Cifuiging Tre areers in hi Education é LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.1. Meaning and Definitionsaf Physical Education 1,2, Aim and Objectives of Physical Education 1.3 Career Optionsin Physical Education 1.4 Competitionsin Various Sports at National-and international Level 1.5 Kheio India Programme The concept of physical education is nat ne In fact, physical education has its roots in the ancient periad although it was used in various forms in the past. Its meaning was different to different people. The term ‘Physical Education’ is. indeed, complex and broad-based. It includes many types of phenomena. In the beginning, physical education was used in the terms of physical activities. because physical education was essential for people to survive. But the main Changing trends in physical edueation stress on physical education was laid down in ancient Greece, Philosophers like Socrates, Aristotle and Plato were of the opinion that physical training is a must for youth. Even in India, physical activities were the essential partof life in ancient times, The meaning of physical education changed many times during various civilisations. Generally, it has been misunderstood. Someone was ofthe view that physical edueation is whatever physical educators do, Sometimes, it was confused with physical training, play, games, physical culture, health education and recreation. But, as a matter of fact, it is more than these terms. 1,1 MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION Different people have defined physical education in different ways. A few of these definitions bysome eminent people are listed below. According to H C Buck, "PAysical education is the part of general education programme, ‘Trexbs AND CAREERS IN Pxysical EpucaTionered with growth, det elopment and education of children throu, 1h is consideret § shole child by mer A whic var activities. It is the education of Ww y means o he medium of ik mie ce ols. They ares selected ancl conducted ag a pia activities ipl “ally, mentally, emotionally and morally, Heney every child fy CA Bucher. “AN integral part of total education Process which hes Acraring Ae ypment of phy ‘cally, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizeny thea ity aim—the deve wysiea'”) the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view tp “en ys these ou teomes. Ee . fi . ; ‘According to D Oberteuffer’, “Physical exdueation is the sum of those experiences whi come to the individual through movements. srarding to Cassidy, "Physical education is the sum of changes inthe inlvidualcayyyy by experiences centering motor activity.” According to RJ B Nash, "Physical education is that phase of the whole field of edu, that deals with big muscle activities and their related responses. According tod F Williams and CL Brownell, "Physica? education’ is the sum of man's physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes According to CC Cowell, "Physical education is the social process of change in thy behaviour of human organism, originating primarily from the stimulus of social, big muscle play and related activities.” e ‘According to C 1 Brownell, “Physical education is the accumulation of wholesome experience through participation in large muscle activities that promote optimum growth and development.” ‘According to the Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation, "Physical education is education. It ts the education through physical activities for the development of the total personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in body, mind and spirit.” elising ication Inthe light of above definitions, it can be said that physical education is an integral partof general education and itis essential for human beings. Itis not merely a physical activity but it is the education of the body through the body. American research studies shove that the persons who were engaged in various programmes of physical education achieved higher goals in their lives in comparison to those who did not indulge in physical activities. In fact, physical education enables a child to have total physical growth and development to lead a happy and prosperous life. Finally, it ean be concluded that physical education not only helps in physical development but it also helps in mental, social and emotional developmentof an individual. ‘The aim of physical education is the wholesome development of an individual, or it'can he said that the aim of physical education is complete living. In fact, the aim of physical education is an apex point which seems to be out of reach, In general, ‘wholesome development of an individual’ is the aim of physical education and this aim can be achieved step by step, These steps are called objectives. So, itis said that the aim is one but objectives maybe many, Suaswort Heatsw aso. Puysteat, Enceamos-XEAccording to J F Williams, "Physical education should aim to provide skilled leadership, adequate facilities and ample time for the individual and the groups to participate in activities that are physically wholesome, mentally stimutating and socially sound.” According to the Ministry of Education and National Planning of Phy Education and Recreation, The aim of physical education must he to make every child physically, mentally and emotionally fit and also to develop in him such personal and social qualities which will help him to live happily with others and build him upagood citizen.” Regarding the objectives of physical education, many leading figures of this field advocate different objectives according to their concepts H Clarke mentions only three objectives of physical education 1, Physical fitness 2. Social efficiency Culture Bookwalteralso mentions three objectives 1. Health 2, Worthy use of leisuretime 3, Ethicalcharacter Hetherington classifies the five objectives of physical education 1, Immediate objectives 2, Remote objectives 3, Developmental objectives 4, Social standard objectiv 5. Objectives in control of health conditions Leslie has mentioned the following fi ‘e objectives of physical education. 