lives, both at home and at
work. Labour-saving devices such as washing machines, dishwashers and
microwave ovens have made our life much easier, and mean that less time is
needed to do things like washing and cleaning. Unfortunately, all the white
goods that we buy need electricity, and we are using up the earth’s natural
resources. Also when we throw away old fridges, microwaves, etc., it can have
a very bad effect on environment In the office computers, email, and
photocopiers have revolutionized the way we work. People in different parts of
the world can communicate with each other instantly and business can be done
much more quickly. The business world is constantly changing. The end result is
that workers have to change jobs much more often and learn new skills.

II. Read about the inventions and guess what they are:
A) This is an instrument that converts voice and sounds signals into
electrical impulses for transmission by wire to a different location, where
another object receives the electrical impulses and turns them back into sounds.
Alexander Graham Bell invented it in 1875.
B) In 1884, Paul Nipkow sent images over wires using a rotating metal
disk technology with 18 lines of resolution. This invention then evolved along
two paths, mechanical and electronic. American Charles Jenkins and Scotsman
John Baird followed the mechanical model while Philo Farnsworth, working
independently in San Francisco, and the Russian emigrant Vladimir Zworykin,
working for Westinghouse and later RCA, advanced the electronic model.
C) In 1769, the very first road vehicle was invented by the French
mechanic Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. However, it was a steam- powered model. In
1885, Karl Benz designed and built the world’s first practical model to be
powered by an internal-combustion engine.
49
 III. Read and translate the text.
THE WORLD OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Nowadays people live in
information era, when information is
the engine of progress. World society
needs perfect means of information
exchange that is why all types of
telecommunication are under the
permanent developing. New
technologies in electronics continue
developing. Computers become more compact, faster and inexpensive. Fibre-optic
cables are the backbone of modern telecommunications.
Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means.
Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets to use working
time more effectively. The main service of a mobile connection operator is
providing high quality connection. Today we can connect straight to the Internet
using our video cell phone.
Telephones are as much a part of infrastructure as roads or electricity, and
competition will make them cheaper. Most important of all, by cutting out the need
to install costly cables and microwave transmitters, the new telephones could be a
boon to the remote regions of the earth.
Telecommunications change the world very much and quickly and probably
will change the human being in the coming few decades.

IV. Answer the following questions.

1. What does the world society need now?
2. What do cell phones let us do?
3. What is the main service of a mobile operator?
4. How can we connect to the Internet?
V. Read and complete the text "The Benefits of Modern Technology".
For each of the empty spaces choose the correct answer

THE BENEFITS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

Modern technology has brought about enormous improvements in
communications and yet many people are still very worried 1)_______ using the
latest computer technology. I am often surprised to meet people who still don't
know what the 'e' in e-mail stands for and they are too 2)________ to ask. They
assume you have to be skilled 3)________ computers to send a message via e-mail
but in fact it is the simplest thing in the world.
50
 It is also cheaper to send an e-mail message than to send an ordinary letter or
a 'snail' message which also takes much longer. An e-mail message is
only 4)________ more expensive than a local telephone call to send; on top of the
call itself you also have to pay a fee to your 'server'. If you send a letter
by 5)________ mail it will take a couple of days to get there whereas an e-mail
will not take longer than a few seconds.
Once you become 6)________ to using the system you will be amazed at how
much more 7)_________ it is than other means of communication. Of course,
before you have access to e-mail, you will need a fairly powerful computer, which
can be quite expensive.

A B C D
1 about for at with as
2 embarrassing embarrassed exhausting exhausted
3 into about to in
4 little slightly less least
5 second-hand low-paid part-time first-class
6 capable accustomed clever good
7 confident certain efficient skilful

VI. Read and translate the text.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY
Today, technology is very important because it is used for almost everything
and like everything, technology has advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of technology
First, the evolution of technology is beneficial to humans for several reasons.
At the medical level, technology can help treat more sick people and consequently
save many lives and combat very harmful viruses and bacteria.
The invention of the computer was a very important point. Communication is
thus enhanced, and companies can communicate more easily with foreign
countries. Research is also simplified.
For companies, progress in implementing strategic technology trends is
helping them save time and therefore, money. Exchanges are faster especially with
the Internet. Sales and purchases are now facilitated and possible worldwide. This
allows businesses to buy raw materials with discounts or at reduced prices.
Similarly, global tourism has grown.
51
 Technology has also increased the productivity of almost every industry in the
world. Thanks to technology, we can even pay with bitcoins instead of using
banks. The digital coin has been such a game changing factor, that many realised
that this is the right time to open a bitcoin demo account.
When observed more closely, new things are discovered every day. In the
modern industrial world, machines carry out most of the agricultural and industrial
work and as a result, workers produce much more goods than a century ago and
work less. They have more time to exercise and work in safer environments.

Disadvantages and risks of technology

On the other hand, the evolution of modern technology has disadvantages, for
example, dependence on new technology. Man no longer needs to think. Even if
the calculator is a good invention, man no longer makes mental calculation and no
longer works his memory. The decline of human capital implies an increase in
unemployment. In some areas, devices can replace the human mind.
The use of technology certainly needs rule and new laws. For example
internet use is an individual freedom. However, the invention of the atomic bomb
cannot be an individual freedom. In fact, regulations are difficult to implement
when these technologies are introduced.
Finally, as most technological discoveries aim to reduce human effort, it
would imply that more work is done by machines. This equates to less work for
people: the human is becoming ever so obsolete by the day, as processes become
automated and jobs are made redundant.

VII. Complete the text with the correct words from the box.

CONTACTLESS PAYMENT

magnetic stripes, the thief, to intercept, the merchant,

to purchase, a consumer, terminal, contactless payment,
the global society, cash, payment device, network technology

IT technologies are constantly evolving. The world has changed over the past
2 years. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed 1)_________. Distance learning,
contactless customer service, or take-out sales are made possible by 2)_________.
Some people fear that paper bills and coins can be a source of viruses. Many
people have stopped using 3)_________ because they’re worried about the
coronavirus or other health concerns. People buy a lot of goods online because it is
cheaper and safer.
52
 The term contactless payment refers to a secure method for consumers
4)_________ products or services using a debit, credit, smartcard, or another
5)_________ by using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and near-
field communication (NFC). To use the system, 6)_________ taps the payment
card near a point-of-sale 7)_________ equipped with the technology.
8)_________ is considered a quick and easy way to pay since it doesn't
require consumers to input a PIN. Contactless payment cuts down the risk to both
the consumer and 9)_________. That's because they're more secure than using
10)_________ on the back of payment cards. Information submitted through the
merchant terminal through contactless payment, on the other hand, is encrypted,
meaning it is difficult 11)_________ and steal. The range at which a card can be
read is very short and, even if 12)_________ is close enough to grab data, they
can't create a copy of the card. That said, chip and PIN cards are still the most
secure, as they can't be duplicated and require data not contained anywhere else on
the card.

53
 T O P I C 10. MOBILE PHONES
I. Read and translate the text.
The invention of mobile phones, or a
cell phones as it’s alternately called, is
credited to Dr. Martin Cooper at Motorola.
He made the first successful call over the
system on April 3, 1973. The mobile phone
has radically changed the world since its
introduction in 1973.
With each year more and more people
own one. Most families typically have two
or three. The ability to easily communicate to anyone, anywhere, is powerful.
A mobile phone allows you to use telephone service from almost
anywhere. A mobile phone allows you more range and allows you to
communicate much further from virtually anywhere in the city, country, or
world. You have the ability to make a telephone call or receive one wherever
you happen to be with your mobile phone.
Since the mobile phone is a combination of a telephone and a radio, these
two devices are the building blocks upon which the mobile phone was
developed. In addition, tiny computers (microprocessors) are needed to control
the radio and its connection to the nearest base station.
Mobile phones come in many different configurations. Most are about the
size of a candy bar and have a display and a keypad. Some configurations come
with a flip that opens up to show the display and the keypad thereby keeping it
protected. Cell phones are available big and small, simple and complex. Some
just make simple phone calls; others have tiny cameras, mp3 players, digital
organizers built into them. Some of the newer models can even allow you to use
the Internet over them, browse various services such as news, or movies. New
models are always being introduced. New fashions, new technology, more
features, cheaper cost, better performance keep the market place filled with
plenty of choices.
Vocabulary
cell phone - стільниковий телефон
to credit to - приписувати (комусь)
cordless - безпровідний
to be available - бути доступним (наявним)
to browse - переглядати
tiny - мініатюрний
54
 II. Answer the following questions.
1. Who is the invention of the mobile phone credited to?
2. When was the first successful call made?
3. What are the building blocks of the mobile phone?
4. What does a mobile phone allow you to do?

III. Complete this text about basic principles of mobile telephony.

roaming, cells, range, cellular phones, coverage, base stations

Mobile phones, also called (1) ___________ or cell phones for short, need a
network of towers or antennas to transmit calls. In a cellular system, a city is divided
into smaller sections or (2) ___________ where the (3) ___________ usually
occupy a central position. When you are outside your service provider’s
(4) ___________ area, your telephone may become out of (5) ____________ unless
your telephone allows (6) ____________, i.e. the ability to use another service
provider’s network.

IV. Label the mobile phone with features from the box.

LCD screen, Brand, Built-in camera, Changeable faceplate, Wireless support

SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module), Keypad, Ringtone

55
 V. In pairs, discuss these questions.
1. Can you send MMS (multimedia messages) from your mobile?
2. Do you access the Internet from your mobile? Which sites do you visit?
3. Can you listen to music and watch TV on your mobile?
4. Do you use your mobile phone for business? Do you think it is secure to carry out
financial transactions via mobile phones?
5. Do you ever use your phone while driving?
6. Have you ever had to use your phone in an emergency?
7. Do you think that prolonged use of mobile phones can affect our health (for example
cause fatigue and headaches, emit radiation, excite brain cells, etc.)?

VI. Listen to the audio script. Complete the text with the correct words.
How important to you is your mobile phone? Do you really need it? In the 1980s
there 1)___________ mobile phones. People still 2)__________ to phone their family
and friends and do business. 3)___________ there were more public telephones then.
There was a telephone box pretty much on every 4)__________. I wonder
5)__________ mobile phones are a good or bad thing. For sure, they are very
6)__________, but they can also be a nuisance. There’s nothing 7)__________ than
talking to someone and then they ignore you for ten minutes while they answer their
phone. I 8)__________ people on a date and one person chats on the phone for 30
minutes. How would life change for you if you 9)__________ a mobile? Would you
miss listening to other people’s 10)__________ on the train?
56
 T O P I C 11. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

I. Read and translate the text.

The computer industry is one of the
largest in many countries. It includes
companies that manufacture, sell and lease
computers, as well as companies that supply
products and services for people working
with computers.
Computers are getting deeper and
deeper into our life. They are indispensable
in space research, communication, medicine,
metallurgy, information technology, light industry and many other branches of
industry. Many countries have introduced computers into agriculture,
education, transport and many other spheres. Computers provide security and
safety of various processes.
Computers in business are used to process data. This involves different
administrative functions such as preparation of payrolls, inventory control,
warehousing and distribution operations, customer accounting, billing by
banks, insurance companies, public utilities and mass circulation magazines.
Now the computer takes on new kinds of jobs. It has become more involved in
business operations as an essential tool in making decisions at the highest
administrative level. In short they help to carry out increasingly complex
tasks.
Vocabulary
to apply застосовувати
application застосування
to lease здавати в оренду
indispensable необхідний
security безпека, охорона
safety безпека
preparation of payrolls підготовка відомостей
inventory control інвентаризаційний контроль
warehousing складування товару
distribution operations розподільчі операції
customer accounting розрахунок з клієнтом
billing by banks банківські розрахунки
to carry out a task виконувати завдання
public utilities комунальні послуги

57
 II. Listen to the audio script and complete the text with the correct words.
It’s hard 1)_______ that no one had computers 2)________. I wonder how
people lived. There must have been 3)________ paperwork. I can’t 4)________
writing everything by hand. I also wonder how everything worked 5)________. We
need computers today for everything. Hospitals, airports, the police… 6)________
can work without computers. I’m sure I’d be ten times 7)_________ than now if I
didn’t have a computer. Imagine having 8)_________ a piece of paper and an
envelope and then walking down the street 9)_________ a letter! I love my computer.
It 10)_________ everything in my life so convenient. Sure, it freezes and
11)_________ sometimes. Sure I 12)_________ some data. But that’s not often.
Most of the time my computer is like my best friend.

III. The Passive Voice. Choose the correct answers paying attention to the modal
verbs “have”, “be”.

1. A lot of new personal computers _______________ for modrn users.

a) are developing
b) are being developed
c) developed
2. All the computers ___________ on the base of microprocessors.
a) are making
b) made
c) are made

58
 3. First micros ___________ to computer hobbyists in 1975.
a) had sold
b) were sold
c) will be sold
4. We ___________ in the characteristics of this new model.
a) are interesting
b) interested
c) are interested
5. The problem of computer literacy ____________.
a) should solve
b) should be solving
c) should be solved
6. Manufacturing of computers ____________ greatly.
a) has increased
b) has been increased
c) have increased
7. Some computer programs ___________ by superior ones.
a) will replace
b) will be to replace
c) will be replaced
8. New antivirus programmes ____________.
a) are to be worked out
b) are working out
c) was worked out
9. Nowadays computers ___________ in all industries.
a) аге using
b) are being used
c) will be used
10. Special purpose computers ____________ at the bank and in the laboratory, in your car
and at the grocery shop.
a) are used
b) are using
c) was using
11. Experts ____________ new programs to replace old ones.
a) have develop
b) have to develop
c) have to be develop
12. Security and safety of your computer ____________ very high.
a) is be
b) is to be
c) is to being

59
 T O P I C 12. PERSONAL COMPUTER. BASIC INFORMATION

I. Read and translate the text.

A personal computer (PC) (1) is a
complete microcomputer that is based on a
microprocessor (2), a small semiconductor
chip (3) that performs the operations of a
central processing unit (4), or CPU.A PC
also has other integrated circuits (5). It is
designed for use by a single user and usually
includes a keyboard (6) and a monitor (7),
or video display terminal (8).
Two of the chief measures of computing power (9) are computer memory size
(10) and processing speed (11). The unit of memory is a byte, which can hold one
character of a text (12).A kilobyte (Kbyte) is 1,024 bytes, a megabyte (Mbyte) is
1,024 Kbytes, and a gigabyte (Gbyte) is 1,024 Mbytes. These measures have been
used to distinguish PCs from larger minicomputers (13) and mainframe computers
(14), but the increasing power of the PC has blurred these distinctions. The memory
capacity (15) of early PCs was often as small as 16 Kbytes, but by the late 1990s
typical PCs were equipped with 16 to 64 Mbytes of memory. This can often be
expanded (16) to 256 Mbytes or even several Gbytes in a workstation (17), which is
the most powerful form of PC.
The processing speed of PCs is commonly specified by the speed of the
electronic clock (18) that controls internal operations (19). The latter measure is
most commonly used with PCs. Early PCs had clock speeds of one or two megahertz
(MHz), but speeds of 450 MHz or more are possible in modern designs. A computer
system consists of three parts: the CPU, input-output devices (I/O devices) (20),
and memory.

II. Find the English equivalents in the text and learn them:
1. персональний комп`ютер 11. швидкiсть обробки даних
2. мiкропроцесор 12. символ тексту
3. напiвпроводниковий чiп 13. мiнiстанцiя
4. центральний процесор 14. унiверсальна обчислювальна машина
5. iнтегральнi схеми 15. обсяг пам`ятi
6. клавiатура 16. розширювати
7. монiтор 17. робоча станцiя
8. вiдеотермiнал 18. тактова частота
9. обчислювальнi можливостi 19. внутрішні операції
10. обсяг пам`ятi 20. пристрої вводу-виводу

60
 HOW A COMPUTER WORKS
II. Read and translate the text.
When you use a keyboard to give
input to a computer, the CPU receives it as
a series of bits, or on/off instructions for its
electrical circuits. Each character or space
in the input requires one byte, which is
eight bits.
Many people use computers without
writing their own programs. Instead, they
use the computers built - in programs along
with packaged software.
A computer's operating system consists of prewritten instructions that make it
possible for the computer to run application software and accept input from you.
To store information on disks, a computer uses the 0's and 1's of the binary
system to represent the opposing forces of a magnetic field.
Even among floppy disks of the same size, some can hold more information than
others. A disk operating system formats a disk by dividing it into tracks and sectors.
A program is made up of numbered program lines, each containing one or more
instructions. A computer carries out the instruction in the numerical order of the line
numbers.
You can make a change in a program line by retyping it. You can remove the
line by typing its number and pressing the RETURN key. You can add a line to a
program by giving the new line a number between the number of the lines above and
below it.
The system command RUN tells a computer to carry out the instructions in a
program. A LIST command tells the computer to list the program lines in its
memory. A NEW command clear the computer's memory.

Vocabulary
electrical circuit - електричне коло, схема
to require - вимагати, потребувати
application software - прикладна програма
to carry out - здійснювати, виконувати
to remove - видаляти
to clear the memory - видаляти (щось) із пам'яті

61
 II. Match the English and Ukrainian variants:
1. mainframe computer a. пристрої збереження інформації
2. laptop b. програмне забезпечення
3. integrated circuit c. вводити данні
4. processing speed d. пристрої вводу/виводу
5. hardware e. сенсорна панель
6. software f. апаратне забезпечення
7. central processing unit g. обробляти данні
8. input/output devices h. об'єм пам'яті
9. keyboard i. універсальний комп'ютер
10. touchpad j. інтегральна схема
11. storage devices k. швидкість обробки даних
12. memory capacity l. центральний процесор
13. to enter data m. ноутбук
14. to process data n. клавіатура

III. Choose the correct answers.

TEST / Electronics
1. Electronics is the study and utilization of systems that function by guiding electron
flow in _______ such as semiconductors.
a) contrivances
b) devices
c) pieces
d) servers
2. Designing and building electronic circuits to solve _______ problems is the
mandate of electronics engineering.
a) parallel
b) practical
c) partial
d) production
3. Research into innovative semiconductor technology and applications is considered a
_______ of physics.
a) branch
b) responsibility
c) segment
d) subsidiary
4. Electronic circuits are mainly used to control, process and distribute information,
and for the _______ and distribution of electric power.

