Types of dilemmas
Classic dilemma
A choice between 2 alternatives, in which
the outcomes are equally undesirable, or
equally favorable
-the person or character's life may
change as a result of their decision
-more than simple choices, bc they usually
prompt the person to think about the
outcomes of the choices
examples of classic dilemmas:
-deciding between colleges to attend
-uncertainty about which job offer to
take
-wondering whether or not to make the
move to a new city
Ethical dilemma
When a person is forced to decide
between two morally sound options, but
they may conflict with the established
boundaries of a business, a governmental
agency, or the law
-involves following rules than the one's
conscience
bagan kan meredith grey gin himo, an
gin gamit nya insurance iya anak para ma
save an usa na patient na atabs
Moral dilemma
A person is torn between right and wrong
and looks at the very core of a person's
principles and values
-often forces to decide which option he
or she can live with, but any outcomes
are extremely unpleasant no matter what
examples
-the classic "lifeboat dilemma", where
there are only 10 spaces in the lifeboat,
but there are 11 passengers on the
sinking ship. A decision must be made as
to who will stay behind
-a friend discovers her best friend's
boyfriend is cheating. She must decide
whether to tell her friend or to keep it
a secret
social topics na keme ha moral
dilemma
-death penalty
-doctor-assisted suicide
-ending the drug war
-the draft
-abortion
-government spying
-prison reform
-legalizing mj
-fossil fuels vs renewable energy
(Moral dilemmas arose due to
inconsistency in our principles)
3 levels of moral dilemmas
Individual
When a person is asked to choose
between 2 important values for him/her
(bagan sino ang pipiliin ko)
Organizational
Encountered by institutions, business, or
organizations in their decision-making
process
Structural
Affect a network of institutions and
operative theoretical paradigms
4 true moral dilemmas (Rushworth Kidder 3) peer
in "moral courage") Friends, classmates, colleagues
1) truth vs loyalty = honesty and The time spent with peers will expose
integrity vs commitment and promise- them to other perspectives and
keeping practices; this would test their existing
-"what's right" vs "who's right" set of morals
2) individual vs community 4)Community
"For the greater good" 5) school
3) short term vs long term Teachers, classmates, lessons in class,
-delayed gratification shit and peers
delayed gratification: the ability to
delay an impulse for an immediate Stages of moral development
reward to receive a more favorable We have the potential to choose and
reward at a later time control our actions through repetition
4) justice vs mercy until they become habits embedded in
-we want the world to be fair and just our character
to us, but it requires a sense of mercy
to turn around to be fair and just to
others
Moral development
Factors affecting moral character For morality to be developed, it need
development its building blocks:
Mamawal (1993) -love
1) family -hate
The adults who are deemed to be the -values
parents are still accountable for the -thoughts
moral development of their child/ren -feeling
-Several factors affecting the values a -emotions
parent could teach a child: -obligations
-socioeconomic status -virtues
-culture -principles
-age
-gender Moral development theory by: Kohlberg
-religion This present a 6-stage theory involving
-education 3 levels of moral reasoning
2) biological factors
Age, sex, and gender 3 levels of moral reasoning
-as one grows older, the moral characters 1) preconventional
one has should also grow or improve 2) conventional
3) post conventional

First Amendment Defense Act (FADA)
Protect people who take actions
against others "on the basis that they
acted in accordance with a religious
belief or moral conviction" from being
penalized by the federal government
7 step guide to moral reasoning by
Michael Davis (1999)
Professionals and students alike exhibit
stronger "moral reasoning skills" if they
based their actions and/or decisions on a
codified list
1) state the problem
Determine possible moral dilemmas at
hand
2) check the facts
3) identify relevant factors
Who are involved? What laws/professional
codes can possibly apply? Are there
practical contraints?
4) develop a list of options
Do you have a set pf alternatives tp the
action/decision in mind? Be creative and
develop amlist of choices
5) test the options
a) harm test - would less harm be
done on other people when i favor this
one decision over others?
b) publicity test - would i want my
loved ones to know?
c) defensibility test -would i be able
to defend this decision?
d) reversibility test -would i still want
it despite the implications?
e) colleague test -how would my
profession's ethics committee see the
option?
f) organization test -what would my
company's ethics officials and/or legal
counsel say regarding this option?
g) virtue test -what kind of person
would choose such an option?
6) come up w a decision based on the
mentioned steps
7) review steps q-6
 Who came up w the philosophy that
states "not on reason, but on
emotions"? David Hume
Aristotle's philosophy (google)
he claims that there must be a separate
and unchanging being that is the source of
all other beings
Immanuel Kant's philosophy (google)
the human understanding is the source of
the general laws of nature that
structure all our experience; and that
human reason gives itself the moral law,
which is our basis for belief in God,
freedom, and immortality