Give three different names that have been used for the accent usually used for teaching the pronunciation of British English. 2 What is the difference between accent and dialect? Which word is used to refer to the relative strength of a syllable? 4 How many sounds (phonemes) do you think there are in the following words? a) love b) half c) wrist d) shrink e) ought w 1 On the diagram provided, various articulators are indicated by labelled arrows (a-e). Give the names for the articulators. ; @ | | | / © ©) — a) Using the descriptive labels introduced for vowel classification, say what the fol- 2 lowing cardinal vowels are: a) [ul b) [el ©) [al @) [i] e) [o] 3. Draw a vowel quadrilateral and indicate on it the correct places for the following English vowels: a)e bya ot dje 4 Write the symbols for the vowels in the following words: a) bread b) rough c) foot d) hymn e) pull f) cough g) mat h) friendten exercises 1 On the vowel diagram provided, indicate the glides for the diphthongs in the following words: a) fright ©) dear b) home —d) cow 2. Write the symbols for the long vowels in the following words: a) broad d) learn e) er ‘b) ward e) cool h) seal ©) calf f) team i) curl 3. Write the symbols for the diphthongs in the following words: a) tone d) way g) hair b) style e) beer h) why ©) out £) coil i) prey 2. Transcribe the following words: a) bake 4) bought g) bored b) goat €) tick h) guard ) doubt £) bough i) pea Words for transcription a) speed ©) book e) car g) appeared _i) stalk b) partake —d) goat f) bad hi) toast 1 Transcribe the following words phonemically: a) fishes e) achieves b) shaver —_f) others ©) sixth g) measure d) these h) ahead 2. Following the style introduced in Exercise 1 for Chapter 4, describe the move- ments of the articulators in the first word of the above list. 1 List all the consonant phonemes of the BBC accent, grouped according to manner of articulation. 2. Transcribe the following words phonemically: a) sofa ©) steering b) verse d) breadcrumbe) square g) bought f) anger h) nineteen 3. When the vocal tract is in its resting position for normal breathing, the soft palate is usually lowered. Describe what movements are carried out by the soft palate in the pronunciation of the following words: a)banner b) mid _—c) angle Using the analysis of the word ‘cramped’ given below as a model, analyse the structure of the following one-syllable English words: re Pre- Post- ita final Final final ‘cramped’ ® Onset Peak Coda a) squealed b) eighth ©) splash 4d) texts 1 A particular problem of the boat was a leak p tkjl pr blmvd b twz lk 2. Opening the bottle presented no difficulty png d btlprzmdndf kit 3. There is no alternative to the government's proposal dorzn tt ntvtd gv nmatspr pal 4, We ought to make a collection to cover the expenses wo tt mk KEKE at kv O kspnsz 5 Finally they arrived at a harbour at the edge of the mountains fnlo rvdthb rtd d3 vd m nt nz ‘Mark the stress on the following words: 1 Verbs a) protect e) bellow b) damber f) menace c) festoon g) disconnect d) detest h) enter 2 Nouns a) language e) event b) captain f) jonquil ©) career g) injury 4) paper h) connection1 Put stress marks on the following words (try to put secondary stress marks on as well). a) shopkeeper £) confirmation b) open-ended g) eight-sided ©) Javanese h) fruitcake 4) birthmark i) defective e) anti-clockwise j) roof timber 2. Write the words in phonemic transcription, including the stress marks. In the following sentences, the transcription for the weak-form words is left blank. Fill in the blanks, taking care to use the appropriate form (weak or strong). 1 I want her to park that car over there. at wont pak — katr auva 2. Ofall the proposals, the one that you made is the silliest, ail prapeuz|z wan meid iz siliast Jane and Bill could have driven them to and from the party. dgein’ bil drivn patti To come to the point, what shall we do for the rest of the week? kam point wot rest witk Has anyone got an idea where it came from? eniwan got —aidia wear it kerm 6 Pedestrians must always use the crossings provided. padestrianz o:lweiz ju:z — krosmz_pravardid 7 Each one was a perfect example of the art that had been istf] wan ps:fikt igza:mpl at bin developed there. divelopt » a1 In this exercise you must look at phonetically transcribed material from an English accent different from BBC pronunciation and decide on the best way to interpret and transcribe it phonemically. a) ‘thing’ [619] b) ‘think (01k) c) ‘thinking’ — [61yking] d)‘finger’ —_[finga] e) ‘singe’ ——_[singa] f) ‘singing’ [singing] It often happens in rapid English speech that a nasal consonant disappears when it comes between a vowel and another consonant. For example, this may happen to the n in ‘front’: when this happens the preceding