62
 a) commutation
b) contamination
c) conversation
d) conversion
5. These two purposes rely on the creation and detection of electromagnetic _______
and electrical currents.
a) fields
b) floors
c) grounds
d) surfaces
6. The rapid modern advancement of electronics began in _______ with the
introduction of the radio.
a) earnest
b) enthusiasm
c) secret
d) sincerity
7. There are three divisions to an electronics system, an example of which is a
television _______ .
a) box
b) case
c) kit
d) set
8. First, the input is a broadcast signal either received by its antenna or _______ in
through a cable.
a) cued
b) fed
c) led
d) sped
9. Second, processing circuits inside the TV _______ the brightness, colour and audio
data from this signal.
a) contract
b) detract
c) extract
d) retract
10. Third and last, its output apparatus, a cathode ray tube, changes the electronic
signals into a _______ image on its screen.
a) vague
b) valuable
c) viable
d) visible

63
 IV. Choose the correct answers.
TEST / Computer
1. Without the right software I'm afraid you can't _______ that particular program.
a) reach
b) access
c) obtain
d) find
2. The aim of the office manager is to _______ enough room on the building plans so
that each employee can have space for a personal computer.
a) arrange
b) accord
c) allocate
d) organize
3. Remember that before you leave your workstation, always _______ your computer.
a) shut out
b) shut up
c) shut in
d) shut down
4. It's quite easy if you want to find folders and files on the computer, all you do is
click here and it immediately starts _______.
a) seeking
b) searching
c) looking
d) checking
5. I have tried and tried again and again and no matter what I do it still shows "error" -
I just can't _______ what's wrong.
a) look out
b) check out
c) figure out
d) bring out
6. I spent hours writing that report and checking all the information was correct and
then without thinking I pressed the _______ button.
a) 'destroy'
b) 'delete'
c) 'deface'
d) 'deny'
7. It's a really clever piece of software because it enables you to _______ on your
screen all the information in columns.
a) illustrate
b) depict
c) display
d) delineate
64
 8. Unfortunately this program is not _______ with the operating system on my
computer.
a) amicable
b) compatible
c) adaptable
d) amenable
9. When you see that particular symbol on the screen, you have to take that as a
_______ that something is wrong.
a) indicating
b) checking
c) briefing
d) warning
10. With this program you can always check your spelling and grammar and if you
don't want to accept what it shows, you simply press _______.
a) 'ignore'
b) 'quit'
c) 'leave'
d) 'forget'

65
 T O P I C 13. TYPES OF COMPUTERS
I. Read the text and speak about types of computers.

A mainframe is the most powerful type of computer. It

can process and store large amounts of data. It supports
multiple users at the same time and can support more
simultaneous processes than a PC. The central system is a
large server connected to hundreds of terminals over a
network. Mainframes are used for large-scale computing
purposes in banks, big companies and universities.
A desktop PC has its own processing unit (or CPU),
monitor and keyboard. It is used as a personal computer in
the home or for group work. Typical examples are the IBM
PC and the Apple Macintosh. It’s designed to be placed on
your desk.
A laptop (also called a notebook PC) is a lightweight
computer that you can transport easily. It can work as fast as
a desktop PC, with similar processors, memory capacity, and
disk drive, but it is portable and has a smaller screen.
Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into the
keyboard – a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the
pointer on the screen.
They offer a lot connectivity options: USB (Universal Serial Bus) port for
connecting peripherals, slots for memory cards, etc.
A tablet PC looks like a book, with an LCD screen on
which you can write using a special digital pen. You can fold
and rotate the screen 180 degrees. You can also type at the
detached keyboard or use voice recognition. It’s mobile and
versatile.
A personal digital assistant or PDA is a tiny computer
which can be held in one hand. The term PDA refers to a
wide variety of hand-held devices, palmtops and pocket PCs.
For input, you type at a small keyboard or use a stylus – a special pen used with a
touch screen to select items, draw pictures, etc. Some models incorporate handwriting
recognition, which enables a PDA to recognize characters written by hand. Some
PDAs recognize spoken words by using voice recognition software.
They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for notes, and
addresses. They also let you access the Internet via wireless technology, without
cables.
66
 A wearable computer runs on batteries and is worn on
the user’s body, e.g. on a belt, backpack or vest; it is
designed for mobile or hands-free operation. Some devices
are equipped with a wireless modem, a small keyboard and
a screen; others are voice-activated and can access email or
voice mail.

Vocabulary
mainframe - універсальна обчислювальна система
workstation - робоча станція
large amount of data –великий об’єм інформації
memory capacity – об’єм пам’яті
touchpad –сенсорна панель
pointer –курсор = cursor
tablet PC –планшетний комп’ютер
digital pen/stylus – цифрове перо,стілус
tiny –мініатюрний
detached - приєднаний
handwriting recognition – розпізнавання рукописного тексту
item – елемент(даних),пункт
to access the internet - мати доступ до інтернету

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the most powerful type of computer?
2. Where are mainframes used?
3. What does a desktop PC have?
4. What’s the difference between a laptop, and a desktop PC?
5. What does a laptop have instead of a mouse?
6. How can you enter data using tablet PC?
7. What do you use for input when using a PDA?
8. What is a wearable computer designed for?
III. Read and translate the text.
We can categorize computer in two ways: on the basis of data handling
capabilities and size.
On the basis of data handling capabilities, the computer is of three types:
 Analogue Computer
 Digital Computer
 Hybrid Computer
Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue data is
continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values. We can
67
say that analogue computers are used where we don't need exact values always such
as speed, temperature, pressure and current.
Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without
first converting it into numbers and codes. They measure the continuous changes in
physical quantity and generally render output as a reading on a dial or scale.
Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers.
Advantages of using analogue computers:
It allows real-time operations and computation at the same time and continuous
representation of all data within the rage of the analogue machine.
In some applications, it allows performing calculations without taking the help
of transducers for converting the inputs or outputs to digital electronic form and vice
versa.
The programmer can scale the problem for the dynamic range of the analogue
computer. It provides insight into the problem and helps understand the errors and
their effects.
Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at
high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0
and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output. All
modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home
or office are digital computers.
Advantages of digital computers:
It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily
whenever you need it.
You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily.
Different applications can be used in digital systems just by changing the
program without making any changes in hardware
The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC technology.
It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally.
It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes.
Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by noise,
temperature, humidity, and other properties of its components.
Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It is fast
like an analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like digital computers. It
can process both continuous and discrete data. It accepts analogue signals and convert
them into digital form before processing. So, it is widely used in specialized
applications where both analogue and digital data is processed. For example, a
processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into
quantity and price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific
applications.
68
 Advantages of using hybrid computers:
Its computing speed is very high due to the all-parallel configuration of the
analogue subsystem.
It produces precise and quick results that are more accurate and useful.
It has the ability to solve and manage big equation in real-time.
It helps in the on-line data processing.

On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types:

Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to
process huge amount of data. A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in
a second. It has thousands of interconnected processors. Supercomputers are
particularly used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather
forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear energy research.
Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they
can execute different processes simultaneously. These features of mainframe
computers make them ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors,
which need to manage and process high volume of data.
Miniframe or Minicomputer
It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more processors
and can support 4 to 200 users at one time. Miniframe computers are used in
institutes and departments for tasks such as billing, accounting and inventory
management.
Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific
applications. It has a faster microprocessor, a large amount of RAM and high speed
graphic adapters. It generally performs a specific job with great expertise;
accordingly, they are of different types such as graphics workstation, music
workstation and engineering design workstation.
Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. It is a general-purpose
computer that is designed for individual use. It has a microprocessor as a central
processing unit, memory, storage area, input unit and output unit. Laptops and
desktop computers are examples of microcomputers. They are suitable for personal
work that may be making an assignment, watching a movie, or at office for office
work.
IV. Read the sentences and tell us if the sentences are true or false.
1. A mainframe computer is less powerful than a PC.
2. A mainframe is used by large organizations that need to process big amounts
of data.
3. The most suitable computers for home use are desktop PCs.
69
4. A laptop is not portable.
5. Laptops are not as powerful as desktop PCs.
6. Using a stylus, you can write directly onto the screen of a tablet PC.
7. A Personal Digital Assistant is small enough to fit into the palm of your
hand.
8. A PDA does not allow you to surf the Web.

V. Which type of computer do these descriptions refer to?

1. A hand-held computer which can be used as a telephone, a web explorer and
a personal organizer.
2. A typical computer found in many businesses and popular for home use.
3. A large computer used for intensive data processing and often linked to
many terminals.
4. A small computer that fits into items of clothing.
5. A portable computer that be closed up like a briefcase, but it can be as
powerful as a desktop PC.
6. A full-function PC, though it only weighs 1.2 kg – you can go to a meeting
and write your notes on it, like a paper notepad; its screen mode can be
changed from portrait to landscape.

VI. Listen to the audio script and answer the following questions.
1. How many types of computer systems are mentioned in the text?
2. What is the largest and the most powerful?
3. How do we call a computer which can be placed on our desk?
4. Is a laptop as powerful as a desktop P.C.?
5. What can we use for writing on the screen of a tablet P.C.?
6. What do the letters PDA stand for?
7. Can a PDA be used as a mobile phone?

70
 T O P I C 14. A TYPICAL PC

I. Read the text and speak about parts of a computer.

The main parts of a personal computer

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts, processes, stores and outputs

information. A typical computer consists of two parts: hardware and software.

Hardware is any electronic or mechanical part of the computer system that you
can see or touch.
Software is a set of instructions, called a program, which tells a computer what
to do.
71
 There are three basic hardware sections.
1. The CPU is the heart of the computer, a microprocessor
chip which processes data and coordinates the activities of all the
other units.

2. The main memory holds the instructions and data which

are being processed by the CPU. It has two main sections: RAM
(random access memory) and ROM (read only memory).

3. Peripherals are the physical units attached to the

computer. They include:
 Input devices, which let us enter data and commands (e.g. the keyboard and
the mouse).
 Output devices, which let us extract the results (e.g. the monitor and the
printer).
 Storage devices, which are used to store information permanently (e.g. hard
disks and DVD-RW drives). Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks.

At the back of a computer there are ports into which we can plug external
devices (e.g. a scanner, a modem, etc.). They allow communication between the
computer and the devices.
72
 Vocabulary
to accept – приймати
to process data – обробляти дані
activities – робота; діяльність
to attach – приєднувати
to extract the results – виводити/отримувати результати
storage devices – пристрої збереження інформації
to store permanently – зберігати постійно
to plug – підключати
random access memory – пам'ять довільного доступу
external devices – зовнішні пристрої

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What does a computer d o?
2. What are the two parts a typical computer consist of ?
3. What is software?
4. What is hardware?
5. How many basic sections does it consist of ?
6. How can we determine the CPU?
7. What does the main memory d o?
8. What are its two sections?
9. What do we call peripherals?
10. What devices do they include? Speak about their functions.
11. What can we find at the back of a computer?
III. Match the words with their definitions.
1. software a) the brain of the computer
2. peripherals b) the physical parts that make up a computer system
c) programs which can be used on a particular
3. main memory
computer system
4. hard drive (hard disk) d) the information which is presented to the
5. hardware computer
e) results produced by a computer
6. input
f) input devices attached to CPU
7. ports g) section that holds programs and data while they
8. output are executed or processed
h) magnetic device used to store information
9. central processing unit
i) sockets into which an external device may be
(CPU) connected

73
 IV. Match the terms with their definitions.
1) CD/DVD drive a) any socket into which a peripheral device may be connected
2) Speaker b) device used to produce voice output and play music
3) Modem c) mechanism that reads and/or writes optical discs
4) Port d) device that converts data so that it can travel over the Internet

V. Listen to the audio script. Сomplete this diagram of a PC system.

PC system

(1)…………… (2)……………
……………. …………….
programs: mechanical and electronic
word processor, email, etc. equipment

physical units attached

to the computer

(3)………… Main memory (4)……………

…………… …………….
the’ brain’ of the
…. Output devices
computer (6)……… (7)………
…………… …………
(5)……… ROM
……. ……….
…………… Keyboard (9)……… (10)……
……. (8)……… Printer DVD drive
………… ………. Flash drive

VI. Complete each sentence by choosing from the following devices: touch
screen, trackball, touchpad, webcam.
1) A ________ is a stationary device that works like a mouse turned upside
down. You roll the ball with your hand to move the pointer on the screen.
2) Interactive ________ are used in museums, information centres and Internet
kiosks. You use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen.
3) A _______ is used to send live video images via the Internet.
4) A _______ is found on notebook PCs. You use it by pressing the sensitive
pad with a finger.
74
 VII. Complete the text with the correct words from the box.

PERSONAL COMPUTER
A personal computer may be a home computer, or 1)_________ in an office,
often connected to a local area network. 2)_________ the 1970s and 1980s, home
computers were developed for household use, offering personal 3)_________,
programming and games. 4)_________ larger and more expensive system were
aimed for office and small business use. Workstations 5)_________ by high-
performance processors and graphics displays, with large local disk storage,
networking 6)_________, and running under a multitasking operating system.
Workstations are still used for tasks such as computer-aided design, scientific and
engineering calculations, 7)_________ processing, architectural modelling and
computer graphics for animation and visual effects.
Today a personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer a
tablet computer or a PDA. The most common operating systems are Microsoft
Windows, Mac OS and Linux. Software 8)_________ for personal computers include
word processing, spreadsheets, games and a myriad of special-purpose software.
Modern personal computers often have high-speed 9)_________ to the Internet,
allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources.
10)_________ early personal computers owners usually had to write their own
programs, today`s users have access to a wide range of commercial and free software
which is easily installed.

A B C
1 may to be found may be found may be find
2 beside in case throughout
3 used use usage
4 somewhat someone somewhere
5 characterized have characterized are characterized
6 capable capability capacity
7 image imagination imagine
8 applications appliances appearances
9 connectivity connections connect
10 thanks to because while

75
 T O P I C 15. PROCESSING

I. Read the text and speak about processing.

The processor, also called the CPU
or central processing unit, is the brain of
your computer. In PCs, it is built into a
single chip - a small piece of silicon
with a complex electrical circuit, called
an integrated circuit - that executes
instructions and coordinates the
activities of all the other units.
Three typical parts are:
 the control unit, which examines instructions from memory and executes
them;
 the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical
operations;
 the registers, high-speed units of memory used to store and control data.

The speed of a processor is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Thus, a CPU running

at 4 GHz can make about four thousand million calculations a second. An internal
clock sends out signals at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data.
The main circuit board is known as the motherboard. This contains the CPU,
the memory chips, expansion slots and controllers for peripherals, connected by
internal buses, or paths, that carry electronic signals. For example, the front side bus
carries all data that passes from the CPU to other devices.
Expansion slots allow you to install expansion cards which provide extra
functions, e.g. a video card or a modem.

RAM and ROM

When you run a program, the CPU looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a
copy into the RAM. RAM (random access memory) is temporary or volatile, that
is, it holds data while your PC is working on it, but loses this data when the power is
switched off.
However, ROM (read only memory) is permanent and contains instructions
needed by the CPU; the BIOS (basic input/output system) uses ROM to control
communication with peripherals, e.g. disk drives.
The amount of RAM determines the number of programs you can run
simultaneously and how fast they operate. It can be expanded by adding extra RAM
chips.
76
 Vocabulary

a piece of silicon - шматочок кремнію

to execute - виконувати
circuit board - електрична плата
bus - (тут)шина
front side bus - передня шина
to expand - розширювати
expansion - розширення
to transfer - передавати
temporary - тимчасовий
permanent - постійний
to determine - визначати
simultaneously - одночасно

II. Answer the following questions.

1 . Wh a t i s C P U?
2 . Wh a t d o e s i t d o ?
3 . Wh a t a r e i t s t h r e e p a r t s ?
4 . H o w i s t h e ma i n c i r c u i t b o a r d c a l le d ?
5 . Wh a t d o e s i t c o nt a i n ?
6 . H o w c a n yo u c h a r a c t e r i s e R A M / R O M ?
7 . Wh a t d o e s R AM d e t e r mi n e ?

III. Match the sentence beginnings (1-6) with the correct endings (a-f).

1. The CPU processes data and a) areas within the CPU.

2. The control unit is the part of the b) you can`t make changes to it.
CPU that c) controls the way instructions are
3. The arithmetic and logic unit is able to executed.
make d) the computer is turned off.
4. The registers are high-speed storage e) coordinates the other parts of the
5. Data contained in RAM is lost when computer.
6. ROM memory can only be read: f) calculations: add, subtract, multiply
and divide.
77
 IV. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle.
1. Intel _________ are used in many computers.
2. Each 0 or 1 is called a bit, short for _________ digit.
3. Special cards can be inserted into expansion __________.
4. A _________ controls the timing within the PC by sending signals to
synchronize its circuits and operations.
5. The processor speed is measured in __________.
6. _________ carry signals between different parts of a PC.
7. _________ cards improve the computer`s performance.
8. The _________ uses ROM to control the input/output of data.
9. The main printed circuit board is called the __________.

DOWN: The brain of a computer

1

V. Read and translate the text.

WORD PROCESSING
A word processor enables you to create a document, store
it electronically on a disk, display it on a screen, modify it by
entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print
it on a printer.
The great advantage of word processing over using a typewriter
is that you can make changes without retyping the entire
document. If you make a typing mistake, you simply back up the cursor and correct
your mistake. If you want to delete a paragraph, you simply remove it, without
leaving a trace. It is equally easy to insert a word, sentence or paragraph in the middle
of a document.
78
 Word processors usually support these features (and a few others).
 Cut and paste: Allows you to remove (cut) a section of text and insert
(paste) it somewhere else.
 Find and replace: Allows you to direct the word processor to search for a
particular word or phrase. You can also direct the word processor to replace one
group of characters with another everywhere that the first group appears.
 Word wrap: The word processor automatically moves to the next line when
you have tilled one line with text, and it will readjust text if you change the margins.
 Print: Allows you to send a document to a printer to get hard copy.
 Font specifications: Allows you to change fonts within a document. For
example, you can specify bold, italics, and underlining. Most word processors also let
you change the font size and the typeface.
 Graphics: Allows you to include illustrations and graphs in a document.
Some programs let you create the illustrations within the word processor; others let
you insert a picture from a different program.
 Headers, footers and page numbering: Allows you to specify customized
headers and footers that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every
page. The word processor automatically keeps track of page numbers so that the
correct number appears on each page.
 Layout: Allows you to specify different margins within a single document
and to specify various methods for indenting paragraphs - how much space you leave
between the margins and the paragraphs.
 Merge: Allows you to merge text from one file into another file. This is
particularly useful for generating many files that have the same format but different
data. Generating mailing labels is the classic example of using merges.
 Spell checker: A utility that allows you to check the spelling of words. It
will highlight any words that it does not recognize.
 Thesaurus: Allows you to search for synonyms without leaving the word
processor.
The line dividing word processors from desktop publishing systems is constantly
shifting. In general, though, DTP applications support finer control over layout and
more support for full-colour documents.

VI. Match words from the text with these definitions.

1 a program used for preparing documents and letters

2 a row of words that open up menus when selected
3 the distinctive design of letters and characters, e.g. Arial, Courier
79
 4 text printed in the top margin
5 text printed in the bottom margin
6 the way text is arranged on the page, including margins, paragraph format,
columns, etc.
7 a function that enables you to combine two files into one

VII. Label these word processing icons with the correct function.

a cut and paste b format painter c align left d undo e insert hyperlink

1___________ 2__________ 3__________ 4__________ 5__________

80
 T O P I C 16. OPERATING SYSTEMS AND THE GUI

I. Read and translate the text.

Types of software; the operating system (OS)

1 System software controls the basic
function of a computer, e.g. operating systems,
programming software and utility programs.

2 Application software lets you do specific

jobs such as writing letters, doing calculations,
drawing or playing games. Examples are a word
processor or a graphics package.

An operating system is a set of programs that control the hardware and allow
people and applications to communicate with the hardware. Typical functions of the
OS are handling input/output operations, running programs and organizing files on
disks. The OS also gives access to networks and allows multitasking: a user can run
several programs and do various tasks at a time. Examples are:

 the Windows family designed by Microsoft and used on most PC's

 Mac OS—created by Apple and used on Macintosh computers
 Unix — found on mainframes and workstations in corporate installations, as
it supports multi-users
 Linux — developed under the GNU General Public License; anyone can
copy its source code, modify and redistribute it. It is used on PC's and small devices.

The Graphical User Interface

A GUI makes use of a WIMP environment: Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointer.
This type of interface is user-friendly, where system functions are accessed by
selecting self-explanatory icons (pictures representing programs or documents) and
items from menus. A drop-down menu, or pull-down menu, is a list of options that
appear below a menu bar when you click on an item.
The pointer is the arrow, controlled by the mouse, which lets you choose options
from menus.
The background screen that displays icons, representing programs, files and
folders(directories) is called the desktop. Double-clicking a folder icon opens a
window which shows the programs, documents and other folders contained within
the folder.

81
 II. Complete the text with words from the box.

application software, operating system, software, system software

The set of program instructions that tell the computer what to do is known as
(1)_____________. It can be classified into two basic categories:
 the (2)_____________, which includes all the programs that control the
basic functions of a computer (e.g. operating systems, programming software, device
drivers and utilities);
 the (3)_____________, which comprises programs that let you do specific
tasks. Typical applications include word processing, databases, educational programs,
email and video games.
The (4)_____________ is a set of programs that control the hardware and
software resources of a computer system. Typical functions include handling input/
output operations, running programs and organizing files on disks.

