CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher considered in
strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the synthesis of the art to fully
understand the research for better comprehension of the study.

Higher education are becoming increasingly aware of the diversity of their current and potential learners

Higher Education are becoming increasingly aware of the diversity of their current and potential
learners and provide a range of options for their engagement (Gillett-Swan, Jenna, 2017). They said In
changing between and across modes, a one-size-fits-all approach is often used. The internal content is
converted into a deemed form suitable for an external delivery. However there is a significant problem
with the one-size-fits-all approach. External students experience isolation. We compared to their
internal counterparts. The students often face a number of barriers when it comes to the activity. The
barriers to participation appear particularly evident in group work activities. The online environment
also presents challenges for many academic staff who increasingly require higher levels of technological
competency and proficiency on top of their regular academic workload

The Covid-19 pandemic requires almost all human activity to shift to digital media, including
education services. Now, education services must adapt to online learning methods (Hermanto,
Yustinus Budi and Srimulyani, Veronika Agustini 2021). There study aims to obtain information about
online learning from home during the Covid-19 pandemic at the junior, senior, vocational, and
university levels in Indonesia. Researchers also analyzed the differences in the mastery of learning
technology in students and educators. There study used a questionnaire distributed via Google forms
to students and educators using Facebook, e-mail, and WhatsApp Group (WAG).

The success of online learning was highly dependent on several integrated components, such as
students, educators, learning resources, and the technology used. The researcher also found several
disadvantages of online learning, such as student discipline, lack of internet access, and lack of social
interaction, common challenges for educational organizations and stakeholders.

Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way of learning in higher education. Teaching, and learning
activities that are usually carried out with face-to-face meetings have turned into virtual meetings in
various online learning applications. This paper collected fifteen students as samples in the
Fundamentals of Education I course who were actively involved in online learning activities. Online
learning has 2 instruction Synchronous(communication where participants interact in the same time
space as video conferencing, zoom, google meet, and WebEx) and Asynchronous(time-separated
communication such as e-mail, google form, streaming video content, posting lecture notes and social
media platforms).furthermore This paper has shown so many responses about the challenges
experienced by the students while studying online, such as, positive and negative impact of online
learning, economic conditions, anxiety during online learning, government should think and planned,
the risk of user data security, face-to-face class to online learning, ability, finding effective online
learning media and expectations(Simamora,2020)

Education has been one of the major areas disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to
assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on users’ (students and faculty members) learning in
higher education, examining how engineering students and faculty perceived the abrupt transition in
comparison

Challenges and Opportunities in Online Teaching and Learning

Cindy Xin and Jacqueline Whalley’s article “Challenges and Opportunities in Online Teaching and
Learning” appeared in the Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (2018). The
difficulties that online instructors and students must overcome are covered in this article, along with
problems with communication, technology, and motivation.

Stella K. Muthoka and Muathe SM’s article “Challenges of Online Learning in Higher Education”
appeared in the International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (2018). This essay
addresses the difficulties that online learners encounter, such as a lack of self-discipline, social isolation,
and technical difficulties.

In order for e-learning to be successful in an academic setting, academics must overcome numerous
obstacles, according to (Islam et al., 2015). Five categories can be used to categorize the current
discussion of these issues: learning styles and culture, pedagogical e-learning, technology, technical
training, and time management issues. In this essay, the experiences, benefits, and challenges of online
learning were examined using information from student essays. The emergence of a COVID-19
pandemic outbreak has also altered educational practices in schools and colleges. What should have
been face-to-face instruction has become distance learning or online instruction. A number of regions
have closed campuses and implemented online learning. It also suits the government to use social
isolation to lessen the effects of this virus. Online education, and has been occurring for the past few
weeks. This is often certainly also in line with the evaluation and concentrate to the items that require
to be considered during the activity process. Thesis often also for the great and effective learning
process.
 Furthermore, according to Dube (2020), the COVID-19’s online learning option prohibits many
rural learners from participating in teaching and learning in South African primary schools. The
learning management system, the Internet, and low-tech software cannot be accessed due to a lack of
resources. In addition, Ebrahim et al. (2020) contend that the COVID-19 lockdown halted learning in
South African schools, rendering students and teachers in rural areas helpless when trying to access
online learning. Lastly, Ngogi (2020) draws the conclusion that blended learning is being practiced in
South African schools, but contends that rural schools would suffer due to a number of issues.

Jocelyn A. V. Davis and Nancy L. Robb’s article “The Difficulties of Online Learning in Higher
Education: A Review of the Literature” was published in the Journal of Online Learning and Teaching
(2019). The obstacles of online learning in higher education, especially those relating to student
participation, evaluation, and social interaction, are thoroughly reviewed in this article.

Students' Online Learning Experience during the Pandemic

Adarkwah (2021) examined students’ online learning experience during the pandemic using a
narrative inquiry approach. The findings indicated that students considered online learning as
Ineffective due to several challenges that they encountered. Among these were lack of social interaction
among students, poor communication, lack of ICT resources, and poor learning outcomes. More
recently, Day et al. (2021) examined the immediate impact of COVID-19 on students’ learning
experience. Evidence from six institutions across three countries revealed some positive experiences
and pre-existing inequities. Among the reported challenges are lack of appropriate devices, poor
learning space at home, stress among students, and lack of fieldwork and access your laboratories.