vowel becomes nasalised — some of the air escapes through the nose. We symbolise a nasalised vowel in phonetic transcription by putting the ~ diacritic above it; for example, the word ‘front’ may be pronounced [frat]. Nasalised vowels are found in the words given in phonetic transcription below. ‘Transcribe them phonemically. a) ‘sound’ —_[sadd] b) ‘anger’ [&ga] ©) ‘can’t [ka:t] d)‘camper’ —_[keépa] e) ‘bond’ {bid} When the phoneme t occurs between vowels it is sometimes pronounced as a “tap”: the tongue blade strikes the alveolar ridge sharply, producing a very brief voiced plosive. The IPA phonetic symbol for this is r, but many books which deal with American pronunciation prefer to use the phonetic symbol t; this sound is frequently pronounced in American English, and is also found in a number of accents in Britain: think of a typical American pronunciation of “getting better”, which we can transcribe phonetically as [getin beta]. Look at the transcriptions of the words given below and see if you can work out (for the accent in question) the environment in which t is found. a) ‘betting’ [bet in] b) ‘bedding’ — [bedi] c) ‘attend’ [at"end] d) ‘attitude’ [etat*u:d] Ryottime ——_[t"am} fy‘tight hat] Distinctive feature analysis looks at different properties of segments and classes of segments, In the following exercise you must mark the value of each feature in the table for each segment listed on the top row with either a + or = you will probably find it useful to look at the IPA chart on p. xi. rp d s m 2 ‘Continuant ‘Atveolar Voiced In the following sets of segments (a-f), al segments in the set possess some characteristic feature which they have in common and which may distinguish ‘them from other segments. Can you identify what this common feature might be for each set? a) English is, 1, uz, 05 cardinal vowels [i] fe] (ul, [0] b)tdnlstids f3e Obfvkgh @prkrassty e)ur3: 9080 Hirwj Divide the following sentences up into feet, using a dotted vertical line () boundary symbol. Ifa sentence starts with an unstressed syllable, leave it consideration — it doesn’t belong in a foot. a) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, b) Over a quarter of a century has elapsed since his death. ©) Computers consume a considerable amount of money and time. 4) Most of them have arrived on the bus. €) Newspaper editors are invariably underworked. Draw tree diagrams of the rhythmical structure of the following phrases. ) Christmas present b) Rolls-Royce ©) pet-food dealer 4) Rolls-Royce rally event ‘The following sentences are given in spelling and in a “slow, careful” phos transcription. Rewrite the phonemic transcription as a “broad phonetic” a8 to show likely assimilations, elisions and linking. a) One cause of asthma is supposed to be allergies wan korz ov wsOmo 1z sopouzd to bi alodsiz b) What the urban population could use is better trains wot 0) zban popjaleify kod juz wz beta tremz, ©) She acts particularly well in the first scene fi wkts potikjalali wel m do fast simIn the following sentences and bits of dialogue, each underlined syllable must be given an appropriate tone mark. Write a tone mark just in front of the syllable. 1 This train is for Leeds, York and Hull. 2. Can you give me a lift? Possibly. Where to? 3. No! Certainly not! Go away! 4. Did you know he'd been convicted of drunken driving? Nol 5 IF give him money he goes and spends it. If lend him the bike he loses it. He's completely unreliable. 1 Here isa list of single tonic syllables. Add a number of extra syllables (as speci- fied by the number in brackets) to make a tail. Example: go (2); Example answer: go for it a) buy (3) b) hear (1) ©) talk (2) 2. Now expand the following, tonic syllables by putting heads in front of them, containing the number of stressed syllables indicated in brackets. Example: (2) dark; Example answer: Jobn was a'fraid of the dark a) Q) step b) @) train 6) Q)hot 3 The following sentences are given with intonation transcribed. Draw underneath them a diagram of the pitch movements, leaving a gap between each syllable. Example: "Would you “like some ‘more milk Sty a) ‘Only when the vwind blows >) When did you say ©) What was the Smame of the ) ‘captain ¢) ca'reer 4) ‘paper e) e'vent f) ‘jonquil 8) ‘injury h) co'mnection Chapter Land2 a) ‘shop keeper b) open'ended ©) Java'nese 4) ‘birthmark ©) anticlockwise ) confir'mation h) eight'sided hy ‘fruitcake i) de'fective j) ‘Too timber Chapter 12 pratekt "kleemba fes'tuin di'test "belaw ‘ments \disko'nekt ‘entorig ‘leepawids ‘keptin ko'ria 'peipa vent ‘d3ogkwil ‘and3ari ka'nekfon Centerp) (andsri) (ka'nekfin) ‘for kizpa avpan'endid sentr'kinkwauz .konfa'meifn vert'sardid dr'fekuw “rusftumbs 1 al wont atta park dict kair ave dea 2. av oil do propouzle da wan dat ju: metd 12 39 ast3. dem an bil Kad av drivndam ti (kod is also possible) 12 kam to d9 point wot J wi dus fo da rest av de wisk haz eniwan got an aidia weor tt kerm from padestrianz mast a:lwerz juzz da krosinz pravardid ist{ wan waz a parfikt rgzu:mpl av di at dat ad bizn divelapt dea n from dp pati Chapter 13 1 In this data there is no evidence of n contrasting with n, since 9 never occurs except before k and g. So all phonetic n consonants are phonemic n. a) Ong b) Oink ©) Sinking dt ©) singa £) singing 2 a) saund b) eng? ©) kent ) kempa ©) bond 3. The phoneme t is realised as {| when it occurs between vowels if the preceding, vowel is stressed and the following vowel is unstressed. 