Vocabulary
appliance - прилад
utility program - сервісна програма
applications - додаткове обладнання
installation - (тут) установка
environment - операційне середовище
icon - піктограма, графічний символ
item - елемент (даних), пункт
drop-down menu - спадне меню
menu bar - панель меню
background – фон

III. Choose the correct words.

TEST / GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1. An information system can be defined as a set of interrelated components working
together to collect, store, ________, process, and disseminate information for the purpose of
facilitating planning, control, coordination, and decision making in businesses and other
organisations (Laudon & Laudon, 1993).
a) recollect
b) resort
c) restore
d) retrieve
82
 2. Therefore, a global information system is an expansion of an information system
that operates across geographical and time _________.
a) aspects
b) boundaries
c) factors
d) limits
3. In addition, Palvia et al. have also defined the global information system as "a
computerised system which ________ the business strategy of a multinational organisation
and deals with components of the international market as a single market and not as
individual markets" (Palvia et al., 1992).
a) designs
b) displays
c) supports
d) sustains
4. In a traditional business information system, the set of interrelated components are
usually referred to as hardware, software, data, processes, and people (Shelly, 2001);
however, it is necessary to consider a few additional components that are significant to
information systems in the global ________.
a) context
b) hypertext
c) pretext
d) subtext
5. Functional architecture ________ all business functions covered in a global
information system and defines important concepts and relationships among the components
(Treese & Stewart, 1998); it is needed to allow flexibility for the development of the system
in the future.
a) refines
b) reviews
c) specializes
d) specifies
6. In a global environment, computer systems no longer consist of a single large
computer servicing an organisation's needs; instead, multiple computers are used to manage
and process information, and ideally, the various computers should function and be
managed as a single system with the processing distributed ________ the computers.
a) across
b) along
c) through
d) within
7. The essential components of network architecture are compatible hardware and
software; by ________ with the telephone system - for two households to communicate,
they must use telephones that operate on the same electrical principles, with the same
cabling system (hardware), and speaking the same language (software).
83
 a) alignment
b) analogy
c) comparison
d) contrast
8. The design of any network architecture is often based upon the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnect) seven-layer network model (Day and Zimmermann, 1983) that was ________
by the International Standards Organisation.
a) amplified
b) codified
c) ratified
d) signified
9. Groupware technology is technology designed to ________ the work of groups; this
technology can be applied to communicate, cooperate, coordinate, solve problems, compete,
or negotiate.
a) ameliorate
b) delegate
c) escalate
d) facilitate
10. Although management seems to be a political perspective, the organisation could
be in trouble if there is no proper management scheme that oversees the operation of the
GIS; global information system management can be seen as the ________ for closing the
gaps between the global information system and the global business strategy.
a) bridge
b) gate
c) plank
d) thread

IV. Read the article and choose the best words to replace the numbers in
brackets.

ORGANISE YOUR EMAILS – SAVE TIME AND MAKE LIFE EASIER

Most emails that you get go straight to your (1) ________. This is where you
decide which emails to read and which to delete. But if your server doesn’t recognise
the address of a sender, it will probably put the email in the (2) ________ mail folder.
This is where all those annoying adverts usually go. But sometimes good emails go
there too, so remember to check from time to time.
Do you ever worry because you just deleted an email by mistake? Don’t worry –
just look in the (3) ________ folder. It’s probably still there.
Sometimes it can be difficult to find an old email. So why not put them into
(4)________ to make them easy to find? You can do this for any emails you wrote
too – you can find them in (5) ________.
84
 Some people keep hundreds of business cards with people’s email address and
phone number. You don’t need to do this – use your (6) ________ as an address
book, and it can store all these details for you.
Have you ever found it difficult to finish writing an email? Don’t worry – just
save it under (7) ________ and finish it later!

A B C
1 drafts inbox contacts
2 deleted sent junk email
3 deleted drafts contacts
4 folders junk email sent
5 inbox sent deleted
6 folders contacts drafts
7 deleted junk email drafts

85
 T O P I C 17. PROGRAMMING

I. Read the text and speak about programming.

Programming is the process of writing a
program using a computer language. A program is a
set of instructions which a computer uses to do a
specific task (e.g. a solution to a Maths problem). The
only language a PC can directly execute is machine
code, which consists of 1 and 0s. This language is
difficult to write, so we use symbolic languages that
are easier to understand. For example, assembly
language use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. The
program is then translated into machine code by software called an assembler.
Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because
they are closer to the hardware.
High-level languages, however, are closer to human languages; they use forms
resembling English, which makes programming easier. The program is translated into
machine code by software called a complier. Some examples are:
 FORTRAN - used for scientific and mathematical applications
 COBOL - popular for business applications
 BASIC - used as a teaching language; Visual BASIC is now used to create
Windows applications
 C - used to write system software, graphics and commercial programs
 Java - designed to run on the Web; Java applets are small programs that run
automatically on web pages and let you watch animated characters, and play music and
games.
The languages used to create Web documents are called markup languages; they
use instructions (markups) to format and link text files.
To write a program, software developers usually follow these steps.
 They try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program.
 They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps
of the program.
 Next they write the instructions in a high-level language (Pascal, C, ect.). This
is called coding. The program is then compiled.
 When the program is written, they test it: they run the program to see if it
works and use special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it
runs smoothly. This is called debugging, or bug fixing.
 Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program
works, called program documentation.
86
 Vocabulary
to resemble – нагадувати
to execute – виконувати
markup language – мова розміток
purpose – мета
flowchart – блок-схема
to compile – компілювати
compiling – компілювання (написання програм мовою більш низького рівня)
debugging – відладка; видалення помилок
successive – послідовний

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What is programming?
2. What does machine code consist of?
3. Why do people use symbolic languages?
4. Why are machine code and assembly language called low-level language?
5. What is a high-level language?
6. How do we call the software for translating high-level languages into machine code?
7. What high-level languages can you name?
8. What are the steps in writing a program?

III. Match the terms with their definitions.

1. programming a) basic language which consists of binary codes

b) programming language such as C, Java or
2. machine code Visual BASIC
c) writing computer programs
3. assembly language
d) low-level language translated into machine
4. high-level language code by an assembler
e) software which converts a source program
5. Java applet into machine code
f) language used to create and format
6. compiler documents for the Web
g) small self-contained program written in Java
7. markup language

87
 IV. Put these programming steps into the correct order.
1. Document and maintain the program 1.____________
2. Test the program and detect bugs 2.____________
3. Make flowchart 3.____________
4. Write code and compile 4.____________
5. Analyze the problem 5.____________
6. Debug and correct it if necessary 6.____________

III. Choose the correct answers.

TEST / Object-Oriented Programming Languages
1. Many modern programming languages depend largely or exclusively on the concept
of objects: a close _______ binding of data to the operations that can be performed upon
that data.
a) automatic
b) enigmatic
c) pragmatic
d) syntactic
2. In these Object-Oriented languages - C++, C#, Java, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Visual
Basic.NET, Perl, and many others programmers create classes, each of which defines the
behavior and structure of a number of similar objects; then they write code that creates and
_______ objects that are instances of those classes.
a) articulates
b) eradicates
c) generates
d) manipulates
3. One reason why objects are a powerful programming technique - the reason most
often _______ in the early literature on Object-Oriented Programming - is that
programmatic objects map naturally to real world objects.
a) flouted
b) routed
c) scouted
d) touted
4, This mapping between objects in the real world and more _______ code objects
encourages programmers to think in the problem domain, rather than in computer science
terms.
a) abstract
b) abstruse
c) oblique
d) obtuse
88
 5. This benefit has perhaps been overstated, however; unless you're building a
simulator of a real-world process, such _______ 'real-world' objects form just the surface of
your system.
a) profligate
b) spectral
c) surrogate
d) virtual
6. The complexity of your design lies underneath that surface, in code that reflects
business rules, resource allocation, algorithms, and other computer science concerns; if you
only use objects to reflect the real world, you _______ yourself with a lot of work.
a) bilk
b) fool
c) leave
d) set
7. Coupling refers to the ways in which and degrees to which one part of the system
relies on the details of another part: the tighter the coupling, the more changes in one part of
the system will _______ throughout the system, while with loose coupling, the interfaces
between subsystems are well defined and restricted.
a) leak
b) ripple
c) seep
d) wander
8. _______ refers to the degree in which elements within a subsystem form a single,
unified concept, with no excess elements: where it is strong, there is easier comprehension
and thus more reliable code.
a) Adaptation
b) Adherence
c) Cohabitation
d) Cohesion
9. Some Object-Oriented languages are less rigid than others in how much they require
you to design around objects, but OO languages certainly support these quality _______ if
you take the time to pursue them.
a) attributes
b) contributions
c) tribulations
d) tributes
10. It seems that every new OO language author _______ the need to distinguish their
language by coming up with new terminology.
a) feels
b) gets
c) senses
d) urges
89
 T O P I C 18. CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION

I. Read and translate the text.

What are telecommunications?
Telecommunications refers to the transmission of signals over a distance for
the purpose of communication. Information is transmitted by devices such as the
telephone, radio, television, satellite, or computer networks. Examples could be two
people speaking on their mobile phone, a sales department sending a fax to a client,
or even someone reading the teletext pages on TV. But in the modern world,
telecommunications mainly means transferring information across the Internet, via
modem, phone lines or wireless networks.
Because of telecommunications, people can now work at home and
communicate with their office by computer and telephone. This is called
teleworking. It has been predicted that about one third of all work could eventually
be performed outside the workplace. In call centers assistance or support is given to
customers using the telephone, email or online chats. They are also used for
telemarketing, the process of selling goods and services over the phone.
Digital TV and radio
In recent years, TV and radio broadcasting has
been revolutionized by developments in satellite
and digital transmission. Digital TV is a way of
transmitting pictures by means of digital signals, in
contrast to the analogue signals used by traditional
TV. Digital TV offers interactive services and pay
multimedia - that is, it can transmit movies and
shows to TV set or PCs on a pay-per-view basis. It is also widescreen, meaning
programmes are broadcast in a native 16:9 format instead of the old 4:3 format.
Digital TV provides a better quality of picture and sound and allows broadcasters to
deliver more channels.
Audio programs (music, news, sports, etc.) are also transmitted in a digital radio
format, called DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting).
90
 Mobile communications
Thank to wireless connectivity, mobile phones
and BlackBerrys now let you check your email,
browse the Web and connect with home or
company intranets, all without wires.
The use of GPS in cars and PDAs is
widespread, so you can easily navigate in a foreign
city or find the nearest petrol station. In the next few
years, GPS chips will be incorporated into most
mobile phones.
Another trend is wearable computers. Can you imagine wearing a PC on your
belt and getting email on your sunglasses? Some devices are equipped with a wireless
modem, a keypad and a small screen; others are activated by voice. The users of
wearable technology are sometimes even called cyborgs. The term was invented by
Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline in 1960 to describe cybernetic organisms - beings
that are part robot, part human.

II. Read the text again and find the following.

1. The practice of working at home and communicating with the office by phone
and computer.
2. The term that refers to the transmission of audio signals (radio) or audiovisual
signals (television).
3. The term that means without wires.
4. Devices that deliver email and phone services to users on the move.
5. The meaning of the term cyborg.

III. Complete these sentences with the passive form of the verbs in brackets.
1. Microprocessors (make) ________________ of silicon.
2. Call centres (use) _______________ to deal with telephone enquiries.
3. In recent years, most mobile phones (equip) ______________ with Bluetooth.
4. GPS (develop) ______________ in the 1970s as a military navigation system.
5. Sorry about the mess - the computers (replace) ______________ at the moment.
6. In the near future, the Internet (access) _______________ more frequently from
PDAs and mobile phones than from desktop computers.
7. Networks (can connect) _______________ via satellite.
8. I had to use my laptop this morning while my PC (fix) _________________.

91
 IV. Read and translate the text.

If you type the website address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator), which
may look like this:

http://www.cup.org/education/sample.htm

http:// - indicates the type of protocol that the server and browser will use to
communicate. Here it is Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
www. - shows that it is a resource on the World Wide Web.
cup.org - is the domain name of the web server that hosts the website.
education - is the path, the place where a web page is located.
sample.htm - is the filename or name of a single web page.

The different parts are separated by full stops (.) and forward slashes (/). When
we say a URL, we say dot (.) and slash (/).

To find interesting sites you can use search engines, where the website
information is compiled by spiders, computer-robot programs that collect
information from sites by using keywords, or through web indexes, subject
directories that are selected by people and organized into hierarchical subject
categories. Some web portals - websites that offer all types of services, e.g. email,
forums, search engines, etc. - are also good starting points.

The most relevant website addresses can be stored in your computer using the
bookmarks or favourites function in your browser.

Websites usually have a beginning page or home page, from this starting point
you can navigate by clicking your mouse on hyperlinks in texts or images.

92
 V. Complete the instructions about how to navigate with the words in the box.

client web page surf web browser

search engine web server website URL

1 Starr up your computer and connect to the Internet.

2 Open your _________.
3 Type the _________ to access a website.
4 Your web browser sends the request to the correct _________.
5 The server looks for the document and sends it to the _________ computer.
6 Your web browser displays the selected _________ on the screen.
7 From the home page of the ________ you can _________ to other pages by
clicking on hyperlinks.
8 If you want to find more websites, use a _________.

VI. What are the main parts of this URL? How would you say the URL?

http://www.cambridgeesol.org/exams/cpe.htm

a _________ b _________ c _________ d _________ e _________

93
 T O P I C 19. THE INTERNET AND THE WWW

Vocabulary notes:

network - мережа
keyboard - клавіатура
satellite - супутник
cable - (тут) кабель
entertainment - розвага
habit - звичка
doubt - сумнів
computer screen - екран (монітора)
on-line shopping - купівля товарів через інтернет
pros and cons - за та проти
store - зберігати
save - заощаджувати
enter - входити, вводити (напр. дані)
download - завантажувати, «скачувати» інформацію
solve - вирішувати, розв’язувати
appear - з’являтися
in search of - у пошуках
advertising - реклама
fortunately - на щастя
dozens - безліч
improve - удосконалювати
exist - існувати
obviously - очевидно
however - проте, однак
instead - замість

I. Match the words or word-combinations (1-4) with their definitions (a-d).

a) A system linking millions of documents stored

1. The Internet
on the Internet computers around the world.
2. The World Wide Web b) A network of computers all over the world,
joined by phone lines or cable.
3. A web site c) Electronic messages sent to someone over the
Internet.
4. E-mail d) The place on the Internet where a company
stores its documents.

94
 II. Read the text. Match the questions (a-f) with the numbered spaces (1-6).

a) What do I need in order to use the Internet?

b) What exactly is the Internet?
c) How do I “surf the net”?
d) That’s the same thing as the Web, isn’t it?
e) What can I use the Internet for?
f) What is a web site, and how do I visit one?

The Internet
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important
inventions in our history. It was started in 1968 by the US
government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists. Since
1990, when the World Wide Web was created, it has changed the
world, and its uses are growing every day.

1………..
The Internet is a network of millions of computers around the world connected
by phone lines, satellite or cable, so that all the computers on the net can exchange
information with each other.

2………..
Not quite. The Internet links computers, and the World Wide Web is a system
which links the information stored inside these computers.

3………..
A company or organization stores its information in electronic documents on
one of the Internet computers, somewhere in the world. This computer space – the
company’s web site – has an address, in the same way that every telephone has a
number. To visit a web site, you simply enter the address. Your computer is
connected to the web site, a document is downloaded, and a page appears on your
computer screen.

4………..
When you visit a web site looking for information, some words on the page may
be underlined, showing that there is more information about the subject in another
document. If you click on one of these words, the Web automatically connects your
computer to a new document or web site, even if this is stored thousands of
kilometers away. You’re surfing the net!

95
 5………..
The main use of the Internet is to find information – for your schoolwork or job,
about your hobbies, sports or current events. You can also use the Internet to read
newspapers and magazines, play games, plan your holiday or buy things from your
favorite shop. E-mail makes it possible to send electronic messages anywhere in the
world in seconds, and you can use the Internet to chat with people and make new
friends.

6………..
If you don’t the use Internet, all you need to get started is a computer, a modem
and a phone line. Using the Internet is getting cheaper and easier all the time. There is
an exciting Internet world out there waiting for you.

III. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the Internet?
2. When was it started?
3. What's the difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web?
4. What should be done to visit a web site?
5. What is the main use of the Internet?
6. What do you need in order to use the Internet?

IV. Read and translate the text.

The Internet is an International computer Network made up of thousands of
networks linked together. All these computers communicate with one another; they
share data, resources, transfer information, etc. To do it they need to use the same
language or protocol: TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol) and every computer is given an address or IP number. This number is a
way to identify the computer on the Internet.
Getting connected
To use the Internet you basically need a computer, the right connection software
and a modem to connect your computer to a telephone line and then access your ISP
(Internet Service Provider).
The modem (modulator-demodulator) converts the digital signals stored in the
computer into analogue signals chat can be transmitted over telephone lines. There
are two basic types: external with a cable that is plugged into the computer via a
USB port, and internal, an expansion card inside the computer. A PC card modem is
a different, more versatile option for laptops and mobile phones.
At first most computers used a dial-up telephone connection that worked
through the standard telephone line. Now a broadband connection, a high data
transmission rate Internet connection, has become more popular: either ADSL
96
(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), which allows you to use the same telephone
line for voice and fast access to the Internet, or cable, offered by most TV cable
providers.
The basic equipment has changed drastically in the last few years. You no
longer need a computer to use the Internet. Web TV provides email and access to the
Web via a normal TV set plus a high-speed modem. More recently, 3Gcneration
mobile phones and PDAs, personal digital assistants, also allow you to go online with
wireless connections, without cables.
Telephone lines are not essential either. Satellites orbiting the earth enable your
computer to send and receive Internet files. Finally, the power-line Internet, still
under development, provides access via a power plug.
Components of the Internet
The Internet consists of many systems that offer different facilities to users.
WWW, the World Wide Web, a collection of files or pages containing links to
other documents on the Net. It’s by far the most popular system. Most Internet
services are now integrated on the Web.
Email, or electronic mail, for the exchange of messages and attached files.
Mailing lists (or listservs) based on programs that send messages on a certain
topic to all the computers whose users have subscribed to the list.
Chat and instant messaging, for real-time conversations; you type your
messages on the keyboard.
Internet telephone, a system that lets people make voice calls via the Internet.
Video conference, a system that allows the transmission of video and audio
signals in real time so the participants can exchange data, talk and see one another on
the screen.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), used to transfer files between computers.
Newsgroups, where people send, read and respond to public bulletin board
messages stored on a central computer.
TELNET, a program that enables a computer to function as a terminal working
from a remote computer and so use online databases or library catalogues.

V. Read the text and decide if these sentences are True or False. If they are
false, correct them.
1 The Internet and the World Wide Web are synonyms.
2 Computers need to use the same protocol (TCP / IP) to communicate with each other.
3 Web TV can provide access to the Net.
4 ADSL and cable are two types of dial-up connections.
5 External, internal and PC card are types of connections.
6 Information can be sent through telephone lines, satellites and power lines.
7 The computer IP number is a way to identify it on the Internet.
97
 V. Listen to the audio script and complete the customer's notes.

To connect to the Internet from home, I need:

(1) a _________ and (2) a _________. Also need an account with an
(3)__________ (a company that offers connection for a monthly fee). If you want
to connect lots of computers without using cables, you can use a (4) __________
router.
Wi-Fi uses (5) __________ waves to send data over medium-range distances.
Things you can do on the Internet: (6) _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
“Web” or “Internet”? The Web: huge collection of (7) __________ stored on
computers all over the world. The Internet the network which connects all the
computers.