The Covid-19 pandemic requires almost all human activity to shift to digital media, including
education services. Now, education services must adapt to online learning methods. This change is a
challenge for every students, which must also prepare students to adapt to face the challenges of the
era of Society 5.0. This study aims to obtain information about online learning from home during the
Covid-19 pandemic. Researchers also analyzed the differences in the mastery of learning technology in
students and educators. This study used a questionnaire distributed via Google forms to students and
educators using Facebook, e-mail, and WhatsApp Group (WAG). The total sample in this study was
108 educators and 386 students. From the independent sample t-test test, the following results were
obtained: the mastery ability of MS office software and online learning technology in students was
higher than students with significant differences; there was no significant difference between teacher
and lecturer perceptions regarding the role of learning technology in the classroom and on the
educational process of students. The success of online learning was highly dependent on several
integrated components, such as students, educators, learning resources, and the technology used. The
researcher also found several disadvantages of online learning, such as student discipline, lack of
internet access, and lack of social interaction, common challenges for educational organizations and
stakeholders.

According to Mohammad Mahyoob (2020), The following section presents the previous studies
conducted in online learning during the COVID-19 crisis and some studies related to online learning
challenges and educational Technology in general. A study was conducted to evaluate students’ views
about the future of Mobile learning after the current pandemic in basic education college in Kuwait.
The study Concluded with a good impression from the student in utilizing mobile learning in higher
Education. The advantage of the study is the recommendation for developing and teaching courses
About m-learning use and application. This study’s disadvantage is that the sample (52 Participants)
is insufficient to generalize m-learning in higher education (Alanezi & AlAzwani,2020).

Another study explored online learning challenges in medical education during the COVID19
outbreak (Rajab, Mohammad, Gazal, & Alkattan, 2020). The study engaged 208 participants: Learners
and faculty members in the college of medicine of Alfaisal university in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The
study’s reported that the challenges were communications, assessment, online Education experience,
technology use tools, time management, anxiety, and coronavirus disease stress.

Copeland et al. (2021) and Fawaz et al. (2021) who examined the impact of COVID-19 on college
student’s mental health and their coping mechanisms. Copeland et al. (2021) reported that the
pandemic adversely affected students’ behavioral and emotional functioning, particularly attention
and externalizing problems (i.e., mood and wellness behavior), which were caused by isolation,
economic/health effects, and uncertainties. In Fawaz et al.’s (2021) study, students raised concerns
about learning and evaluation methods, overwhelming task load, technical difficulties, and
confinement. To cope with these problems, students actively dealt with the situation by seeking help
from their teachers and relatives and engaging in recreational activities. These active-oriented coping
mechanisms of students were aligned with Carter et al.’s (2020), who explored students’ self-regulation
strategies.

Students' Challenges during Pandemic and how they cope with them

Jessie S. Barrot, Ian I. Llenares and Leo S. Del Rosario’s article “Students’ online learning
challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them” appeared in the Journal of Education
and Information technologies(2021). That there has been an explosion of studies relating to the new
normal in education. While many focused on national policies, professional development, and
curriculum, others zeroed in on the specific learning experience of students during the pandemic.
According to Eric Pedersen COVID-19 has impacted higher education greatly, with many colleges and
universities being forced to quickly implement procedures for operation as closures and restrictions
shifted many programs online. These abrupt changes amounted to uncertainty and challenges for
students worldwide. Students who were studying abroad during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
faced unique challenges as programs shut down and many returned home from overseas. The current
study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on U.S. study abroad students through a qualitative lens.
Students reported unique stressors related to being abroad during the onset of the pandemic, such as
missed experiences, financial loss, travel difficulties, and stressors related to academic programs.
Additionally, many reported considerable and lasting impacts on emotional and behavioral health. This
study provides preliminary evidence for the effects of COVID-19 on study abroad students, and
highlights the importance of addressing the needs of this population during and after the pandemic.

According to William H Stewart, and Patrick R Lowenthal, (2022) Universities all across the world
switched overnight to some kind of online or remote learning style as a result of COVID-19. For the
bulk of staff and students who had no prior experience with remote, mixed, or online learning, this
process—while necessary—broke from the standards and conventions of traditional distant education.
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted 15 international exchange students to complete distance education
courses on a campus that was empty, and this case study was done with them in the Republic of Korea.
The interviews revealed themes related to instruction, cognitive or social presence, different learning
experiences, little to no social engagement, and isolation and loneliness. We describe our findings and
their implications for further study in this publication.

According to Wildana et al. (2020), the online learning models used during the COVID-19 Pandemic
equipped students with knowledge in a similar way to face-to-face learning. However, online Learning
provides more experience will be the importance of process learning that balances the Development of
time and technology based on self-regulatory capabilities, which is definitely owned By each student.
According to Wildana et al. (2020), the regulations enforced by the head of an Educational institution
are most important when delivering online learning.

Yildiz (2020) conducted a meta-analysis study on recent trends in Educational technology from
2015 to 2020. The study focused on several aspects of the field. The study’s findings revealed that using
educational technology in teaching and learning was beneficial. Appropriate. The editorial board
Liguori and Winkler (2020) published an article about the “The impact of the pandemic on
entrepreneurship education”. They advocated for more research and resources on The challenges
regarding online entrepreneurship education. Another study looked into The significance of online
learning was investigated, as well as the analysis of its weaknesses, strengths, and challenges.And the
advantages of online education during the pandemic (Shivangi, 2020). The research Provided some
advice on how to deal with online learning.