4 P d 5 m z Continuant - = + 5 + Alveolar = + + = + Voiced = + - + + 5 a) All the vowels are close or close-mid (or between these heights). b) All require the tongue blade to be raised for their articulation, and all are in the alveolar or post-alveolar region, ©) None of these requires the raising of the tongue blade ~ all are front or back articulations. d) Allare voiceless. ) All are rounded or end with lip-rounding. f) All are approximants (they create very little obstruction to the airflow). Chapter 14 1 a) A { bird in the | hand is worth ; two in the ; bush | b) | Over a | quarter of a ; century has ¢ {lapsed since his death |©) Com | puters con | sume a.con | siderable a | mount of d) | Most of them have a | rrived on the ! bus ‘¢) | Newspaper | editors are in { variably | under { worked 3 ON, (the stress levels of ‘Rolls’ and ‘Royce’ are exchanged to avoid “stress clash’ between ‘Royce’ and ‘ra-") 3. a) Wap Kovz av aesmar is spaus ta bi afadsiz b) wot Oi atbm papjolerfa kedsuiz tz beta treinz ©) fiks potikjati wel inne fas sizn (Each of the above represents just one possible pronunciation: many others are possible.) Chapter 15, 1 This train is for ~Leeds “York and \Hull 2 Can you give me a lift. vBossibly Where \to_ \No Certainly Snot Go a\way Did you know hed been convicted of drunken -driving «No 5 If [give him /money he goes and \spends it If lend him the /bike he loses it Hes completely unreliable eeChapter 16 1 (This is an exercise where there is more than one correct answer.) a) buy it forme b) hear it ) talk to him 2a) ‘mind the step b) ‘this is the "ten to ‘seven train ‘c) ‘keep the 'food hat 3a) ‘Only when the vwind ‘blows ee you “say <) What was the Sname of the place Chapter 17 1a) ‘Which was the cheap one did you say ES oe ‘only ‘want to vtaste it NEE <) She would have thought it was obvious d) There ‘wasnt ‘even a ‘piece of \bread im the house hae SEpnnia ee©) \Now will you believe me Tove ere ) opp ort “unit y cone, b) vac tua lly ee ©) \con fid ent ly d) mag ani fi cent ©) re 7a tion ship pias ds u f) af ter vnoon Sa, Chapter 18 (The following are possible intonation patterns, but others could be vorrect.) Bu aHeene Its rather voold Be'eause | 'cant a\ fford it Youre \silly then Oh vplease Seven o”clock | seven “thirty | and \eight Four Ive got to do the shopping vSome of them ‘mightChapter 1g 1 a) right | can I do the shopping for you b) right | can I do the shopping for you ) first the professor explained her theory 4) no | first the professor explained her theory ¢) first she explained her theory f) no | ten past three 8) no | ten past three h) no | ten past three a) he wrote the letter sadly b) he wrote the letter | sadly c) four plus six | divided by two | equals five 4) four | plus six divided by two | equals seven €) we broke one thing | afier another fell down £) we broke one thing after another | that night Chapter 20 1 This accent has a distribution for q similar to BBC pronunciation (i be made for ay phoneme), except that in the case of the participial nis found instead of n. This accent has two additional long vowels (e:, 0:) and, correspondingly, two fewer diphthongs (c1, 4). This situation is found in many Northern accents. ‘The fricatives 6, 0, h are missing from the phoneme inventory, and f, v are used in place of 8, 0. This accent has w where BBC pronunciation has “dark I". This is typical of a Cockney accent. This data is based on the traditional working-class accent of Bristol, where words of more than one syllable do not usually end in 9. The accent is thotic, so where there is an ‘r’ in the spelling (as in ‘mother’) an r is pronounced: where the spell- ing does not have ‘r, an | sound is added, resulting in the loss of distinctiveness in some words (cf. ‘idea, ‘ideal’; “area, ‘aerial"), Here we appear to have three vowels where BBC pronunciation has two: the word ‘cat’ has the equivalent of i, ‘calm’ has a vowel similar to a: while in the set of words that have « in many Northern accents (‘plaster, ‘grass, etc.) an addi- tional long vowel a: is used. This is found in Shropshire.