1. Organicaspect of development 2. Neuro-muscularaspect of development 3, Emotional aspect of development 4. Social aspect of development 5. Intellectual aspect of development After meta-analysis of the above mentioned objective: are the main objectives of physical education it can be concluded that following * Physical Development: The foremost objective of physical education is physical development. In fact, it leads to the development of our organ systems, such as circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, muscular system and stem. Physical educa is related to physical activities, and when we perform these activities, there are various effects of these activities on our organ systems. These systems witness growth in size, shape, efficiency, ete. Hence, it can be stated that physical development is possible through this objective of physical education. This also promotes sound health, which enables the individual to be a valuable asset for the nation. If all our systems remain in sound health, they can perform thei: functions in an efficient way. * Mental Development: This objective is related to the mental development of an individual. The various physical activities of physical education programmes need CHANGING TreNDs anb Cari ens iN PHysical Ept ATIONee aleriness of mind, deep concentration and caleu » called the indispen: b two-way process, Phy MS. Morey, ACHIVI Ling " requirement of various physica] activities sharpen the mind, which in turn i perform various activities, Along with these activities, physical cate eas subject as other educational subjects. It includes rules and of games, anatomical and physiological studi edi ‘tion tilations, tai tla need diet, sanitation, 4" development t. ' ts to draw cer} bal hea diseases, personal hygiene, ete. In this way, me z Ake pag porheipation in various activities, an individua Ain Conely she is able to understand the new situations that he/she faces inthe game sian ln him/her to take decisions independently. So, hisyhor mental development ¢ " eb, many ways. Oe Baten Soei Development: This objective is related to the developme which are essential for better adjustment in life. ‘Th : education provide a number of ways 10 develop these qualities Bach get tYsical individual wants to have leader like qualities. Through physica activite me who belong to different places came the loser to one another. They acer according to situations. Haman relations are developed. Tt is 2 brag the reg sisining the qualities like cooperation, courtesy, fir pay, sportsmanship and sempathy. These traits are developed in various programmes (jo education, A society can prosper in a healthy social environment and i ensironruent is possible only through the programmes ofphysienl edueatian Neuro-muscular Coordination: This objective is concerned with, relationship between nervous system and muscular system, The education provide ample opportunities for the better neuro-musculse Ir me situations, our neuromuscular coordination is developed ty Betite-musealar coordination helps ep of fatigue during siorous achat i can use our energy in a proper way if we have good neuro-muscular coordina’ We con ensure acrurate and smooth functioning of our body. While doing phe activities, our reaction time becomes less. These activities help in the cies movement of our body parts. Thus, through physical activities, o coordination becomes efficient t of 8c S0¢iaL Programmes of 4) Tis € for tng Physicay CO type of 8 better ©8 of physical coordination activiti ur neuromuscular Emotional Development: The emotional development of an individual is major objective of physical education. Every individual has various types of emotions viz., pleasure, hope, jealousy. have, fear, distress, anger, wonder, lust, loneliness, ete Ifan individual does not have appropriate control over these emotions, he/she becemes abnormal and uncontrollable. The emotions are vital for every individual but excess of these is always bad. The programmes of physical education help develop these emotions and also teach us to have proper control aver our emations. By participating in the programmes of physical education, an individual starts having control over his/her emotions. also the Development of Health: The development of health is also an objective of physical education. It educates on the prevent ious programmes 0 of communicable diseases. There are va n recreation. The programmes of physical educa help reduce anxiety, stress and tension up to a large extent, so that the individ experience healthy living. ion in modern age Sacawan Heacra aso Paysic1.8 CAREER OPTIONS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Mainly, there type of care % two types of career options in the field of physical education. The first ed to teaching and coaching physical education, The called traditional careers in physical eelucation. The to emerging F aption is re second type of carce rs in physical education, ie., health-related s, administration: related careers, sports performance related care elated careers, etc. The above-mentioned eareors in the field of physical edt option is rel rs, med ition are deserihed he Teaching Career in Physical Education Physical education has traditionally been cons for those interested in teaching red 1 professional field appropriate only reer, The teaching career offers many rewards to the engaged in elementary schools, middle schools, high echools, senior secondary schools, colleges or universities. This career is usually considered to have many benefits. The tencher, in the field of physical education commands deep respect among the students because he makes a good contribution te society. This career provides internal satisfaction. In teaching career, there is better job security, Teaching opportunities in the field of physical education at different levels arc described as follows teachers whether they ar Elementary School Ithas been recognised that physical education