98
 T O P I C 20. E-MAIL
I. Read and translate the text.
What an e-mail is
An e-mail is an electronic message sent from one
computer to another that can also include attachments:
documents, pictures, sounds and even computer
programs. Although it’s much faster and easier to use
than the post, snail mail, the two have many things in
common: you send an e-mail to a mail server (an
electronic post office) where it is stored in a mailbox,
which holds incoming mail until the recipient downloads it. Users are given an e-
mail address and a password by an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

A typical e-mail address has three parts:

1. Username - a person’s name or nickname;
2. The @ sign means ‘at’;
3. The domain name or network address.

E-mails usually have two main parts:

1. The header generally includes these: TO (name address of the recipient); CC
(carbon copy sent to another addressee); SUBJECT (topic of the message);
2. The body (the message itself).

Some e-mail programs also include a signature, with added information about
the sender, at the end of the message.

E-mailing is a very convenient and quick way of communicating with friends.

To be able to do that, you have to sign up to one of different e-mail services
(Hotmail, Yahoo!, Freemail, etc). You will choose your own login and password. In
your account you will have different folders. One of them is called Inbox. It keeps all
the messages that you receive. There are also folders for messages that you send to
your friends (Sent), for saving unfinished messages (Drafts), and many others. If you
99
 want to answer the message, you hit the Reply
button; if you want to send the same message to
someone else, you hit the Forward button.
Using e-mail is very easy. But if you have any
questions, there is always the Help button. Just
hit it and find the answers to all your questions.
You can make your message look more
expressive or attractive by using smileys (also
called emoticons): little pictures either made
with characters from the keyboard such as  for
happy, surprised,  sad, etc. or downloaded
images and animations.
Spam or junk email, is the name given to unwanted messages,
mainly commercial advertising. Some companies, spammers, use it
extensively because it’s cheaper than other types of advertising: you
or your Internet Service Provider pay for it.

II. Read the text and find the following.

EMAIL FEATURES
1 the place where your ISP stores your emails
2 the type of program used to read and send email from a computer
3 the part of an email address that identifies the user of the service
4 the line that describes the content of an email
5 the computer file which is sent along with an email message
6 facial symbols used to indicate an emotion or attitude
7 the name given to junk mail
When you set up an account with an Internet Service Provider, you are given an
email address and a password. The mail you receive is stored on the mail server of
your ISP - in a simulated mailbox - until you next connect and download it to your
hard drive.
There are two ways to get email over the Internet. One is by using a mail
program (known as an email client) installed on your computer, for example
Euclora or Outlook Express. The other way is to use web-based email, accessible
from any web browser. Hotmail and Gmail are good examples.
You can make the message more expressive by including emoticons, also called
smileys. For example,;-) for wink, :-) for happy, :-o for surprised, :-D for laughing,
etc. You may also like to add a signature file, a pre-written text file appended to the
end of the message. The name given to unsolicited email messages is spam.
100
 Mailing lists and newsgroups
A mailing list is a basic type of discussion group that uses email to
communicate. The messages are distributed to all the subscribers, i.e. everyone who
belongs to the list.
Newsgroups are similar. The main difference is that the message is not sent to
someone’s mail server but to a bulletin board where everybody can read and answer
the message.
jsmith@hotmail.com

Username The @ sign The domain name or network address: the mail server
A person's name means ‘at’ where the account is located. The final part of it, the
or nickname top-level domain, adds information about it,
e.g. .com = company, .org = non profit institution,
.co.uk = a company in the UK, etc.
III. A manager is giving his colleagues some advice on how to prevent spam.
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

mailing list spam email address newsgroups spammers

1 Never ever reply to a _________ email or click on a link within the mail – this
will lead to more junk entail being sent to you. Unsubscribing only confirms you
do actually exist, so they’ve hit the jackpot.
2 Don’t let your email address be displayed anywhere on the Internet, including
__________ chat rooms or any websites.
3 Never forward a spam to other people - __________ might be able to track their
addresses too, and you could end up losing friends!
4 Send your emails on a strictly ‘need to know’ basis; don’t include everyone on a
__________ unless it is really necessary.
5 Treat your __________ like your phone number - don’t give it out randomly. Try
to use a different one when shopping online.

101
 T O P I C 21. INTERNET SECURITY

I. Read the text and speak about Internet security.

The internet provides a wide variety of opportunities for
communication and development, but unfortunately it also
has its dark side.
Crackers are computer criminals who use technology to
perform a variety of crimes: virus propagation, fraud,
intellectual property theft, etc.
Internet-based crimes include scam, email fraud to
obtain money or valuables, and phishing, bank fraud, to get
banking information such as passwords of Internet bank accounts or credit card
details. Both crimes use emails or websites that look like those of real organizations.
Piracy, the illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted software, information,
music and video files, is widespread.
But by far the most common type of crime involves malware.
Malware (malicious software) is software created to damage or alter the
computer data or its operations.
These are the main types.
 Viruses are programs that spread by attaching themselves to executable files
or documents. When the infected program is run, the virus propagates to other files or
programs on the computer. An email virus spreads by sending a copy of itself to
everyone in an email address book.
 Worms are self-copying programs that have the capacity to move from one
computer to another without human help, by exploiting security flaws in computer
networks.
 Trojan horses are malicious programs disguised as innocent-looking files.
Once they are activated, they may affect the computer in a variety of ways: some are
just annoying, others are used to collect stored data.
 Spyware, software designed to collect information from computers for
commercial or criminal purposes, is another example of malicious software.
Preventative tips
 Don’t open email attachments from unknown people.
 Run and update antivirus programs.
 Make backup copies of your files regularly.
 Don’t accept files from high-risk sources.
 Don’t believe everything you read on the Net. Have a suspicious attitude
toward its contents.
102
 Vocabulary notes:
to provide an opportunity — давати можливість
unfortunately — нажаль
computer fraud — комп'ютерне шахрайство
theft — крадіжка
malware (malicious software) — шкідливі програми
to alter — змінювати
executable — (тут) працюючий, дійсний
worm — вірус (комп'ютерний "хробак")
flaw — (тут) недолік
disguised — замаскований
annoying — набридливий
source — джерело
suspicious — підозрілий

II. Answer the following questions.

1. How can you define "crackers"?
2. What is scam (phishing/piracy)?
3. What are the main types of malware?
4. How can you prevent using of malware?

HEALTH AND SAFETY

III. Read the text and speak about Internet security.
Computer ergonomics
There are a number of health and safety problems that may result from
continuous use of computers.
 Typing constantly at high speed causes pain in the neck, arms, wrists, hands
and fingers.
 Bad work postures and sitting in uncomfortable chairs may cause backache
and stress.
 Looking at the screen for long periods of time, and lights reflecting off the
screen, can cause headaches, pain and fatigue of the eyes.
 Cathode Ray Tube monitors can emit electromagnetic radiation which can
be dangerous to health.
The study of how people interact safely and efficiently with machines and their
work conditions is called ergonomics. In computing, ergonomics is about designing
computer facilities so they are safe and comfortable. Here are a few tips.

103
 1. Get an adjustable chair so you can
change its height and angle.
2. Make sure your feet rest firmly on
the ground or on a foot rest.
3. Ensure you have enough leg room
under the desk.
4. Put the monitor at eye level or just
below.
5. Sit at arms’ length from the monitor
(40-80 cm).
6. Position the keyboard at the same height as your elbows, with your arms
parallel to the work surface. Try to keep your wrists straight and flat when typing.
7. Take regular breaks from the computer and look away from the screen at
regular intervals.
Electronic rubbish
Irresponsible disposal of electronic waste, from old computers and mobile
phones to hi-fi and video systems, can cause severe environmental and public health
problems. For example, children or workers who come into contact with the toxic
components of electronic products may suffer from skin and breathing problems.
We should recycle ICT equipment (e.g. plastics from mobiles could be used to
make pens and rulers).

IV. Match the numbers in the picture to the correct tips in the checklist.
Tips for a user-friendly workstation
a) Consistent chair support for the lower back. Seat
height and angle adjustable.
b) Feet flat on the floor.
c) Document holder beside the screen, at the same
height and distance as the screen.
d) Text on the screen in line with the eyes. Viewing
distance at arm’s length.
e) Thighs horizontal, with feet on the floor. Adequate
room for legs beneath the desk.
f) Keyboard height at a comfortable open angle for
the elbows and arms.
g) Wrists and hands in a neutral position, in line
with the forearms. Optional rest for wrists at the same height as the keyboard.
104
 INTERNET SECURITY
V. Fill in the gaps in these security tips with words from the box.

digital certificate, malware, virus, scanner, spyware, firewall, antivirus

Malicious software, Internet users who like cybershopping

(1) can be avoided should get a (2) an electronic
by following some basic rules. identity card.

To prevent crackers from breaking into If you have been hit by a (5) ,
your internal network and obtaining don’t panic!
your data, install a (3) . It will Download a clean-up utility and
protect you from (4) . always remember to use an
(6) program, for example,
a virus (7) .

VI. Read the article and translate it.

A HACKER has been sent to jail for
fraudulent use of credit card numbers.
Nicholas Cook, 26, was arrested by police
officers near a bank cashpoint last month.
Eight months earlier, he had been caught
copying hundreds of computer programs
illegally.
After an official inquiry, he was accused
of software piracy and fined £5,000. It is reported that in the last few years Cook has
been sending malware (malicious software) to phone operators and attacking mobile
phones to steal business and personal information.
Cook has now been sentenced to three years in prison for stealing passwords and
obtaining money by credit card fraud. Government officials say that new anti-hacking
legislation will be introduced in the EU next year.
105
 VII. Listen to an interview with Diana Wilson, a member of the Internet
Safety Foundation. Which answers (a or b) best describe what she says?

SAFETY ONLINE FOR CHILDREN

1 Parents should make children aware of
a) the benefits and risks of the Internet.
b) the risks of the Internet.
2 A web filter program can be used to
a) prevent access to sites with inappropriate content,
b) rate web content with labels (similar to the way movies are rated).
3 If kids spend too much time online or suffer from internet addiction, parents
should
a) stop them using the Internet.
b) look for help from specialists.

VIII. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle.

1. Users have to enter a _________ to gain access to a network.
2. A _________ protects a company intranet from outside attacks.
3. A _________ is a person who uses the computer skills to enter computers and
networks illegally.
4. _________ can infect your files and corrupt your hard drive.
5. You can download _________ from the Net; this type of software is available
free of charge but protected by copyright.
6. Encoding data so that unauthorized users can't read it is known as _________.
7. This company uses _________ techniques to decode (or decipher) secret data.
8. Most _________ is designed to obtain personal information without the user's
permission.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

106
 T O P I C 22. FUTURE TRENDS
I. Read and translate the text.
New technologies
By all accounts, nanotechnology -
the science of making devices from
single atoms and molecules - is going to
have a huge impact on both business and
our daily lives. Nano devices are
measured in nanometers (one billionth of
a metre) and are expected to be used in
the following areas.

Nanocomputers: Chip makers will

make tiny microprocessors with nanotransistors, ranging from 60 to 50 nanometres in
size.
Nanomedicine: By 2020, scientists believe that nano - sized robots, or nanobots,
will be injected into the body’s bloodstream to treat diseases at the cellular level.
Nanomaterials: New materials will be made from carbon atoms in the form of
nanotubes, which are more flexible, resistant and durable than steel or aluminium.
They will be incorporated into all kinds of products, for example stain - resistant
coatings for clothes and scratch - resistant paints for cars.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science of making intelligent machines and
programs. The term originated in the 1940s, when Alan Turing said: “A machine has
artificial intelligence when there is no discernible difference between the
conversation generated by the machine and that of an intelligent person”. A typical
AI application is robotics. One example is ASIMO, Honda’s intelligent humanoid
robot. Soon, engineers will have built different types of android, with the form and
capabilities of humans. Another AI application is expert systems - programs
containing everything that an „expert” knows about a subject. In a few years, doctors
will be using expert systems to diagnose illnesses.
Vocabulary
impact – вплив
cellular – клітинний
resistant – міцний, стійкий
scratch – подряпина
discernible – помітний, видимий
107
 II. Read and translate the text.
ROBOTS AND AUTOMATA
A robot is a computer-programmed
machine that performs actions, manipulates
objects, etc. in a precise and, in many cases,
repetitive way.
Robots may be automata, or man-like
machines, whose basic components are similar
to a human body.
 They have mechanical links, joints,
which connect their movable parts.
 Their heart and muscles are the electric
or pneumatic motors or systems, the actuators,
which create the movement.
 Robots also have hands, usually tools or
grippers, called end effectors.
 They may be equipped with cameras or infrared controls, sensors, which
transmit information to the central system in order to locate objects or adjust
movements.
 Finally, robots depend on a computer system, the brain that directs the
actions.

III. Complete the article with words from the text.

ACTION ROBOT TO COPY HUMAN BRAIN

Scientists at Aberystwyth University are working on a machine which they
hope will recognize objects with cameras that will work as (1)_________, and
retrieve objects with an arm that will be its (2)________________.
Although the arm will have (3)__________ that will link its muscles and an
electric motor that will be the (4)__________, this new (5)_________ won’t move
like a human, i.e. it won’t be like the (6)_________ of science-fiction films: forget
Star Wars’ C3PO. It will be desk based: no walking, or climbing stairs.
The team hopes to discover how the brain performs ‘multi-tasking’ and to use
that information to develop the (7)_______________ to create a robot that can
think for itself.

108
 IV. Read and translate the text.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science that tries to recreate the human
thought process and build machines that perform tasks that normally require human
intelligence. It has several applications.
Androids are anthropomorphic robots designed to look and behave like a
human being. Most androids can walk, talk and understand human speech. Some
react to gestures and voice inflection. Some ‘learn’ from the environment: they store
information and adapt their behaviour according to a previous experience.
Expert systems is the term given to computer software that mimics human
reasoning, by using a set of rules to analyze data and reach conclusions. Some expert
systems help doctors diagnose illnesses based on symptoms.
Neural networks are a new concept in computer programming, designed to
replicate the human ability to handle ambiguity by learning from trial and error. They
use silicon neurons to imitate the functions of brain cells and usually involve a great
number of processors working at the same time.

V. Complete the extracts with words from the text.

The term (1)_____________
________is defined as the
automation of intelligent
behaviour, but can
(2)____________ really be
intelligent?
(3)__________are made of
units that resemble neurons.
They are often used to
simulate brain activity and
are effective
at predicting events.
(4)___________________, also
known as knowledge-based
systems, mirror the structure
of an expert's thought.

VI. Read and translate the texts.

INTELLIGENT HOMES

Domotics, from the Latin word domus plus robotics, also known as
automation, involves the use of information technology applied to domestic
appliances in order to create intelligent systems inside the house.
Basic intelligent devices, traditional devices with an embedded processor, have
been with us for a while, e.g. microwave ovens and washing machines with
computerized controls.
Intelligent homes are a wider concept: all the systems and devices are
connected in a LAN, local area network, where they communicate with each other
and are controlled by a central computer sometimes installed in one of the machines.

109
 CONTROL DEVICES AND NETWORKING

Intelligent homes are controlled with different types of interfaces, devices that
facilitate communication between the user and the system: physical switches, touch
screens, IR (infrared) remote controls, computers either at home or at a distance,
telephony.
The different elements perform one of these two functions: they are either
command initiators, e.g. a brightness sensor that is programmed to send an
instruction when it gets dark, or command receivers, e.g. a light that turns on when
it receives an instruction sent by the sensor.
Household appliances, sound and video systems, optical and thermal sensors,
etc. can be linked with wired and wireless systems. Wired LANs use different types
of cables and also electrical wiring.
WLANs, wireless networks, use radio-frequency systems: Bluetooth, a short-
range radio system used to communicate between portable devices (laptops, PDAs,
mobile phones, etc.), is now frequently used to design PANs (personal area
networks) inside the home.

VII. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle with words from the texts.

Across
3 A wireless standard used for PANs.
6 Touch screens, remote control and computers are different types of _________.
7 The adjective which describes networks without cables.
9 A smoke sensor is an example of a command __________.
110
Down
1 The automatic operation of a system or process.
2 The term domotics comes from domus and __________.
4 The adjective used to describe homes and devices that use IT technology.
5 A light switch can be used as a command __________.
7 LANs where the devices are connected with cables or electrical wiring are ______.
8 Personal Area Network.

111
 T O P I C 23. WHAT IS CHAT?

I. Read and translate the text.

Online chatting
IRC and web chat
IRC (Internet relay chat) is a
system that allows Internet users to meet
in channels (or chat rooms) in order to
have live conversations on the topic of
the chosen channel.
To participate you need to install a
chat client, a special type of software, on your computer to connect to the chat
server, the computer where the meeting takes place.
Once you have logged into an IRC server or a web chat site, you have to choose
a username or nickname that will identify you during the chat.
After choosing the channel, you can read the conversations, type and send
messages. You can post messages to everyone in the channel or have private
conversations with someone.
Channels are run by channel operators, “chanops” or just “ops” who control
the content and the people who join and may ban users or ask them to leave the room.
Instant messaging
IM (instant messaging) programs allow Internet users to communicate in one-
to-one conversations; they are in a chat room for just two people.
With programs such as ICQ (I seek you) and MSN Messenger you can maintain
a list of people, called a buddy list or contact list.
The program opens up a small window where the people engaged in the
conversation type their messages.
The latest IM programs also incorporate telephone, video and file-sharing
facilities and are becoming an alternative to traditional video conferencing programs.

Vocabulary:
to ban – забороняти
to collaborate – співпрацювати
surge – зростання, збільшення
to participate – брати участь
to log into – реєструватися
112
 II. Answer the following questions.
1. What is Internet relay chat?
2. What do you need to install a chat client?
3. How are channels run?
4. What do IM (instant messaging) programs allow users to do?

R u free 4 a chat?
ІII. Rewrite this IM chat, using full forms instead of abbreviations. Then
look at the HELP box to check your answers.

Abby: BTW, where r u going for ur holiday?

By the way, where are you going for your holiday?
Sue: Girona. Have u been?
Abby: Yes. I went 2 Girona last summer.
Sue: Did u have a good time?
Abby: It's great, IMO. How r u going 2 travel?
Sue: We're flying.
Abby: Where r u staying?
Sue: In a youth hostel.
Abby: IC. IOW, the cheapest place possible!
Sue: LOL! Yes. BTW, any recommendations?
Abby: Let me think. I'll send u a msg ASAP.
Sue: TIA!
Abby: Got 2 go. BFN!
113
 ІV. Rewrite this IM chat using abbreviations.
Paulo: By the way, are you free on Saturday?
Emma: Sure - it would be good to meet face to face. Shall we go for a coffee?
Paulo: Good plan. Café Moka makes the best coffee, in my opinion.
Emma: It's the closest to your house in other words!
Paulo: Laughing out loud! Yes, you're right! But the coffee really is good.
Emma: See you at 4?
Paulo: Great. Bye for now.

HELP BOX
Chat abbreviations
We often use abbreviations in online chats and Instant Messaging. Some common
examples are:

ASAP As soon as possible

BBS Be back soon
BFN Bye for now
BTW By the way
F2F Face to face
GL Good luck
H&K Hug and kiss
IC I see
ILU I love you
IMO In my opinion
IOW In other words
LOL Laughing out loud
TIA Thanks in advance
MSG Message
ur your / you're
2 to
4 for
b be
c see
r are
u you
It's OK to use chat abbreviations, but try not to rely on them too much - they can
make a conversation difficult to follow. They are also very informal.

