Koya Technical Institute

Department of Nursing
Fundamental of Nursing
First stage (Group A)

Shock
:Supervised by
Mrs.Rukhosh

:Prepared by
Dana Najmadin
Rozhgar Ibrahem
Zhakaw Mahdi
Soran Esamadin

2022-2023
 Table of Contents

Definition:

Stages of the shock:

Causes of shock:

Symptoms

The main type of shock include:

First aid to shock:

Prevention:

Shock treatment:

Drug used to treat shock:

References

1
 :Definition

Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. Lack

of blood flow means the cells and organs do not get enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly.

Your body experiences shock when you don’t have enough blood circulating through your system to

keep organs and tissues functioning properly. It can be caused by any injury or condition that affects

the flow of blood through your body. Shock can lead to multiple organ failure as well as life-

.threatening complications

:Stages of the shock

( Compensated (non-progressive .1

( Decompensated (progressive .2

irreversible .3

Compensated .1

Compensated shock sometimes also called non progressie normal circulatory compensatory

mechanism eventually causes full recovery without help from outsidetherapy. Compensated shock is

the phase of shock in which the body is still able to compensate for absolute or relative fluid loss.

During this phase the patient is still able to maintain an adequate blood pressure as well as brain

perfusion because the sympathetic nervous system increases the heart and respiratory rates and

shunts blood to the core of the body through vasoconstriction of the blood vessels and

microcirculation, the precapillary sphincters constrict and decrease blood flow to areas to areas of the

body with a high tolerance for decreases in perfusion, e.g., the skin. This process actually increases the

.blood pressure initially because there is less room within the circulatory system

2
 Decompensated .2

Decompensated shock or progressive stage without therapy the shock becomes steadily worse until

.death

Decompensated shock is defined as “the late phase of shock in which the body’s compensatory

mechanisms (such as increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, increased respiratory rate) are unable to

maintain adequate perfusion to the brain and vital organs.” It occurs when the blood volume

decreases by more than 30%. The patient’s compensatory mechanisms are actively failing and cardiac

output is dropping resulting in a decrease in both blood pressure and cardiac function. The body will

continue to shunt blood to the core of the body, the brain, heart and kidneys. The signs and symptoms

of decompensated shock are becoming more obvious and the increase in vasoconstriction results in

hypoxia to the other organs of the body. Because of the decrease in oxygen to the brain the patient

.will become confused and disoriented

Irreversible .3

Shock has progressed to such an extent that all forms of known therapy are indequate to save the

person's life even though for the moment the person is still alive

Irreversible shock is the terminal phase of shock and once the patient progresses into this phase it is

the point of no return because there is a rapid deterioration of the cardiovascular system and the

patient’s compensatory mechanisms have failed. The patient will present with severe decreases in

cardiac output, blood pressure and tissue perfusion. In a last-ditch effort to save the core of the body

.blood is shunted away from the kidneys, liver and lungs to maintain perfusion of the brain and heart

3
 :Causes of shock

(Heart problems (such as heart attacker heart failure •

Low blood volume (as with heavy bleeding or dehydration) •

Changes in blood vessels (as with infection or severe allergic reactions) •

Certain medicines that significantly reduce heart function or blood pressure •

Shock is often associated with heavy external or internal bleeding from a serious injury.  Spinal •

.injuries can also cause shock

Symptoms

Loss of consciousness •

Sudden and ongoing rapid heart beat •

Sweating •

Pale skin •

A weak pulse •

Rapid breathing •

Decreased or no urine output •

4
 :The main type of shock include

Hypovolemic shock :(caused by too little blood volume) .1

Neurogenic shock :(caused by damage to the nervous system) .2

Cardiogenic shock: (due to heart problems) .3

Anaphylactic shock: (caused by allergic reaction) .4

Septic shock: (due to infections) .5

:Hypovolemic shock .1

Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the

heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop

working Hypovolemic shock is a dangerous condition that happens when you suddenly lose a lot of

blood or fluids from your body. This drops your blood volume, the amount of blood circulating in your

body. That’s why it’s also known as low-volume shock. Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening

emergency. Blood helps hold your body temperature steady, forms blood clots, and moves oxygen and

nutrients to all of your cells. If your blood volume gets too low, your organs won't be able to keep

.working

The most common cause of hypovolemic shock is blood loss when a major blood vessel bursts or when

.you’re seriously injured. This is called hemorrhagic shock

You can also get it from heavy bleeding related to pregnancy, from burns, or even from severe

.vomiting and diarrhea

5
 :Neurogenic shock .2

Neurogenic shock is a condition in which you have trouble keeping your heart rate, blood pressure

.and temperature stable because of damage to your nervous system after a spinal cord injury

:First aid to shock

:Take the following steps if you think a person is in shock

Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing •

.and CPR

Even if the person is able to breathe on their own, continue to check rate of breathing at least •

.every 5 minutes until help arrives

If the person is conscious and DOES NOT have an injury to the head, leg, neck, or spine, place •

the person in the shock position. Lay the person on the back and elevate the legs about 12

inches (30 centimeters). DO NOT elevate the head. If raising the legs will cause pain or

.potential harm, leave the person lying flat

.Give appropriate first aid for any wounds, injuries, or illnesses •

.Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen tight clothing •

:In case of shock

.DO NOT give the person anything by mouth, including anything to eat or drink ●

.DO NOT move the person with a known or suspected spinal injury ●

6
 :Prevention

Learn ways and causes to prevent shock for example: heart disease, falls, injuries, dehydration, •

and other causes of shock. If you have a known allergy (for example, to insect bites or stings),

.carry an epinephrine pen. Your health care provider will teach you how and when to use it

Some forms and cases of shock are preventable. Take steps to lead a safe and healthy lifestyle. •

For example, if you’ve been diagnosed with severe allergies, avoid your triggers, carry an

epinephrine auto-injector, and use it at the first sign of an anaphylactic reaction. To lower your

risk of blood loss from injuries, wear protective gear when taking part in contact sports, riding

your bike, and using dangerous equipment. Wear a seatbelt when traveling in motor vehicles.

To lower your chances of heart damage, eat a well-balanced diet, exercise regularly, and avoid

smoking and secondhand smoke. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. This is especially

.important when you’re spending time in very hot or humid environments

:Shock treatment

.Lay the Person Down, if Possible ●

Elevate the person's feet about 12 inches unless head, neck, or back is injured or you suspect •

.broken hip or leg bones

.Do not raise the person's head •

.Turn the person on side if they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth •

7
 .Begin CPR, if Necessary ●

:If the person is not breathing or breathing seems dangerously weak ▪

.For a child, start CPR for children ▪

.For an adult, start adult CPR ▪

Continue CPR until help arrives or the person wakes up ▪

.Treat Obvious Injuries ●

.Keep Person Warm and Comfortable ●

.Loosen restrictive clothing •

.Cover with a coat or blanket •

.Keep the person still. Do not move the person unless there is danger •

.Reassure the person •

.Do not give anything to eat or drink •

.Follow Up●

At the hospital, the person will be given oxygen and intravenous fluids. Blood test, urine tests, heart

.test and x-rays and/or CT scans may be done. Other treatment will depend on the cause of shock

:Drug used to treat shock

Dopamine .1

Adrenalin .2

Levophed .3

Epinephrine .4

Dobutamine .5
8
 And other .6

References

www.webmd.com •
www.heart.com •
www.healthline.com •
www.myocelnic.com •
https://www.healthline.com/health/shock#prevention •