is a must in ele and attitudes can be learnt well in this period. Physical education plays a vital role in the all round development of children. Even eminent psychologists say that motor as well as sensory experiences of children are extremely important in the deve lopment of intelligence. Through the programmes of physical education, children become creative, develop self- image and grow in a holistic manner. The emphasis can be placed on learning the various activities such as running, jumping, climbing, throwing, catching, kicking and striking. ntary schools. Basic skills In India, there is no career opportunity for physical edueation teachers in elementary schools, Generally, the teachers of other subjects, who are not specialised in physical education, teach phi al activities. This is the main drawback in India, Owing to thi Indians are lagging behind in the field of sports at world level, as physical education is compulsory in elementary schools in advanced countries of the world. Such countries win laurels for their countries at world level. The government as well as society must lay stress on implementing physical education in primary schools and qualified physical education teachers should be appointed in these schools so that they may help in making good sportspersons and fittesteitizens Middle chool Career opportunities for physical education teachers in middle schools are ample but only inthe schools of big cities. In such schools, there is a separate syllabus for VI, VIL and VIIL classes. In government middle schools, there are rare opportunities of employment for physical education teachers, Although, the subject of physical education is affered in such schools, it is implemented in a formal way. In some schools, where teachers of physical education are employed, they are required to teach other subjects also, Consequently, it an Crtaxcine Trenps ano Cannens IN PrysicaL Epucationbe said that in middle schools, the opportuiitios of jobs in the field of phyyieuy are not sufficient ele High oo! Generally, there area numberof opportunities for jobs in the fie of physical government and private/public high schools. Spec hers of physical edhe in appointed in such schools. They are requited to teach theory and practicals of physion| ‘tion ap, They are also required to prepare various teams of sparta for inter-ec a Senior Secondary School It is & common practice throughout the country to engage special teachers o in seni f phy. education in senior secondary schools, In some schools, lecturers in physiea, oP eg are appointed to texch theory, Physical education is an optional subject in pov 7 and senior secondary public schools. These teachers are required to maintain discr : schools. They also need to prepare various teams af sports for inter-school tounge There are ample opportunities of jobsin such schools. menta College and University ‘There are many job opportunities to teach physical education in colleges and uniy, Physical education is an optional subject in colleges. There are various professional in physical education in a number of colleges, such as Certificate Course Education (CPEd), Diploma Course in Physical Education (DPEd), Bachelor degre. Physical Education (BPEd), Certifiente Course in Yoga, Se in Physical Education ae sports and Master's degree in Physical Edueation (MPEd or MA in Physical Education) ang MPhil, etc. PhD in physical education is associated with universities and some renowned colleges. Prerequisite qualification is Master's degree and NET in physical education tg teach physical education in colleges. Preference is given to PhD degree holders. Ts teach at the university level, PhD research work and publishing of books are also essential qualifications along with college level qualifications. At the college level, preparation of various teams of sports is also an associated job, whereas at university level, any teachingis required. At the university level and college level (some professionalcolleges) teachers are required to teach various subjects, such as Research Methodology, Test and Measurement, Sports Psychology, Sports Sociology, Sports Biomechanics, Sports Medicine Exercise Physiology, Organisation and Administration, ete Titiog, courses it Physical Teaching in non-school settings, such as teaching in sports clubs, teaching in youth and community organisations, teaching in centres for elders, teaching in resorts, exe are applicable in USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan and Russia. In India, fewer job opportunities are available in this field as compared toother countries. Coaching Career in Physical Education Coaching career is also a traditional cateer in the field of physical education. Many physical educators prefer to opt for coaching as a career. There are a number of job opportunities for coaching agin the field af teaching. Many coaches want a dual career as a teacher ant coach, whereas others desire solely to coach, Opportunities to coach exist in both, the sche! non-school setting. Opportunities of jobs are available to coach in middle schools, his and # AND Pavsica. Enucattox—XIHols, SeTHOF seconMaEY Schou ls (sper Tae "7 in private public schools}, in colle ; and HY “ett < universities. At school level, a conch may be required to teach physical education : and also to conch a team, He/She may be appointed solely tyenach a team. But itis applicable only in private public schools and not ity goverment sehools, In colleges and universities, coaches may he appointed to coach various teams for intercollegiate and intersuniversity competitions, Numerous job opportunities are also available in state sports department and Sports Authority of ‘A coach with his team India (SAD in non-school setting, Coaching opportunities are also available with professional teams, commercial sports clubs, hotels. private enterprises and government sector: ‘There are also some advantages and disadvantages of a coaching career. This job provides intrinsic rewards in the form of respect and