114
V. In pairs, discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers.
1 Which program do you use to chat with friends?
2 Do you use abbreviations when you chat online or when you send text
messages?
3 Do you use voice or video while chatting? How?
4 Have you ever used the Internet to make cheap calls?
5 Does Instant Messaging distract you from work?
6 Do you use your real name or a nickname in chat rooms?
7 Do you talk to strangers during web chats? Why shouldn't you?
8 Would you ever go on a date with somebody you'd met on the Net?

115
 T O P I C 24. WEB DESIGN
I. Read and translate the text.

HTML
Web pages are created with a special language HTML (Hyper Text
Markup Language), which is interpreted by a web browser to produce hypertext,
a blend of text, graphics and links.
You can view the source or raw HTML code by choosing the View Source
option in your web browser.
To build a website you could learn how to write HTML tags, the coded
instructions that form web pages, or else use an HTML editor, a WYSIWYG
(What You See Is What You Get) application that converts a visual layout into
HTML code. A simpler option is to use a web template provided by a web-based
site builder, where you just fill in the information you want on the page.

Basic elements
Some of the basic elements that can be found on a web page are:
 Text, which may be displayed in a variety of sizes, styles and fonts.
 Links, connections from text or graphics on the current web page to
different parts of the same page, to other web pages or websites, or to external files.
 Graphics, pictures created with formats such as JPEG (Joint Photographic
Experts Group), which is ideal for pictures with a wide range of colours, e.g.
photographs, and GIF (Graphical Interchange Format), which is good for pictures
with fewer colours or with large areas of the same colour, e.g. buttons, banners and
icons.
 Tables, intended for the display of tabular data, but often used to create page
layouts.
 Frames, subdivisions of a web page allowing the display of different HTML
documents on the same page.
116
 Instructions for the presentation, the styling of elements on a page such as text
or background colour, can be included in the HTML code. However, it is becoming
more common to use CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to separate style from content.
This makes pages easier to maintain, reduces download time and makes it easy to
apply presentation changes across a website.

Video, animations and sound

Many websites now incorporate audio files, and if you're designing a site, you
may like to insert songs, podcasts, etc.The most common audio formats are: .wav
(Windows wave audio format), .ra (RealAudio file) and .mp3 (MPEG-1 Audio
Layer-3).
Full-motion video is stored in these formats: .avi (audio video interleave), .mov
(QuickTime movie) and .mpg (moving picture experts group).
Shockwave and Flash are technologies that enable web pages to include video
and animations.
Java applets, specific applications using that programming language, may be
used to add interactivity to web pages.
To see or hear all these files, you need to download the right plug-in, the
additional software that enables the web browser to support this new content.

Vocabulary:

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language – стандартна мова для створення

веб-сторінок (мова розміток)
link – зв'язок, посилання, з'єднання, канал

template – шаблон

banner – баннер (графічне зображення рекламного характеру)

tabular data – табличні данні

MIDI – musical instrument digital interface – інтерфейс електронного

музичного інструменту
option – варіант, режим, пункт меню

AU – audio – звуковий

crucial [kru:ʆl]– важливий, вирішальний

WAV – Windows wave audio format – аудіо формат системи Windows

117
 rectangular – прямокутний
feed – зв'язок, подача
streaming audio – безперервне аудіо
plug-in – змінна плата
podcast – подкаст (цифровий медіафайл)

II. Answer the following questions.

1. How are Web pages created?
2. What are the basic elements of a Web page?
3. How is graphics created?

III. Complete this advice about web design with words from the text.
A well-designed website should be neat and organized. Words should be
surrounded by sufficient white space. Use dark (1)_________ on a light
(2)_________, preferably white. You can divide the page into columns with a
(3)_________ or use (4)_________ to create the page layout. Usually the navigation
bar appears on the left side of the page. You can display it on all the pages of your
website by using a (5)_________. It is a good idea to put a (6)_________ to the top
of the page at the bottom of a long text.
The graphical element of a web page is crucial. (7)__________ load slowly, so
use them sparingly and for good reason. There are two common picture formats:
(8)__________ for pictures with lots of colours and (9)__________, which is ideal
for buttons and banners.

IV. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle with words from the text.
Across

4 What you see is what you get.

6 You can make a web page using an HTML _______.
7 You just have to fill it in to create a web page.

Down
1 Templates are found in a web-based site _______.
2 The instructions in HTML.
3 Another word for raw HTML code.
5 The language used to make web pages.
118
 V. Match the sentence beginnings with the correct endings.

1 A plug-in is a let you interact with information on the screen.

2 Shockwave and Flash
3 Multimedia files can be
included
4 Java applets
5 MIDI, WAV, MP3 and AU
b usually needed to enjoy audio and video files.
с are some of the common audio formats.
d applications help to create animations.
e in web pages.

VI. Read the text again and then match the sentence beginnings (1-6) with
the correct endings (a-f).

1 Instructions in HTML
2 Cascading Style Sheets are the way
3 A hyperlink is any clickable text,
4 A plug-in is a small program
5 Java applets are used to provide
6 RSS feeds are summaries of web content

a. image or button that takes you to another place on the Web.

b. used for handling audio, video and animation files.
c. are called tags.
d. interactive features to web applications.
e. to define the presentation of web pages, from fonts and colours to page layout,
f. published in the Really Simple Syndication format for download.

VII. Decide whether these design guidelines are right or wrong.

Right Wrong
1 Plan your website carefully. □ □
2 Use a web editor. It will make it easier to create your pages. □ □
3 Insert photos or animations just to make the pages look attractive. □ □
4 Place a large number of graphics on your pages. □ □
5 Use very bright colours. □ □
6 Put a lot of links on one page. □ □
7 Check that all the links on your web pages are correct. □ □
8 Once they are published, update your pages regularly. □ □

119
VIII. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle with words from the text.

Across
4 What you see is what you get.
6 You can make a web page using an HTML _______.
7 You just have to fill it in to create a web page.

Down
1 Templates are found in a web-based site _______.
2 The instructions in HTML.
3 Another word for raw HTML code.
5 The language used to make web pages.

120
 T O P I C 25. MULTIMEDIA

I. Read and translate the text.

A multimedia system
Multimedia refers to the technologies and
applications that integrate different media: text,
graphics, sound, video and animation.
Its power resides in interactivity, hypertext and
hypermedia. Multimedia software is usually
interactive, so you can choose what you want to
watch, listen to or write. Hypertext means that you
can click on a word and jump to another screen with
more information; hypermedia is similar, but works with sounds and images (e.g.
the Web).
An IT student says:
“I use multimedia for my extracurricular activities. I download music from the Net
and burn music onto СDs - I copy songs onto СDs. I talk with my friends on the Messenger.
I also retouch digital pictures and edit video clips. To run multimedia software you need a
fast CPU, expandable RАМ and a large hard disk. But what marks a computer out as a
multimedia PC is its audio and video capabilities: a sound card, a microphone, a decent
pair of speakers, a high-quality monitor and a DVD writer; and its performance depends on
all these components working in harmony.”
Recognizing file formats
To identify the type of file, an extension is added to the filename when it is
saved on disk.
Common text Graphics include You can hear sound
extensions: .pdf charts, photos, such as songs,
(portable document drawings, buttons, movie soundtracks
format) .doc (MS etc. and speeches.
Word document) .rtf (rich text .gif (graphics interchange Common audio formats:
format) .htm or .html format) .wav (Windows wave audio
(hypertext markup language for .jpg (jpeg - joint photographic format)
Web files) experts group) .ra (RealAudio file)
.tif (tagged image file) .mp3 (compressed music files)
Video refers to Animations are Files compressed
recording, editing made up of a series with Winzip have a
and displaying of independent .zip extension.
moving images. pictures put A popular format
Common formats: .avi (audio together in sequence to look used to compress and distribute
video interleave) .mov like moving pictures. Common movies on DVDs or over the
(QuickTime movie) .mpg formats: .gif for animated gifs Net is DivX, a digital video
(mpeg - moving picture experts .swf for Flash files codec (COmpress,
group) DECompress).

121
 Applications
 In public places (e.g. museums and stations), there are information kiosks
that use multimedia.
 In education, it is used in presentations and computer-based training courses.
 On the Web, audio and video are integrated into web pages. For example,
RealPlayer supports streaming, which lets you play sound (e.g. from radio stations)
and video files as а continuous stream while they are downloading.
 In virtual reality, users interact with a simulated world: doctors train using
virtual surgery; pilots use flight simulators to do their training; people visit
virtual exhibitions, etc.
 You can play games on a computer or video games on a dedicated machine,
called a video console, which you connect to a TV set. You can also play games on
the Net; some websites have a multiplayer facility that enables lots of people to play
the same game at the same time.

Vocabulary:
capabilities – можливість, здатність
speaker – loudspeaker – гучномовець
streaming – безперервна трансляція (звуку, зображення)
surgery – хірургія
incredible – неймовірний
adversary – супротивник (у грі)
simultaneously – одночасно

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What does the term multimedia refer to?
2. What does the word interactive mean?
3. What can you use multimedia for?
4. What are multimedia applications (in public places, in education, in the Web
etc.)?
III. Complete the article with the words from the box.

graphics interactive video games consoles multiplayer

Video Games
There are games you play on video (1) …………….. such as Nintendo, Sega,
and the PlayStation. And there are games you play on a computer, either alone or at
multiplayer online sites such as Microsoft's Internet Gaming Zone and Battle.net.
(2) ……………… have been made into films, such as Mortal Kombat 1 and 2,
and film stars now sometimes appear in video games. The (3) ………….… in many
122
games have taken on such a high degree of realism that they almost seem like film.
The X-Files game was practically an (4) ……………… movie, full of actors from the
show and sections of dialogue and video. Some people claim that the Blade Runner
video game was better than the movie - not only were the sets incredible but you also
got to control the action and the ending.
(5) ……………… online gaming is the next wave in the video game world, it
provides a better gaming experience, simply because people are more creative
and more challenging adversaries than computers. Thousands of people can play
simultaneously all over the world.

Applications of multimedia
IV. Match the descriptions (1-5) with the pictures (a-e).
1 Virtual reality
2 Distance learning
3 A business presentation
4 A touch screen information kiosk
5 An MMS mobile phone

a) ________ b) _________ c) _________

d) _________ e) _________
123
 Multimedia magic!
V. Read the text and match the headings (1-4) with the gaps at the start of
each paragraph (a-d).
1 Sound, Music, MIDI
2 Products full of pictures, action and sound
3 Creating and editing movies
4 The potential of multimedia
a _______________
Multimedia applications are used in all sorts of fields.
For example, museums, banks and estate agents often have information kiosks
that use multimedia; companies produce training programs on optical discs;
businesspeople use Microsoft PowerPoint to create slideshows; and teachers use
multimedia to make video projects or to teach subjects like art and music. They have
all found that moving images and sound can involve viewers emotionally as well as
inform them, helping make their message more memorable.
The power of multimedia software resides in hypertext, hypermedia and
interactivity (meaning the user is involved in the programme). If you click on a
hypertext link, you can jump to another screen with more information about a
particular subject. Hypermedia is similar, but also uses graphics, audio and video as
hypertext elements.
b ______________
As long as your computer has a sound card, you can use it to capture sounds in
digital format and play them back. Sound cards offer two important capabilities: a
built-in stereo synthesizer and a system called MIDI, or Musical Instrument Digital
Interface, which allows electronic musical instruments to communicate with
computers. A Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) lets you mix and record several
tracks of digital audio.
You can also listen to music on your PC, or transfer it to a portable MP3 player.
MP3 is short for MPEG audio layer 3, a standard format that compresses audio files.
If you want to create your own MP3 files from CDs, you must have a CD ripper, a
program that extracts music tracks and saves them on disk as MP3s.
Audio is becoming a key element of the Web. Many radio stations broadcast live
over the Internet using streaming audio technology, which lets you listen to audio in
a continuous stream while it is being transmitted. The broadcast of an event over the
Web, for example a concert, is called a webcast. You won't be able to play audio and
video on the Web unless you have a plug-in like RealPlayer or QuickTime.

124
 c _______________
Video is another important part of multimedia. Video computing refers to
recording, manipulating and storing video in digital format. If you wanted to make a
movie on your computer, first you would need to capture images with a digital video
camera and then transfer them to your computer. Next, you would need a video
editing program like iMovie to cut your favourite segments, re-sequence the clips
and add transitions and other effects. Finally, you could save your movie on a DVD
or post it on websites like YouTube and Google Video.
d _______________
Multimedia is used to produce dictionaries and encyclopedias. They often come
on DVDs, but some are also available on the Web. A good example is the Grolier
Online Encyclopedia, which contains thousands of articles, animations, sounds,
dynamic maps and hyperlinks. Similarly, the Encyclopedia Britannica is now
available online, and a concise version is available for iPods, PDAs and mobile
phones. Educational courses on history, science and foreign languages are also
available on DVD. Finally, if you like entertainment, you'll love the latest multimedia
video games with surround sound, music soundtracks, and even film extracts.

Vocabulary:
to capture – збирати, записувати, отримувати
to broadcast – транслювати
to re-sequence – встановити послідовність
concise – скорочений
plug-in – додатковий програмний модуль, модуль підключення
transition – перехід
hyperlink – гіперпосилання
MMS – Multimedia Message Service – служба мультимедійних повідомлень

VI. Answer the following questions.

1. In what fields is multimedia used? What for?
2. How can you capture and play music?
3. What is video computing?
4. How is multimedia used in learning and education?

125
 VII. Match the words (1-5) with the definitions (a-e).

1. hypertext a) the process of manipulating video images

b) text with links which take you to other pages
2. hypermedia c) a technique for playing sound and video files while
they're downloaded
3. streaming
d) a live event broadcast over the Internet
4. webcast e) a form of enriched multimedia which allows an
interactive and dynamic linking of visual and audio
5. video editing elements

Grammar / Conditional Sentences

VIII. Look at the HELP box and then complete these sentences with the
correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 If you (bring) __________ your digital video camera, we can make a movie
on my PC.
2 You won't be able to play those video files if you (not have) __________ the
correct plug-in.
3 If the marketing manager (have) __________ PowerPoint, she could make
more effective presentations.
4 If I could afford it, I (buy) __________ a new game console.
5 If I had the money, I (invest) __________ in some new multimedia software.

HELP BOX
We use conditional sentences to express that the action in the main clause can
only take place if a certain condition is fulfilled (see below for examples).They are
introduced by if, unless and as long as. Unless means if not and as long as means
provided/providing (that).

You won't be able to play audio and video on the Web unless you have a plug-in like
RealPlayer or QuickTime. (= if you don't have a plug-in ...)

 The first conditional (for real or possible situations).

If A happens B will happen
(present simple) (will in positive or negative + verb)
If you like entertainment, you will love the latest multimedia video games.
In the main clause, we can also have a modal (for example, can or must) or an
imperative.
126
 If you want to create your own MP3 files from your CDs, you must have a CD ripper.

 The second conditional (for more hypothetical situations).

If A happened B would happen
(past simple) (would in positive or negative + verb)

If you wanted to make a movie on your computer, first you would /you'd need to...
In the main clause, we can also use other modals (e.g. could, should, might),
depending on the meaning.
If the verb be appears in the if clause, we often use were instead of was, even if
the pronoun is I, he, she or it.

If I were you, I'd get a new MP3 player.

127
 T O P I C 26. VIDEO CONFERENCING

I. Read and translate the texts.

Video and voice calls
Video conferencing (video call)
systems allow a live connection
between two or more participants in
separate locations using the Internet to
exchange audio and video data. The
users need a computer with broadband
access, a webcam, a microphone and
speakers. Some popular programs are
CU-SeeMe and Windows Netmeeting.
The Net can also be used for online telephone conversations, either computer-
to-computer or computer-to-phone, which require special software (e.g. Net2Phone)
or an applet, a Java application that runs from the browser when you access a web
page, and also a microphone, sound card and speakers.
This type of communication uses VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), which
turns analogue audio signals, like the ones on the telephone, into digital data that can
be sent via the Internet.
Virtual worlds
Internet users can also
communicate in three-dimensional
environments. Instead of nicknames,
people choose Avatars or 3D
characters in order to interact with
other people.
A popular language used to create
interactive simulations within the Net is VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling
Language).

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What do users need to participate in a video conference?
2. What can the Net also be used for?
3. What do online telephone conversations require?

128
 III. Complete the sentences below with words from the box.

buddy video conferencing nicknames

chat room messaging avatars

1 Always show respect for other people in a ..…….... ……….. . Never send any
unpleasant or threatening email messages.
2 Most instant . ……….. programs have what is called a …………. list. Each
user’s screen shows a box with the …………. of the people he/she chats with.
3 The company hopes to have virtual open-plan offices, where researchers from
around the world can collaborate. Individuals would be represented by …….. ,
personalized electronic figures with perhaps a name badge or a picture of the
owner's face.
4 Fear of flying is producing a surge of interest in………… ……….. , in which
business people meet face-to-face even though they are hundreds or thousands
of miles apart.

IV. Read the text and match the headings (1-5) with the gaps at the start of
each paragraph (a-c).

1 Cheap calls over the Internet

2 Chat rooms on the Web: join the crowd!

3 Real-time videoconferencing
A videoconferencing system
combines data, voice and video
Virtual meeting
a …………
Imagine you want to assemble a group of people from around the world for a
brainstorming session. Conferencing programs such as NetMeeting or CU- SeeMe
allow virtual workgroups to communicate via the Internet. To videoconference,
you'll need a webcam. Participants see each other's faces in small windows on their
monitors and hear each other's voices on the computer speakers. You can use just
audio, video and audio simultaneously.
b …………
Internet telephony, also known as VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), almost
eliminates long-distance phone charges, allowing you to call nearly anywhere in the
129
 world for the price of a local call. If you have flat-rate internet access, you can't
beat the price - it's practically free.
With internet telephony, you can make a voice call from your computer to
another person's computer or mobile phone. You can download telephony software
such as Skype or Net2Phone from the Net, and it’s even free!
c …………
People also use more traditional chat conferencing or bulletin board systems
(BBSs) to communicate online. Note that during chat sessions, participants type
messages to each other rather than communicate by voice. Chat software can be used
on the Web with your browser to conduct online chat sessions with other users and
can accommodate between 50 and 1,000 users simultaneously. Some companies even
use chat conferencing on their websites to facilitate communication with customers.

Vocabulary:
simultaneously – одночасно
to facilitate – полегшувати, сприяти
venue – місце зустрічі
buddy – (амер.) приятель

V. Match the questions (1-5) with the answers (a-e).

1 Why is videoconferencing so useful for virtual workgroups?
2 What special hardware and software do you need to videoconference?
3 Which technology enables people to make phone calls over the Internet?
4 What is the difference between web chat rooms and Instant Messaging?
5 How do you log on to an IM server?

a) With a username and password.

b) It enables virtual workgroups to communicate easily over long distances;
they can exchange ideas and information as if they were in the same room.
c) Web chat rooms allow multiple users to join in a conversation and see what
all the other people are typing; they are based around certain themes (love,
music, business, etc.). Instant Messaging, however, refers to chatting
privately with a select person or group of people, usually with friends or
colleagues.
d) A webcam and a conferencing program, for example Netmeeting or CU-
SeeMe.
e) Internet telephony, also known as VoIP.