excitement of winning. On the other hand. a coaching career has some disadvantages also. The coaching hours are long. Many hours may be spent during practice sessions, during reviewing the results of game, planning for the future and counselling with players. Differences in salaries at different levels of appointments can alsobe seen. Coaches are usually placed under tremendous pressure to achieve or win the competition. They are required to conduct practice the competition and tocoach during the match. During practice sessions and matches, the coach must motivate the players to make their best effo so that their maximum level of performance can be achieved. Acoach mustbe a good teacher. A prospective coach should obtain a diploma course in concerned game or sport. Master of Sports (MS) degree is an additional qualification for higher level of coaching. Ifa coach has to teach and coach, he/she should qualify at least a certificate course of coaching in concerned game! sport along with the required qualifications of a physical education teacher. This certificate course in coaching is arranged for in-service physical education teachers, In a coaching job, acoach should be able to give interviews. He/She should be able to speak in front of groups. Acoach must be aware of the current trend and latest rules af the game, For this purpose he/she should attend clinics, seminars and workshops Health-related Careers During the last twenty years, there has been a rapid increase in the awareness of health Nowadays, people have become more health conscious. They want to be healthy and fit They want to keep away from the various diseases, such as hypertension, heart diseases and disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, ete. They have realised the value of health. Everyone wants to lead a healthy lifestyle. That is why health-related career opportunities in the field of physical education have expanded in recent ye CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREPRS IN PrysicaL Epucationea under health-related car The very first and significant ar clubs. The number of he thand : Sree: These clubs are based on the individual's desire to be physic, find trim figure anid to ook the best, These henlthelubs arobeing run by 4p Fhe forms of franchise, fn fact, it has become a Wig industry. The gig pone di tecting mones from the publicrathor thin 1TH C0 provide good gee hing” fof health and weight control chibs which are reputed and ye ‘sishealth geht control clubs has increased ry nd Wi apidly dye ally ft, area numb p we rammes. Physical educators may find ample joh opportunities jy “ht control chibs, The activities and services provided by these chutyy ne ame, The facilities Lo play various Rames, such ag ctY Dut g pprovided by thiowe chitbs. Other facilities ie yy ue activities remain th swimming, ete. are usual ‘a diet and and nutri al educators may evaluate the clients! q Steatn moonis and massage are also offered, Instructions regarding also given tathechents. Ln health clubs, where we are main concerns, phy "lay Putri HOM AL Cin a TY habits 2 Mis Soci gy ht ght contral ta they may reach the goal, Ax the interost itt being fit and healthy in our appearto he excellent i opportunities a ‘Another field of career is athletic training under health related care such careers are available only at the national level. Generally, athle with national teams of games and sports. In India, there is little seope of ‘ trang qr schools and colleges, whereas in western countries, Uhe job oppartuniy eee trainers are widely available, An athletic trainer's responsibilities are numer, for a prime responsibility is related to prevention of sports injuries and rehabi ilitann athletes, The athletic trainer works with coachesin making and supervising programmes. Inconelusion, itcan be said that the job opportunities for physica) fre widely available in health and weight control clubs, slimming centres and iy" but careers in athletic training. especially in India. are limited. tees Administration-related Careers U5 but ae * Theiy on ofp ‘ming Owing to increased sports participation and sports-related business, there is individuals trained in sports management, Now administration-related careor oa oh: are availuble in various fields, suchas sports administration, managemont of spo Tig ‘and facilities, sports marketing and promotion, ete. In western countries, eailon ‘universities offer undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in sports managemen a India itis in the beginning stage. Though management and administration arv tmcs a subject at both levels (UG and PG) in the ficld af physical education, there are va, Fields within physical educatinn where administration is required, In fact, administrators are required not only in teaching areas but alsa in areas connected with teaching such as sports programmes. The careers related to adi in physical education are as follows, Departmentof Phy tr sical Education There are many universities and colleges in India, where various courses of phys education are being taught. In such departments, the administration lies in the be of chairman or head. HefShe is the sole administrator of the teaching depa ‘Teachers of physical education and other clerical staff work under the chuirper ars «. want HeaLmn ax Prystcat. Epvcarios-XIThe senior teacher of the department usiially acts as the chairman, In India, there 18 no need for separate management qualifientions fur suet n post, because itis typically based on seniority Sports Department There are many job opportunities related to administration in sports department. The post of director of sports exists inalmoal every university in India. The director of sports ia responsible for the administration af various progeammen of games and sports, These posts may be found at district lovel for schools! competition, The designation of AKO (sports) ar ADEO (sports) is given to them, There may be the post of Assistant Director of Sports at the University level to assist the Director