130
 T O P I C 27. SOME USEFUL ADVICE TO A PUBLISHER
I. Read and translate the text.

Target audience
If you want to be a publisher you will need an audience. But the number of
people doesn’t bother to study their audience before they create their publication.
They concentrate on what they want to write, not on what their audience wants to
read. To avoid this mistake is simple. Make sure you know what your readers need
before you start publishing.
First, think about them. How old are they? How literate are they? How much
money do they have? How are they spending their time? Why are they interested in
your subject? How much or how little do they already know about it? What motivates
them to read: personal development, financial gain or recreation? What do they gain
by reading your publication?
There are lots of low-cost ways to study your prospective readers. For example,
interview people at trade shows, or conduct mail and telephone surveys. If you are in
print, then run fax polls and surveys in your publication. If you are not in print, then
study the letters to the editors and opinion polls. In short, take every step that will
allow prospective readers to tell you about themselves.
Then, study your competitors. What could you do better? You can usually find a
unique and valuable editorial niche, especially if you understand your readers.
Finally, after your readers told you their interests and you listened to them, sit
down to create your publication – one that suits them.
Vocabulary
to make sure – впевнитись, пересвідчитись survey – опитування
financial gain – фінансові прибутки (приріст) opinion – (власна) думка, погляд
to gain – набувати, отримувати competitor – конкурент
131
 II. Answer the following questions.
1. How to find what the audience wants to read?
2. What meaning has an expression “target audience”?
3. How can you study your prospective readers?
III. Complete the article. Choose the right answers.
The history of publishing 1)__________ by a close interplay of technical
innovation and social change, each promoting the other. Publishing as it
2)__________ today depends on a series of three major inventions – writing, paper,
and printing – and one crucial social development – the spread of 3)__________.
Before the invention of writing, 4)__________ by the Sumerians in the 4th
millennium BCE, information 5)___________ only by word of mouth, with all the
accompanying limitations of place and time. Writing was 6)___________ regarded
not as a means of disseminating information but as a way to fix religious
formulations or to secure codes of law, genealogies, and other socially important
matters, which had previously been committed to memory. Publishing
7)___________ only after the monopoly of letters, often held by a priestly caste,
8)___________, probably in connection with the development of the value of writing
in commerce. Scripts of various kinds came to be used throughout 9)___________
the ancient world for proclamations, correspondence, transactions, and records; but
book production 10)__________ largely to religious centres of learning, as it would
be again later in 11)__________ Europe. Only in Hellenistic Greece, in Rome, and in
China, where there were essentially nontheocratic societies, does there seem to have
been any publishing in the modern sense – i.e., a 12)__________ industry supplying
a lay readership.
A B C
1 characterizes is characterized characterized
2 is known knows used to know
3 literally literature literacy
4 however perhaps in the case
5 could spread can be spread could be spread
6 originally in origin original
7 could began can begin could begin
8 had broken had been broken have been broken
9 most of most the most
10 was cut was narrowed was confined
11 average medieval middle
12 copy copied copying

132
 T O P I C 28. GRAPHICS AND DESIGN. TYPES OF GRAPHICS SOFTWARE

I. Read and translate the text.

Types of graphics software

Computer graphics are pictures created, changed or processed by computers.
There are two categories.
1 Bitmapped graphics represent images as bitmaps; they are stored as pixels
and can become a bit distorted when they are manipulated. The density of dots,
known as the resolution and expressed in dots per inch, determines how sharp
the image is.
2 Vector graphics represent images as mathematical formulae, so they can be
changed or scaled without losing quality. They are ideal for high-resolution
output.
There are different types of graphics software.
 Image manipulation programs let you edit your favourite images. For
example, you can scan a picture into your PC or transfer a photo from your camera
and then add different effects, or filters.
 Painting and drawing programs, also called illustration packages, offer
facilities for freehand drawing, with a wide choice of pens and brushes, colours and
patterns. One example is Windows Paint.
 Business graphics programs, also called presentation software, let you
create pie charts, bar charts and line graphs of all kinds for slide shows and reports.
You can import data from a database or spreadsheet to generate the graphs.
133
  Computer-aided design (CAD) is used by engineers and architects to
design everything from cars and planes to buildings and furniture. First they make a
wireframe, a drawing with edges and contour lines. Then if they want to colour the
objects and add texture, they create a surface for the object; this is called «filling the
surface». Finally, the design is rendered to make the object look realistic. Rendering
is a process that adds realism to graphics by using shading, light sources and
reflections.
 Desktop publishing (DTP) is based around a page layout program, which
lets you import text from a word processor, clip-art (ready- made pictures) from
graphics packages, and images from scanners or cameras, and arrange them all on a
page. It is used to design and publish books, newspapers, posters, advertisements, etc.
 Digital art, or computer art, is done
with applets that use mathematical formulae to
create beautiful bright shapes called fractals. A
fractal is a geometrical figure with special
properties, e.g. the Koch snowflake or the
Mandelbrot set. Fractals can also be used to
model real objects like clouds, coastlines or
landscapes.
 Computer animation uses graphics programs (e.g. digital cartooning
systems) to create or edit moving pictures. Each image in a sequence of images is
called a «frame».
 Geographic information systems (GIS) allow cartographers to create
detailed maps.
Vocabulary
bitmap – бітова карта, растрове зображення
plug-in – змінна плата
wireframe – ескіз
frame – кадр
to render – формувати зображення
clip-art – буферне зображення
fractal – фракталь (геометричне зображення), рекурсивний
snowflake – сніжка

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What are two categories of computer graphics?
2. What are types of graphics software?
3. What do image manipulation programs help you do?
4. Tell about the usage of other programs.
134
 Bitmap graphics are Vector graphics consist of A fractal is a geometrical
composed of pixels, each of points, lines and curves figure with special
which contains specific colour which, when combined, can properties.
information. form complex objects.

III. Complete the sentences with words from the box.

wireframe bitmap fractals
rendering filters clip-art

1 Painting programs work by giving a colour to each pixel in an image, creating a

…………….. . Unlike vector graphics, the image is a single layer, so once something
is painted, it becomes part of the whole picture.
2 In painting programs and image editors, ………..… are special effects that can
be applied to a picture, including drop shadows, textures, distortions, etc.
3 The ……….….. model is the simplest interpretation of a true three- dimensional
object. Here the object is represented by its edges and contours and is therefore
similar in form to a normal engineering drawing or sketch.
4 ……………… adds textures to each surface, and generates realistic reflections,
shadows and highlights.
5 Most illustration packages come with a bundle of resources that include ready-
made ………………. images and a selection of fonts.
6 ……………….. are geometrical patterns that are repeated at a small scale to
generate irregular shapes, some of which are similar to objects in nature.

IV. Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (a-f).

1 resolution a special effects that can be applied to pictures

2 jagged b a technique that generates realistic reflections, shadows and
highlights
3 filters c geometrical figures with special properties
4 wireframe d irregular or uneven
5 rendering e the number of pixels in an image

6 fractals f the drawing of a model by using features like edges or contour

lines

135
 T O P I C 29. DESKTOP PUBLISHING

I. In pairs, discuss these questions.

1 What kind of documents can be produced with a desktop publishing system?

2 Page layout software is the key component of a desktop publishing system.
Which file types can be imported into a page layout program?

II. Read and translate the text.

Desktop publishing (DTP) refers to the use of computers to design and publish
books, brochures, newsletters, magazines and other printed pieces. DTP is really a
combination of several different processes including word processing, graphic design,
information design, output and pre-press technologies, and sometimes image
manipulation.
DTP centres around a page layout program. Typically, a layout program is
used to import texts created in word processing programs; charts and graphs from
spreadsheet programs; drawings and illustrations created in CAD, drawing or paint
programs; and photographs. The program is then used to combine and arrange them
all on a page. It is this ability to manipulate so many different items and control how
they are used that makes layout software so popular and useful. However, modern
word processors also have publishing capabilities. In general, though, powerful new
publishing systems use high-quality scalable fonts and give you control over
typographic features such as kerning (adjusting the spaces between letters). Another
key feature of DTP software is text flow - the ability to put text around graphic
objects in a variety of ways.
Once composed, DTP documents are printed on a laser printer. For transfer to a
commercial printer, the documents are generally saved in their native page layout
format (such as Adobe InDesign or QuarkXPress) or as PDF files. PDF stands for
136
 Portable Document Format and allows people to view, search and print
documents exactly as the publisher intended - you don't need to have the software and
fonts used to create it. PDF files can be published and distributed anywhere: in print,
attached to email, posted on websites, or on DVD. To open a PDF file, only the
Adobe Acrobat Reader (a free download) is required.
In modern commercial printing, DTP files are output directly to the printing
plates without using film as an intermediate step. This new technology is known as
Computer-To-Plate (CTP) or direct to plate. CTP machines are expensive, so most
people take their files to a service bureau, a company that specializes in printing
other people's files.

Vocabulary
desktop publishing – комп'ютерний друк
brochure – брошура
to centre – зосереджуватись
layout – проект
chart – діаграма, схема
spreadsheet – електронна таблиця
scalable font – масштабований шрифт
kerning – кернінг, встановлення проміжків між літерами
template – шаблон
specifying – визначення
margins – поля (сторінки)
to position – розташувати
to scale – визначити масштаб
to crop – вилучати зайві частини зображення
to verify – звіряти, підтвердити
proofs – (тут) коректура

III. Read the text again and answer these questions.

1. What type of software is used for the creation of DTP documents?
2. What are three differences between DTP software and word processors?
3. What is a PDF and what can it do?
4. Which program do you need to view a PDF document?
5. Why do people send their DTP files to service bureau?

137
 PAPER AND E-PUBLISHING
Steps in a DTP publication
IV. Put the steps in the creation of a DTP document (a-f ) into the correct
order.
1 a 2 …. 3 …. 4 …. 5 …. 6 ….

a First, the DTP designer decides d When the text has been edited,
the basic form of the document (the the designer imports the pictures
type of document, general design, and uses precise tools to position,
colour, fonts, images required, etc.). scale, crop and rotate all the items.

e The next step is to type the text

b The last step is to take the files to
directly or to import it from a word
a service bureau, which will print the
processing program like Word or
publication.
WordPerfect.

c To create the DTP document, the
designer begins by selecting a
template or by specifying the
settings of a new document (the page
size, margins, columns, paragraph
styles, master pages, etc.).
f Once the file is composed and
saved, the designer has to prepare it
for printing, which involves
verifying the colour specification,
creating a Postscript or PDF file,
exporting the file in HTML format
for the Web, checking proofs, etc.

E-PUBLISHING VERSUS PAPER PUBLISHING

V. Look at this web extract about e-publishing. What examples of e-
publishing can you find in the text?

Publishing has existed in its current form for centuries. Ever since paper was first
invented, human beings have found ways of using it to pass on messages to each
other. Books, magazines and newspapers are now part of our everyday lives, but with
the invention of the Internet and the speed of new technological advances, the world
of publishing is changing. Online newspapers and magazines, blogs, and even e-book
readers are changing the way we get information. But will we ever stop picking up a
good old-fashioned newspaper? E-publishing versus paper publishing - who will
win?

138
 VI. Look at this letter. Match the parts of the letter (a-h) with the
descriptions (1-8).
a Rhondda High School
31 Prospect Place, Cardiff, Wales

b 28th March 2008

c The Editor
El Independiente
Moratin, 7
28006 Madrid
Spain

d Dear Sir/Madam,
e We are writing to ask if you can help us with our school project. We are doing a
survey of the major newspapers in the European Union to find out which computer systems
and desktop publishing programs they use.
f We would be very grateful if you could tell us which hardware, graphic design and
page layout software you use at El Independiente. Could you also tell us how long your
online edition has been running for? Thank you very much in advance.
g We look forward to hearing from you.
h Yours faithfully,
Kotherine Powell
Katherine Powell, student representative.

1 _b_ For example, 28th March 2008, or 28 March 2008, or 28/03/2008.

2 ___ This is usually in the top right corner of the letter, but can be in the centre if it's
a printed letterhead.
3 ___ State the reason for writing: I am / We are writing to ... / We are currently...
4 ___ This should be included on the left hand side of the page, before the greeting.
5 ___ Start with Dear Sir / Madam or Dear Mr / Mrs / Ms... Use Ms if you are not
sure if the recipient is married or not. It is often best to use Ms, as Mrs can cause offence.
6 ___ To make any requests or ask any questions you need: We would be grateful if
you could..., Could you also...
7 ___ Request further contact, if necessary: We / I look forward to hearing from you.
/ Please contact us by...
8 ___ If you have started the letter with the person's name (for example, Dear Mr
Robinson), then end with Yours sincerely. If you do not know the name of the recipient,
end with Yours faithfully.

139
 МАТЕРІАЛ ДЛЯ САМОСТІЙНОГО ОПРАЦЮВАННЯ
I. Read and translate the text.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
(1642-1727)
Isaac Newton is universally recognized as one
of the greatest scientists of all times.
Isaac Newton was born in 1942.In his youth he
was known as a “silent, thinking boy”. At the age of
19 he entered Cambridge University, where he
displayed remarkable ability in science. At 26
Newton became a professor at the University. His
main interest were mathematics, electrical mechanics
and physical optics.
At twenty-two he began studying the theory of
gravity. Many people already knew that the planets
move endlessly round the sun. But nobody could explain what kept them moving.
Newton showed that the motion of the planets were the natural result of universal laws
of nature. His great work, the “Principia” was published in 1687. In this book Newton
clarified all that he had discovered about the movements of planets and their satellites.
He said that a body in motion would continue to travel in a straight line forever unless
some force was applied to stop it.
The laws of gravity enabled him to explain many mysteries of the structure of the
universe. Newton showed how the mass of the sun could be calculated from the speed
and distance of any planet. He calculated the force of gravity between the sun and the
planets and the quantity of matter in all these objects. He showed that the weight of the
same body would be twenty-three times greater at the surface of the sun than at the
surface of the Earth. He found the true size and figure of the Earth.
The “Principia” created a wave of interest all over Europe and made many
scientists become angry. Most of them could not believe that great planets were
hanging in empty space, and were kept in their orbits by an unseen power of the sun.
Newton’s results were better than anything that human reason had reached before
Newton. He proved that mechanical laws acting on the Earth, that is, in the world in
which we live, are connected with mechanical laws of the whole universe.
That Newton discovered the three most important laws of motion is known to
everybody. For all practical purposes these laws of motion are true to this day, but they
are only part of Newton’s contribution to physical science.
Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

140
 Vocabulary
universally recognized всесвітньовідомий
silent мовчазний
to move endlessly безперервно рухатись
to apply прикладати, застосовувати
force сила
straight line пряма лінія
to enable давати можливість
mystery загадка, таємниця
reason розум
to prove доводити
purpose мета
to be buried бути похованим
wave хвиля
quantity кількість
weight вага
surface поверхня
the Earth Земля
figure форма
remarkable помітний, видатний
to display показувати, виявляти
to clarify пояснювати

to display remarkable ability in science - проявити блискучі здібності в науці

the “Principia” - «Початки»
are true to this day - не загубили свого значення до сьогоднішнього дня

II. Read the text again and answer these questions.

1. What was Newton?
2. When was he born?
3. When did he enter University?
4. What were his main interests?
5. What did he begin studying at 22?
6. What did he show in his work?
7. When was his greatest work the “Principia” published?
8. What did he calculate?
9. What did he prove?
10. When did he die?

141
 ALFRED BERNHARD NOBEL

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10

December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer,
innovator, and armaments manufacturer. He was the
inventor of dynamite. Nobel held 350 different patents,
dynamite being the most famous. He used his fortune to
institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium
was named after him. His name also survives in modern-
day companies such as Dynamit Nobel and Akzo Nobel,
which are descendants of companies Nobel himself
established.
Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel Nobel
(1801–1872), an inventor and engineer, and Karolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel
(1805–1889).
Nobel's father moved to Saint Petersburg in 1837 and grew successful there as a
manufacturer of machine tools and explosives. In 1842, the family joined him in the
city. Now prosperous, his parents were able to send Nobel to private tutors and the
boy excelled in his studies, particularly in chemistry and languages.
Nobel filed his first patent, for a gas meter, in 1857.
The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War (1853–1856); but
Nobel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and Nobel devoted himself to
the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of
nitroglycerine. Nobel invented a detonator in 1863; and, in 1865, he designed the
blasting cap.
On 3 September 1864, a shed, used for the preparation of nitroglycerin, exploded
at the factory in Stockholm, killing five people, including Nobel's younger brother
Emil. Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than
the more unstable nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and
was used extensively in mining and the building of transport networks
internationally. Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences in 1884.
Nobel's brothers Ludvig and Robert exploited oilfields along the Caspian Sea and
became hugely rich in their own right. Nobel invested in these and amassed great
wealth through the development of these new oil regions. During his life Nobel
issued 350 patents internationally and by his death had established 90 armaments
factories, despite his belief in pacifism. Nobel travelled for much of his business life,
maintaining companies in various countries in Europe and North America and
keeping a permanent home in Paris from 1873 to 1891.
142
 In 1891, following the death of his mother and his brother Ludvig and the end of
a longstanding relationship, Nobel moved from Paris to San Remo, Italy. Suffering
from angina, Nobel died at home in 1896. He had left most of his wealth to fund the
awards that would become known as the Nobel Prizes.

Vocabulary
shed – споруда
dynamite ['dɑɪnǝmɑɪt] – динаміт
nitroglycerin ['nɑɪtrǝɡlɪsǝ'rɪ:n] – нітрогліцерин

Read the text again and answer these questions.

1. What was A. Nobel?
2. When and where was he born?
3. How was he educated?
4. When did he file his first patent?
5. What inventions did he make in 1863, 1865?
6. When did he invent dynamite?
7. When was Nobel elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences?
8. How many patents did be issue during his life?
9. When did he move to Italy?
10. Where did he leave his wealth?

143
 JOHN LOGIE BAIRD
John Logie Baird, the inventor of television, had
always been interested in science. He made many
experiments during his life. But not all of them were
successful.
When he was 12 years old, he and some other
boys built a telephone system. They stretched wires
across the street. The system worked well. But once
during the storm a man, standing in the street, was hurt
by the falling wires. So the boys had to close down
their telephone system.
A few years later Baird and his classmates built a plane. When John tried
to fly in it, the plane crashed. But luckily John wasn't badly hurt.
After finishing Royal technical college in Glasgow, Baird worked at a
power station. While working there, he continued making experiments. When
he was making one of his experiments, the electricity was cut off in the
whole district. That was the end of John's job.
John wasn't discouraged, however, and continued to work on his
experiments.
Finally, in 1925 he transmitted a picture of a human face over a few
meters.
Vocabulary
to stretch wire - протягнути провід
to crash - розбитись (при падінні)
to hurt - поранити(сь)
power station - електростанція
to cut off electricity - відключити електропостачання
to be discouraged - зневіритись
to transmit - передавати

Answer the following questions.

1. Were all Baird's experiments successful?
2. What did John and his friends build when John was 12 year old?
3. Who was hurt by the falling wires during the storm?
4. What did Baird build a few years later?
5. Was the flight of the plane successful?
6. Where did Baird work after finishing Royal technical college?
7. Why was the electricity cut off in the whole district? (What was Baird
doing while working at the power station?)
8. When did Baird transmit a picture over a few meters?
144
 FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

I. Read and translate the text.

Sikorskyi Ihor Ivanovych was a well-known aircraft

engineer and manufacturer.
Sikorskyi was born in 1889 in Kyiv, in Ukraine, and
got his education at the naval college in St. Petersburg,
and later in Kyiv and Paris. He was the first to make
experiments in helicopter design. In 1913 he designed,
built, and flew the first successful airplane. Later he built
military aircrafts.
In 1919 Sikorskyi moved to the United States and
later helped to organize an aircraft company that produced a series of
multiengine flying boats for commercial service. Sikorskyi became an
American citizen in 1928. In the late 1930s he returned to developing
helicopters and produced the first successful helicopter in the west. Helicopters
designed by Sikorskyi were used mostly by the US Army Air Forces during
World War II. He died in 1972 at the age of 83.
Tupolev Andrii Mykolaiovych, famous aircraft
designer, was born in 1888. He graduated from the
Higher Technical School, where he designed the first
wind tunnel. He helped to found the Central
Airhydrodynamics Institute in 1918 and later worked as
the head of its design bureau. During his career he
directed the design of more than 100 military and
commercial aircrafts, including the TU-2 and TU-4
bombers used in the World War II. In 1955 he designed
the TU-104, the first passenger jet airliner. His TU-144 supersonic jet liner
began its commercial passenger flights in 1977.

ІІ. Answer the following questions.

1. What was Sikorskyi Ihor Ivanovych?
2. Where did he get his education?
3. What company did Sikorskyi help to organize in the USA?
4. When did Sikorskyi produce the first successful helicopter?
5. What was Tupolev Andrii Mykolaiovych?
6. What did he graduate from?
7. How many aircrafts did he design?
8. When did Tupolev design the first passenger jet airliner?
145
 KONSTANTYN EDUARDOVYCH TSIOLKOVSKYI
I. Read and translate the text.

Konstantyn Eduardovych Tsiolkovskyi was born on

September 5, 1875, in the village of Izhevskoie.
Men have been thinking about space travel for many
thousands of years. But astronautics - the scientific study of
space travel and all its problems - is a new science. It began
at the end of the 19th century and its founder was
Tsiolkovsky.
Tsiolkovskyi educated himself; he constructed model-
balloons, a flying machine, etc. At the age of 16 he first
thought of constructing a large metallic balloon or dirigible.
At the age of 16 he began to think of using centrifugal force
for space flight. Soon he saw his mistake and he began to study higher mathematics.
He became a mathematics and physics teacher and remained so for about 40 years.
In 1887, his first work on a metallic dirigible was published. Mendeleiev was
interested in his project and helped Tsiolkovskyi to publish his scientific works. In
1890 Tsiolkovskyi made a model of his dirigible.
In 1903, Tsiolkovskyi published his first work on space travel. It was description
of a liquid-fuelled spaceship. Tsiolkovskyi was the first scientist who realized that
liquid fuels are the best fuels for rockets. This is one of his greatest contributions to
astronautics.
During the next quarter of a century Tsiolkovskyi made various other designs for
rocket spaceships. He also published books on mathematical theory of rocket flights
and space travel. His calculations showed that it would be quite possible to travel out
into space in rockets and even to set up manned space stations around the Earth. He
died on September 19, 1935.

ІІ. Answer the following questions.

1. When did astronautics as a new science begin?

2. Which of his works was published an 1887?
3. What are his greatest contributions to astronautics?

146
 SERHII KOROLIOV

I. Read and translate the text.

Serhii Koroliov was born on December 30, 1906, in

the city of Zhytomyr into the family of a teacher. From
1927 he worked in the aircraft industry. In 1930, without
leaving his job, he graduated from Bauman Higher
Technical School and finished a flyers' school in the city
the same year.
After becoming acquainted with Konstantyn
Tsiolkovskyi and his ideas, Koroliov became an enthusiast
and one of the founders of space-rocketry engineering.
In 1933, a group of scientists, with his participation,
made the first experimental rockets.
From then on he devoted himself entirely to developing space-rocketry
engineering.
Koroliov reared many leading scientists and engineers who are now working in
research institutes and design bureaus in the sphere of space-rocket engineering.
Academician Serhii Koroliov, an outstanting scientist and designer of space-
rocket systems, died on January 14, 1966.
With the help of the systems he had designed, artificial Earth satellites were
launched for the first time in the world, a pennant was delivered to the Moon, the
Moon was circumnavigated and its far side was photographed. The spaceships in
which man made his first cosmic flights and from which he ventured out into space
were made under his guidance.

Vocabulary:
after becoming acquainted - познайомившись
with his participation - за його участю

ІІ. Answer the following questions.

1. What education did Koroliov get?

2. What was made in space exploration with the help of the systems he had
designed?

147
 BORYS YEVHENOVYCH PATON
I. Read and translate the text.
Borys Ye. Paton is an outstanding scientist in the field of
welding, metallurgy and technology of metals, prominent
public figure, academician of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine.
For many years B.Ye. Paton has been heading the Paton
Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine.
Borys Paton was born on the 27th of November 1918 in
the family of Yevhen Oskarovych Paton, professor of the
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. In those years Yevhen Paton was a
well-known expert in the area of bridge construction and chaired the bridge faculty.
The Electric Welding Institute was founded in 1934 by the initiative of
Ye.O. Paton.
In 1941, Borys Paton graduated from the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. In the
following year he was appointed to the Electric Welding Institute. In 1942 B.Ye. Paton
started his manufacturing and scientific activity. He continued and brilliantly
developed the work started by Ye.O. Paton.
His method was used to produce tank T-34 recognized by experts to be the best
medium-weight tank of the Second World War.
Paton completed a number of interesting investigations of automatic equipment
for submerged-arc welding.
For the first time the method was applied to erect structures of the Kyiv Bridge
across the Dnieper River, which was called after Yevhen Paton. That bridge obtained
the recognition of the American Welding Society as an outstanding welded structure of
the 20th century.
In 1950, Borys Paton was appointed to the post of Deputy Director of the Institute
on scientific work, and in 1953, after the death of Yevhen O. Paton, he became the
Director of the Ye.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine.
In 1957 B.Ye. Paton was awarded the Prize for the development of the electric
welding process and manufacture of large-size parts on its basis. A number of
companies from many countries bought licences for application of this high-
productivity welding method.
In the first half of the sixties B.Ye. Paton put forward an idea of using welding to
assemble metal structures in the open space, which was strongly supported by S.P.
Korolyov.

148
 In 1969, the first space welding technology was implemented under the
leadership of Borys Paton.
The monograph “Welding in Space and Related Technologies” by B.Ye.Paton
and V.F.Lapchinsky was published in 1997 in Great Britain.
Building projects and technologies were successfully realised in construction of
TV towers in Kyiv, Erevan, Tbilisi and Kharkov. The “Motherland” monument in
Kyiv is also among the outstanding welded structures.
Boris Paton pays great attention to implementation of the achievements of
modern science and technology in medical practice. In the 1900s, he suggested using
the welding processes for joining live tissues.
The Electric Welding Institute is a permanent member of the International
Institute of Welding (IIW) and European Welding Federation (EWF).
The Institutes of the Academy take an active part in working out of the
innovative programs. Among them are such programs as “Nanosystems,
Nanomaterials and Technologies”, “Intelligent Information Technologies”, “Power
Saving”.
In 1993, the International Association of the Academies of Sciences (IAAS) was
established, which united national academies of 15 countries of Europe and Asia.
Borys Yevhenovych is the permanent President of this Association.
He was awarded A.Einstein Silver Medal of UNESCO and many other prizes.

Vocabulary:
to chair – очолювати
welding – електрозварювання
submerged - are welding – зварювання під водою
thesis for candidate degree – кандидатська дисертація
treatment of materials – обробка матеріалів
material science – дослідження матеріалів
live tissue – живі тканини
honorary – почесний

ІІ. Answer the following questions.

1. What is Borys Yevhenovych Paton?
2. When was Borys born?
3. What was his father?
4. When was the Electric Welding Institute founded?
5. What institute did Paton graduate from?
149
 6. What was his activity connected with?
7. Where was the method of submerged-are welding applied for the first
time?
8. When did Borys Paton become the Director of Ye.O. Paton Electric
Welding Institute?
9. What prize was he awarded in 1957?
10. What Paton's idea was supported by S.P. Korolyov?
11. What monograph was published in Great Britain in 1997?
12. In what fields are Paton's projects and technologies realized?
13. In what innovative programs do the Institutes of the Academy take part in?
14. What medal of UNESCO was B. Paton awarded?

150
 INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS (I/O UNITS)
THE KEYBOARD
І. Label the picture of a standard keyboard with the groups of keys (1-5).
1 Cursor control keys include arrow keys that move the insertion point up, down,
right and left, and keys such as End, Home, Page Up and Page Down, which are
used in word processing to move around a long document.
2 Alphanumeric keys represent letters and numbers, as arranged on a typewriter.
3 Function keys appear at the top of the keyboard and can be programmed to do
special tasks.
4 Dedicated keys are used to issue commands or to produce alternative characters,
e. g. the Ctrl key or the Alt key.
5 A numeric keypad appears to the right of the main keyboard. The Num Lock
key is used to switch from numbers to editing keys.

II. Read and translate the text.

A standard PC keyboard has various groups of keys.
 Alphanumeric keys - these represent letters and numbers, arranged as on
a typewriter.
 A numeric keypad appears to the right of the main keyboard and
contains numeric and editing keys; the Num Lock key is used to switch from
numbers to editing functions.
 Function keys appear at the top of the keyboard and can be programmed
to do special jobs.
 Cursor keys include ‘arrow keys' which move the insertion point, and
keys such as Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down, which let you move around
documents.
 Dedicated keys are used to issue commands or produce alternative
characters. For example:
151
 Ctrl changes the functions of other keys (e.g. Ctrl + X cuts the selected text).
Caps Lock sets the keyboard in ‘CAPITALS’ mode; it only affects letters.
Enter (or Return) is pressed to select options from a menu or to start a new
paragraph.
Backspace deletes the character to the left of your current position.

THE MOUSE
III. Read and translate the text.
A mouse is a hand-held device that lets you move a pointer (or cursor) and
select items on the screen. It has one or more buttons to communicate with the PC.
A scroll wheel lets you move through your documents or web pages The pointer
looks like an l-bar, an arrow or a pointing hand.
An optical mouse has an optical sensor instead of a ball underneath,
A cordless (wireless) mouse has no cable; ir sends data via infrared signals or
radio waves.
Mouse actions:
 to click, press and release the left button.
 to double-click, press and release the left button twice.
 to drag, hold down the button, move the pointer to a new place and then
release the button.
 to right-click, press and release the right button; this action displays a list of
commands.
Voice input
Today you can also interact with your computer by voice with a voice-
recognition system that converts voice into text, so you can dictate text directly
onto your word processor or email program. You can also control your PC with
voice commands; this means you can launch programs, open, save or print files.
Some systems let you search the Web or chat using your voice instead of the
keyboard.

IV. Look through the text above. Complete these sentences with the
correct ‘mouse action’.
1 To start a program or open a document you _________ on its icon - that is, you
rapidly press and release the mouse button twice.
2 If you want to select a menu option, you just _________ on the left button.
3 If you want to find the commands for a particular text, image, etc., you have to
__________ on it.
4 If you want to move an object, press the burton and _________ the object to the
desired location.
152
 MOUSE ACTIONS
V. Complete this text about the mouse with verbs from the box.

click double-click drag select move control

A mouse allows you to (1) …………..… the cursor and move around the
screen very quickly. Making the same movements with the arrow keys on the
keyboard would take much longer. As you (2) ..…………….the mouse on your
desk, the pointer on the screen move in the same direction. The pointer usually
looks like an 1-bar, an arrow, or a pointing hand, depending on what you are doing.
A mouse has one or more buttons to communicate with the computer.
For example, if you want to place the insertion point or choose a menu option, you
just (3) ………….….. (press and release) on the mouse button, and the option is
chosen.
The mouse is also used to (4) ….…….….. text and items on the screen. You
can highlight text to be deleted, copied or edited in some way.
The mouse is widely use in graphics and design. When you want to move an
image, you position the pointer on the object you want to move, press the mouse
button, and (5) ………...….. the image to a new location on the screen. Similarly,
the mouse is used to change the shape of a graphic object. For example, if you
want to convert a square into a rectangle, you (6) ……..….…. one corner of the
square and stretch it into a rectangle. The mouse is also used to start a program or
open a document: you put the pointer on the file name and (7) ………..…. on the
name – that is, you rapidly press and release the mouse button twice.

153
 INPUT DEVICES: THE EYES OF YOUR PC
VI. Read and translate the text.
SCANNERS
Input devices such as scanners and cameras allow you to capture and copy
images into a computer.
A scanner is a peripheral that reads images and converts them into
electronic codes which can be understood by a computer.
There are different types.
 A flatbed is built like a photocopier and is for use on a desktop; it can
capture text, colour images and even small 3D objects.
 A film scanner is used to scan film negatives or 35 mm slides - pictures
on photographic film, mounted in a frame.
 A hand-held scanner is small and T-shaped, ideal to capture small
pictures and logos.
 A pen scanner looks like a pen; you can scan text, figures, barcodes and
handwritten numbers.
Barcode scanners read barcodes on the products sold in shops and send the
price to the computer in the cash register. Barcodes consist of a series of black and
white stripes used to give products a unique identification number.
The resolution of a scanner is measured in dpi or dots per inch. For example,
a 1,200 dpi scanner gives clearer, more detailed images than a 300 dpi scanner.
Most scanners come with Optical Character Recognition software. OCR
allows you to scan pages of text and save them into your word processor; they can
then be edited.
DIGITAL CAMERAS
A digital camera doesn’t use film. Photos are stored as digital data (hits made
up of 1s and 0s), usually on a tiny storage device known as a flash memory card.
You can connect the camera or memory card to a PC and then alter the images
using a program like Adobe Photoshop, or you can view the images on a TV set.
Many printers have a special socket so that you can print images directly from a
memory card or camera.

VII. Decide if these sentences are True or False. If they are false, correct
them.
1 The details detected by a scanner are not determined by its resolution.
2 A barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for reading barcode labels printed
on products.
3 Scanners cannot handle optical character recognition.
154
4 A digital camera uses a light sensitive film instead of a memory card for
storing the images.
5 A digital video (DV) camera is used to take still photographs.
6 Video editing software allows you to manipulate video clips on the computer.

VIII. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle with necessary words
1. Scanners and cameras are ............... devices used to transfer images into a
format that can be understood by computers.
2. A ............... lets you copy photos and printed documents into your PC.
3. It has become one of life's most familiar sounds — the beep of the supermarket
till whenever a ............... is scanned.
4. If you need to scan 35mm ............... you should go for a dedicated 35mm film
scanner which concentrates all its dots into tiny area.
5. This scanner has a resolution of 300 x 600............... .
6. A ............... scanner is small enough to hold in your hand.
7. A ............... scanner is used to capture lines of text, barcodes and numbers.
8. Most digital cameras use flash ............... cards to store photos.
9. ............... scanners have a flat surface and take at least A4-sized documents.
10. To scan photographic negative or slides your will need a ............... scanner.

1
p
2
e
3
r
4
i
5
p
6
h
7
e
8
r
9
a
10
l

155
 OUTPUT DEVICES: PRINTERS

IX. Read and translate the text.

Technical details
A printer is a device that prints your texts or graphics on paper.

The output on paper or acetate

sheets is called printout or hard copy.
A program in your computer,
called the printer driver, converts data
into a form that your printer can
understand.
A print spooler stores files to be
printed when the printer is ready. It lets
you change the order of documents in the queue and cancel specific print jobs.
The output quality, or resolution, is measured in dpi or dots per inch.
The speed of your printer is measured in pages per minute (ppm).
In a network, users can share a printer connected to a print server, a
computer that stores the files waiting to be printed.

X. Complete these sentences with words from the text.

1 The differences in ________ are noticeable: the more dots per inch, the clearer
the image.
2 A print resolution of between 600 _______ and 2,400 _______ ensured that
even text as small as 2 pt was legible.
3 Passengers with an electronic ticket will need a _______ of ticket
confirmation or a boarding pass to be admitted lo secured gate areas.
4 The key advance of recent years is printing speed: the latest generation of ink-
jets prints black-and-white text at 15 _______ (______).
5 With appropriate software, you can view the images on a computer,
manipulate them, or send them to a _______ and produce excellent quality
colour copies.
6 A _______ is a dedicated computer chat connects a printer to a network. It
enables users to share printing resources.
7 A ______ is a utility that organizes and arranges any documents waiting to be
printed.
8 In computers, a _______ is a program installed to control a particular type of
printer.
156
 OUTPUT DEVICES: DISPLAY SCREENS
XI. Read and translate the text.
The screen of a computer is often
known as the monitor, or VDU (visual
display unit). Inside the computer, there is a
video card which processes images and sends
signals to the monitor.
When choosing a monitor, you have to
take into account a few basics.
 Type of display - the choice is
between a CRT or an LCD screen. The Cathode Ray Tube of a monitor is similar
to a traditional TV set. It has three electron guns (one for each primary colour:
red, green and blue) that strike the inside of the screen, which is coated with
substances called phosphors, which glow and create colours. CRTs are cheap, but
they' are heavy, can flicker and emit radiation.
A Liquid Crystal Display is made from flat plates with a liquid crystal
solution between them. The crystals block the light in different quantities to create
the image. Active-matrix LCDs use TFT (thin film transistor) technology', in
which each pixel has its own transistor switch. They offer better quality and take
up less space, so they arc replacing CRTs.
 Screen size - the viewing area is measured diagonally; in other words, a
17" screen measures 17 inches from the top left corner to the bottom right.
 Resolution - the clarity of the image depends on the number of pixels
(short for picture elements) contained on a display, horizontally and vertically. A
typical resolution is 1,024 x 768. The sharpness of images is affected by dot pitch,
the distance between the pixels on the screen, so a dot pitch of 0.28 mm or less will
produce a sharp image.
 Brightness - the luminance of images is measured in cd/m2 (candela per
square metre).
 Colour depth - the number of colours a monitor can display. For
example, a VGA monitor produces 256 colours, enough for home use; a
SuperVGA can produce up to 16.7 million colours, so is ideal fur photographic
work and video games.
 Refresh rate - the number of times that the image is drawn each second.
If a monitor has a refresh rate of 75 Hertz (Hz), it means that the screen is scanned
75 times per second. If this rate is low, you will notice a flicker, which can cause
eye fatigue.

157
 XII. Read and translate the text.

INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS (I/O UNITS)

1. The part of the computer that takes in information is called the input unit.
The input unit or device provides the means of communication between the
computer and the people who are interested in its operation.
2. To be accepted by the machine, information for a digital computer has to
be in the form of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 9 or characters A, B, C, D, ... . These
characters are regulary expressed for the computer’s purpose as six or seven 1’s
and 0’s.
3. So, the input unit makes possible communication from the other data-
handling equipment and human being to the computer. It is the functional part of
the computer that accepts the data to be operated on and programs for operating.
4. The part of a computer that puts out information is called the output unit.
The computer can easily put out information in a form acceptable to human beings.
5. For example, the computer may give impulses to an electric typewriter, so
that the keys are energized in the proper sequence to type out a message in
ordinary typed characters which human beings can read, etc.
6. The output of computers is known to vary according to the capacity of the
auxiliary equipment receiving the information. Input and output devices are
usually called peripherals.
7. All this peripheral equipment is slow as compared with the computer.
Consequently, for efficient use of the computer’s tremendous calculating speed,
devices called buffers may be used. A buffer is known to be a storage device
which is able to take in information at a very high speed from the computer and
release the information at the proper speed for t
8. A human being is known to write by hand at the rate of about 30 words
per minute, or to type at the rate about 60 words per minute, or to talk at the rate of
200 to 250 words per minute. The ratio between a computers speed of about
40,000 words per second, and the top output speed of a human being of about 4
words per second, gives a factor of advantage to the computer of about 10,000 to I
at the beginning of the 60’s. Nowadays this ratio is much more.

Vocabulary:
provide - забезпечувати, постачати
means - засоби
accept - прийняти
purpose - ціль, намір
vice versa – навпаки
158
 acceptable - прийнятий
vary - міняти, змінювати
according to - в згоді
capacity - здатність, ємність
auxiliary – допоміжний
rate / speed - швидкість
control - контролювати
consequently - отже
tremendous - величезний
release - звільняти
ratio - відношення, коефіцієнт
advantage – перевага

XIII. Memorize the following word combinations:

the means of communication - засіб зв’язку
data-handling equipment - обладнання для контролю над даними
a high-speed line-printer - швидкісний пристрій, який друкує відрядкове
a factor of advantage - коефіцієнт переваги
the peripheral or auxiliary devices - периферійні допоміжні пристрої
the proper speed - відповідна швидкість
an auxiliary equipment - допоміжне обладнання
at the rate of - із швидкістю
a high-speed line-printer - високошвидкісний відрядково-друкарський пристрій
for efficient use - задля ефективного користування
a storage device - пристрій пам’яті
a factor of advantage - фактор переваги
presence and absence - наявність та відсутність

XIV. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the general purpose of the input unit? 2. How many the 1’s and 0’s
are characters expressed for the computers? 3. What is the general purpose of the
output unit? 4. What does the peripheral equipment consist of? 5. What is the
general purpose of a buffer? 6. What is the ratio between a computer’s speed and
the top output of a human being? 7. How are input and output devices usually
called?

XV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive.

1. The assistant came to instruct student how to handle the instrument. 2. The
assistant came to be instructed by the professor. 3. The main purpose of the
computers is to solve complex problems. 4. To perform reasonable operations a
159
computer must have a way of accepting data. 5. To add and to subtract means to
perform mathematical operation. 6. The input unit to be described here is a new
device. 7. In order to program in a good way, the programmer needs detailed data
about the program and the way it is to be done.

XVI. State the functions of the Infinitive and translate the sentences:

a) 1. To do the program the programmer must have a good understanding of the

problem for the computer. 2. To do the program for a computer is the main duty of
a programmer. 3. The programmer must do a program to give accurate instructions
to the computer. 4. Electric typewriters are very slow and are used only by
operators to communicate with a computer. 5. To make possible communication
from a human being and a computer is the main purpose of the input unit.
b) 1. The experiments to be carried out will be very important. 2. Information to be
computed is stored usually in registers ~ units of hardware. 3. The machine to
operate with the keys is named an ordinary adding machine. 4. A sequence of
reasonable operations to be performed will be done by computer “V-220”. 5. The
programmers to do the program for a computer must have a good knowledge of
mathematics.

XVI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive

Construction:

1. The input and output units are known to be the parts of a computer. 2. The
human being seems to be able to multiply without using auxiliary devices such as
pencil and paper. 3. Historically programming proved to be especially effective in
analyzing industrial processes. 4. Devices for accepting information are said to
have been described in some magazines. 6. Automated Management Systems are
known to have appeared quite recently. 7. Our programmers are known to be
studying the theory of programming. 8. In ancient times the sun was thought to be
revolving round the Earth. 9. The French mathematician Pascal is known to
construct the first mechanical computer.

160
 MEMORY
I. Read and translate the text.
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile
memory that can be electronically erased and
reprogrammed. Its name was invented by Toshiba
to express how much faster it could be erased - 'in a
flash', which means 'very quickly'.
Unlike RAM, which is volatile, flash memory
retains the information stored in the chip when the
power is turned off. This makes it ideal for use in
digital cameras, laptops, network switches, video game 10 cards, mobile phones and
portable multimedia players. In addition, it offers fast read access times (although not
as fast as RAM), with transfer rates of 12MB per second. Unlike ROM chips, flash
memory chips are rewritable, so you can update programs via software.
Inside the chip, data is stored in several floating gate transistors, called cells.
Each cell traditionally stores one bit of data (1 = erased and 0 = programmed). New
devices have a multi-level cell structure so they can store more that one bit per cell.
The chips are constructed with either NOR or NAND gates. NOR chips function like
a computer's main memory, while NAND works like a hard drive. For example, in a
camera, NOR flash contains the camera's internal software, while NAND flash is used
to store the images.
Flash memory is used in several ways:
 Many PCs have their BIOS (basic input/output system) stored on a flash
memory chip so it can be updated if necessary.
 Modems use flash memory because it allows the manufacturer to support
new protocols.
 USB flash drives are used to save and move MP3s and other data files
between computers. They are more easily transported than external hard drives
because they use solid-state technology, meaning that they don't have fragile moving
parts that can break if dropped. However, USB flash drives have less storage capacity
than hard drives.
 New U3 smart drives allow users to store both applications and data. They
have two drive partitions and can carry applications that run on the host computer
without requiring installation.
 Flash memory cards are used to store images on cameras, to back up data
on PDAs, to transfer games in video consoles, to record voice and music on MP3
players or to store movies on MP4 players. They are as small as a stamp, and

161
capacity can range from 8MB to several gigabytes. The only limitation is that flash
cards are often not interchangeable between devices. Some formats include:
CompactFlash, Secure Digital, MultiMedia Card, miniSD card, and xD-Picture Card.
Sony has its own product called the Memory Stick, used in its digital still cameras,
video camcorders and the PlayStation Portable.The photos stored in a digital camera
can be offloaded to a computer via cable or wirelessly. Another option is to have a
flash card reader permanently connected to your PC; you simply eject the card from
the camera and put it into the reader instead of having to plug the camera in.
The future of hard drives may be hybrid hard drives. Hybrid hard drives combine
a magnetic hard disk and flash memory into one device. This allows computers to
boot, or start, more quickly, and also reduces power consumption.

II. Read and translate the text.

MEMORY OR STORAGE UNIT

1. The part of a digital computer which stores

information is called storage or memory. The
computer's memory stores the numbers to be operated
on. It stores intermediate results that are generated
during the course of computation and it stores the
final results. The instructions themselves are also
stored in the computer’s memory.
2. There are two important factors about the
memory unit: an access time and a capacity. The time required to transmit one
computer word out of the memory to where it will be used is called the memory
access time; it usually amounts to a few millionths of a second or less in modern fast
computers. The speed of modern computers is the speed of access to their memories.
The capacity of a computer is the quantity of data that its memory unit can hold.
3. There are many ways of memorizing information in memory cells of a digital
computer. External memory or storage unit may use magnetic drums, magnetic disk
and floppy disk. The magnetic drum and magnetic disk are called a Direct Access, or
Random Access Storage Device (RASD).
4. The magnetic disk is very similar to the magnetic drum but is based upon the
use of a flat disk with a series write head being for each concentric circle, i.e., for
each track. Memory units on magnetic disks may store more than 100.000.000 bytes.
5. Internal, or main memory units were constructed of magnetic cores about 8
hundredth of an inch in diameter, each core storing one “yes” or “no”, that is, each
core representing one bit of information.
162
 6. Information that is stored inside a computer is stored in registers, electronic
units of hardware in which the positioning of physical objects stores information.
Each register holds one machine word. Registers hold information temporarily during
processing. The slower models of registers use magnetic cores; the faster models use
special electronic circuits or film memory devices.
7. Usually the registers are of three types:
1. General-Purpose Registers are sixteen registers, each being able to contain one
word. These registers are used for storing the integer operands taking part in binary
arithmetic operations.
2. Floating-Point Registers are four registers, each being able to contain a double
word. These registers hold the operands taking part in arithmetic operations on
floating point numbers.
3. Control Registers form a group of registers differing from one model to
another.
8. The development of semiconductor integration technology has led to creation
of memories on LSI circuits. The latest achievements of modem electronics is
creation of memories on electronic circuits made by spraying layers of different
memorizing materials.
9. Nowadays the main memory RAM which is regularly used in microcomputers
can accept new instructions or information from a peripheral device. Other memories,
such as ROM or FROM, which are used in microcomputer as well, store instruction
or information permanently.

Vocabulary:
intermediate - проміжний
final - остаточний
generate - відтворювати
access - доступ
require - вимагати
transmit - передавати
quantity - кількість
permanent - постійний
similar - схожий, подібішй
circle - круг, коло
internal - внутрішній
inch - дюйм
circuit - схема, контур
integer - ціле число
differ - відзначатися
163
 layer - шар
microcomputer - мікрокомп’ютер
primary - первинний
hold - утримувати
external – зовнішній
mane - головний, основний
core - сердечник
programmable - який можно запрограмувати
erasable - який можна стерти
firmware - програмно-апаратне забезпечення, яке вмонтоване в комп’ютер
фірми

III. Memorize the following word combinations:

during the course of a computation - під час обчислювання
an access time - час звертання (до пам’яті)
a floppy disk - гнучкий диск
a series of concentric circles - ряд концентричних кіл
a read/write head - голівка яка записує та читає
internal (mane) memory - оперативна пам’ять (озп)
a film memory device - озп на тонких плівках
general-purpose registers - регістри загального призначення
floating-point registers - регістри з плавоючою точкою
control register - регістри управління (керування)
either ... or... - або чи то...
both ... and ... - так як ...
in the latter - в останньому
by spraying layers - шляхом напилення шарів.

164
 LONG-DISTANCE AND LOCAL NETWORKS

I. Read and translate the texts.

When a number of computers users are linked
together, they form a network. Usually, a network
consists of one powerful central computer and
many microcomputers or terminals. A terminal has
a screen and a keyboard like a microcomputer, but
it generally doesn't have its own CPU. It cannot
process data, it can only send and receive data.
That's why it is sometimes called a "dumb"
terminal. Microcomputers or terminals that are
"networked" together can share the mainframe's computing power and its vast
memory.
Such electronic networks have become very common. However, not all networks
use telephone lines for computer communications. Modems and phone lines are great
for long distance connections, but what if the computers to be linked are very near
each other? Then they can be joined into what is known as a local-area network
(LAN, for short).
Local-area networks connect their computers or terminals directly by means of
cables or wires. The computers or terminals are usually located in the same building
or even the same room. Such an arrangement is popular in business offices.

ІІ. Answer the following questions.

1. Why a terminal is sometimes called a "dumb" terminal?
2. How are computers connected in local-area networks?

LANS (LOCAL AREA NETWORKS)

Networking allows two or more computer system to exchange information and
share resources and peripherals.
LANs are usually placed in the same building. They can be built with two main
types of architecture: peer-to-peer, where two computers have the same capabilities,
or client-server, where one computer acts at the server containing the main hard disk
and controlling the other workstations, all the devices linked in the network (e.g.
printers, computers, etc.).
Computers in a LAN need to use the same protocol, or standard of
communication. Ethernet is one of the most common protocols of LANs.

165
 A router, a device that forwards data packets, is needed to link a LAN to another
network, e.g. to the Net.
Most networks are linked with cables or wires but new Wi-Fi, wireless fidelity,
technologies allow the creation of WLANs, where cables or wires are replaced by
radio waves.
To build a WLAN you need access points, radio-based receiver-transmitters they
are connected to the wired LAN, are wireless adapters installed in your computer to
link it to the networks.
Hotspots are WLANs available for public use in places like airports and hotels,
but sometimes the service is also available outdoors (e.g. university campuses,
squares, etc.).

WANs (Wide Area Networks)

WANs have no geographical limit and may connect computers or LANs on
opposite sides of the word. They are usually linked through telephone lines, fibre-
optic cables or satellites.
Wireless WANs use mobile telephone networks.
The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.

III. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.

LAN nodes hub backbones

WLAN peer-to-peer server

1. All the PCs on a .................. are connected to one .................., which is a

powerful PC with a large hard disk that can be shared by everyone.
2. The style of .................. networking permits each user to share resources such as
printers.
3. The star is a topology for a computer network in which one computer occupies
the central part and the remaining .................. are linked solely to it.
4. At present Wi-Fi systems transmit data at much more than 100 times the rate of a
dial-up modem, making it an ideal technology for linking computers to one
another and to the Net in a .................. .
5. All of the fibre-optic .................. of the United States, Canada and Latin America
cross Panama.
6. A .................. joins multiple computers (or other network devices) together to
form a single network segment, where all computers can communicate directly
with each other.

166
 VIDEO GAMES
I. In pairs, discuss these questions.
1 Do you play videogames?
2 What are your favourite games? Make a list.
II. Label the pictures (a-f) with the types of game in the box.
PC games Console games Arcade games
Handheld games Mobile phone games
Massively multiplayer online games

III. Video games are played on a variety of electronic devices, or platforms.

Complete these sentences with game platforms from the box and types of game.

Personal computer Video game consoles

Portable gaming devices 3G mobile phones

1 ___________are played on __________, such as the Sony PS3 or Microsoft

Xbox 360. In the past, these electronic devices were just connected to a standard TV
or video monitor; now they can also be connected to the Net, via cables or wirelessly.
2 ___________are played on __________, such as the Sony PSP and the
Nintendo DS. You can also play games on some graphing calculators and watches.
3 Don't worry if you don't have a game console. You can still
play___________on a ___________. The graphics are even more impressive if you
have a high-resolution monitor. You can buy games on CDs and DVDs, or download
them from the Internet.
167
 4 ___________ allow you to play against other users in other parts of the world
using the Internet - something unique to electronic gaming. Players connect to a game
server hosted by an ISP, a game company, or an individual enthusiast.
5 Some____________are programmed to run natively on the chip
of___________. For instance, Snake is installed on many Nokia phones. Many Java-
based games are also available via download.
6 ____________ are played on coin-operated machines, typically installed in
restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. For example, you can fly an aircraft or a
spaceship using a joystick.

The java language

IV. Complete this extract from a lecture handout about Java with the
correct form of the verbs in the box.

call be begin can decide rename have support develop base

The idea for Java started in 1990, when a team of software engineers at Sun
Microsystems (1) ________to create a language for a handheld device that could
control and interact with various kinds of electronic appliances. They
(2)__________an object-oriented programming language that one of the engineers,
James Gosling, (3)________Oak, after the tree outside his window. The device even
(4)_______an animated character named Duke, who would go on to become Java’s
mascot.
With the advent of the Web in 1993, the company made a web browser
(5)________on the Oak language. Later on, this language was adapted to the Internet
and (6)________Java. The 1.0 version of Java was officially introduced in May 1995.
At that time, web pages (7)________only display text, pictures and hyperlinks.
With the arrival of Java, web designers (8)_________able to include animation and
interactive programs on web pages. The first major application created with Java was
the Hotjava browser. The Java language (9) . _________to attract serious attention
from the internet community and was soon (10) _________by Netscape Navigator
and MS Internet Explorer. Today, Java is a hot technology that runs on multiple
platforms, including smart cards, embedded devices, mobile phones and computers.

hyperlink – гіперпосилання
embedded – вбудований

168
V. Match the terms (1 -5) with the definitions (a-e).

1. Java
2. applet
3. plug-in
4. platform-independent
5. object-oriented
6. programming

a) an auxiliary program that enables web browsers to support new

content, for example animation
b) software that can run on any operating system
c) an island in Indonesia, coffee (in American slang), and a programming
language for internet applications
d) a computer programming technique that allows the creation of objects that
interact with each other and can be used as the foundation of others;
used to create graphical user interfaces
e) a small Java application, usually designed to run automatically within a web
page

169
 ONLINE SHOPPING / E-COMMERCE

I. Read and translate the text.

Elements of e-commerce
E-commerce or online shopping is the process of
buying and selling products and services using the
Internet. It has similarities with traditional commercial
activity.
A product or service, from plane tickets to books, is
offered in an online shop, the seller’s website. Customers
select and order product, which are then paid for and
delivered. The main difference is that most of the processes take place on the
Web.
E-commerce websites use the following components:
 A shopping cart program, a web-based software application to keep a record of
the products chosen by the customer.
 A secure socket layer (SSL) certificate, to verify that the credit card information
has been securely transmitted.
 A payment gateway, an interface between the website and the bank that accepts
the electronic payment.
How to buy on the Internet
The first thing to do is to look for the product in a
search engine to find the lowest price.
Most online shop websites are designed so that
customers follow these steps to do their virtual shopping.
You start by adding the items you want to buy to the
shopping basket, or virtual shopping trolley.
When you have selected the items that you want to by, you proceed to the
payment section by clicking on the checkout button.
You may have to log in, provide your username and password, or sign up, by
providing your personal data, billing and shipping address, etc., if this is the first time
you have accessed the site.
You will be given an account, so you are recognized as a customer. You will be
asked to enter payment details, e.g. credit card numbers, etc.
Finally, you log out and leave the website.
There are different types of electronic payment: credit cards or debit cards. A
digital wallet, the electronic equivalent of a wallet for online shopping, holds credit
card data and passwords for logging into websites.
170
 ONLINE BANKING

I. Read and translate the text.

Online banking basics

Electronic banking is the general term given to

the possibility of performing banking transactions
through electronic communications, mainly the
Internet. That`s why many people prefer to use the
terms online banking or Internet banking.
Banks that don`t have physical branches or
ATMs are called virtual or Internet banks.

Online banking services

What do you use online banking for?

I pay bills online. I`ve got a list in my computer with all my payment recipients`
names and details. The bank will transfer the funds, or send the money, to the
selected account.

Online security

When you open an Internet account, you are given a confidential PIN, personal
identification number, and a password and username.
For some transactions, customers are required to use a TAN, transaction
authorization number, from a list provided by the bank. It can only be used once,
and it acts as a second password.
One of the best methods of identifying the user of a bank account is biometric
authentication, the use of a physical trait, such as a fingerprint, to allow a person to
long in. Some laptops have built-in fingerprint readers, which makes online banking
easier and more secure.

171
 ЗАКЛЮЧНА ЧАСТИНА
Навчанню іноземної мови в сучасних умовах приділяється особлива увага:
оновлюється зміст навчальних програм відповідно до сучасних потреб особи і
суспільства, упроваджуються нові методики та технології навчання, тощо.
Навчання іноземної мови здійснюється у двох головних напрямах:
загальноосвітня підготовка і поглиблене вивчення навчальної дисципліни,
враховуючи специфіку обраної студентом спеціальності та практичну
реалізацію мовленнєвої компетенції.
Мета вивчення іноземної мови – це формування відповідного обсягу знань,
навичок, умінь, творчої діяльності, інших якостей особистості на різних
освітніх рівнях. Особлива увага приділяється формуванню соціокультурної
компетенції та навичок самоосвіти.
Дана система уроків дозволяє закріпити і розвинути у студентів навички
читання, розуміння прочитаного, усного мовлення, аудіювання, письма, тобто
усього того, що необхідне для формування певного рівня мовленнєвої
компетенції і практичного застосування іноземної мови в роботі за
спеціальністю. Методичний посібник дозволяє краще засвоїти студентами
матеріал та створити лексичну базу для подальшої роботи зі спеціальними
текстами.
При цьому можуть бути використані різноманітні методичні засоби і
прийоми. Звичайно, кожен викладач зможе додати щось своє, виходячи з
конкретних умов: рівня мовної підготовки студентів, наявності текстового
матеріалу, тощо.
Чим цікавішими та більш різноманітними будуть форми та методи роботи,
тим кращих результатів можна досягти в практичному засвоєнні студентами
іноземної мови.

172
 ВИКОРИСТАНА ЛІТЕРАТУРА І ДЖЕРЕЛА
1. Карабан В.І. Переклад англійської наукової та технічної літератури :
навч.посібн. / В.І. Карабан. – Вінниця : Нова книга, 2003.
2. Коваленко А.Я. Загальний курс науково-технічного перекладу : навч.посібн. /
А.Я. Коваленко. – К. : ІНКОС, 2002.
3. Крещанова С.Л. Методичний посібник з дисципліни «Англійська мова за
професійним спрямуванням» для студентів ІІІ курсу спеціальності
«Видавництво та поліграфія» : посібн. / С.Л. Крещанова – К., 2018. – 104 c.
4. Крещанова С.Л. Методичний посібник з дисципліни «Англійська мова за
професійним спрямуванням» для студентів ІІІ курсу спеціальностей
«Обслуговування комп'ютерних систем і мереж», «Розробка програмного
забезпечення» : посібн. / С.Л. Крещанова – К., 2016.
5. Кубарьков Г.Л. Англійська мова без проблем : навч.посібн. / Г.Л. Кубарьков. –
Донецьк : ТОВ ВКФ «БАО», 2008.
6. Черноватий Л.М. Переклад англомовної літератури : навч.посібн. / Л.М.
Черноватий, В.І. Карабан, О.О. Омелянчук. – Вінниця : Нова Книга, 2006.
7. Elena Marco Fabre. Professional English in Use. ICT / Elena Marco Fabre. –
Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, 2009.
8. Santiago Remacha Esteras. Infotech. English for computer users / Santiago Remacha
Esteras. – Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building,
2009.

173