of Sports, The Director of Sports is responsible for the administration of men's and womon's sports and games. He/She supervises coaches and assistant coaches, The Director of Sports must be knowledgeable regarding the rules anil regulations of sporis competitions including the eligibility of sports participants. His/ Her other jobs are fixing of dates for competitions, arranging officials, and planning for transportation, lodging and boarding. He/She is also responsible for preparing the sports budget States! sports depart ments have also administration-related jobs such as District Sports Officer at district level. The coaches of various games and sports and other officials wark under his/her administration, - Inwestern countries, there are also intramural or campus recreation programmes. These programmes have also expanded to include not only students but faculty and staff members also. The administrative work is performed by the Director of Intramurals or the Director of Campus Recreation. Their main responsibility is to promote participation. His/Her other responsibilities are approximately same as in other sports departments, Industrial Recreation Nowadays, many multinstional companies and national companies are providing recreational and sports opportunities for their employees. These companies lay stress on the health, fitness and well-being of their employees because healthy and fit employees usually have more capacity to do work. They can increase the production which is in the benefit of companies, Therefore, these companies need qualified professionals to direct these activities. The responsibilities include establishing a programme of activities, setting up teams schedule for competitions and supervising the programmes related to fitness of employees, The Director of Industrial Recreation is the designation in such companies. Sports Facilities Management ‘There are always a number of people and organisations who want tahave sports facilities, where they can do exercise for remaining healthy and fit or for the purpose of recreation. They want to get facility of gymnasium, health club, fitness centre, stadiums, sports complexes, ice arenas, and aquatic centre or swimming pool. In such fields, facilities managers are required. The requirement of such facilities is more in western countries in comparison to India, In fact, we are lagging behind in this field. The sports facilities manager may perform all the responsibilities by himself/herself or may have assistants or several staff members under his/her direction. He/She may have to perform additional responsibilities, for example, in a health or fitness club, the facilities manager may also CHanerne TRENDS AND CAREERS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATIONmain responsibility jy thit the facility ang Me seats. CDE (Citi famed U8, dob, Sena et er manna A eerily 2 conti Spetinenar Em reer The a Performance mes and aports throughout the covers lege Lowel COMPELIRion, tition. International variotls &i As Plavers rome participace an yaTiOle AY Alarge number rede mc an et serpate vunon, nator They partici gate Town! compen A gkalle dreendt level compet fe ee But only Roehl kT Fecal competition. OLY MPH £ recaaful at compen en top level. Sportaperas. 8 va ehe past Ponce io pes are & ag, where areer The rppartunitis are aT equntries wer any sportascholarshipg profeasional sports # Vers = ieaumber ofprofesstonl sport aby ooa whe para e ted owing te less 00 ous levels. The cares India are vers Teed OT ne in It at warious Fee + is available in cricket, setemen are sp good aports care fo Fo pe for short duration, In India. ood Pail Ie for skilled spertspersons ports carver, are for * obs anv also al i port ‘marathon Face Many i ae bak cme or a lawn tenmis an) 2 7 ate sectors ag, many sportspersons in such a spo! countries. M ‘wernment and pris dela 2 renal corporations, railways. ete, In WES” aoe OIL boxing, tennis, ete., eam a spo industrial CO*POT hes, gall, sports as baseball. basketba ys ath ee decade of employment than an average ‘New York yank The professional players related to ‘New York san : e world's cavaratilova is currently one of the wor : aver i offor Mares na cis Peony King became the irst woman tennis player in 1971, € commercial advertis ; CO Te a adrertse ment He Tere are so many exomples in Indi also, especially in’ &™mP teen The sportepersons, whe want Topuraue professional carcers insports. may failto uo cmoket, The sportspern sue pr ports aoe cncmtranksor haveto leave the professional arena after a few years. Con an ends on good officials, As ©44« kno performers Fe ns, uatinlly Heck sporty iberofindividuals in the job opportunities in world ways. hl 1. football, hockey een or during 2 lifetime vocation, to th ex get highest salaries in the world, spord more in a highest paid sportspersons through phys| As Officials The smooth conduct of a sport tournament or competition dep it has already been discussed above that the performance of players remains for short duration. Generally, it is a career of approximately ten years. After that sportspersons may pursue the eareer as officials because they know the ins and outs of the game. Such type of job opportunities are available as part-time officials or full-time officials. There are vanous officials in a tournament, such as referee/umpire, timekeeper, recorder, scorer, etc. Their requirements depend on the number of tournaments held every year. It is also a good career related to sports and games. Even college students earn some income by officiating in inter-college sports competitions. Many former sportspersons turn to officiating asa‘ {ullsime professional career after sports career. In this career, an individual must have 2 he participation experience and qualifies # vtconansationIneffciting. nat ony te rowed the lcci en adel oh ° h edge of the rules is important but one Possess good officiating mechanies alsa. A good official must Spe sud be able to work under +}, Sanaswart Hearn aso Puystcan nue ATION=XIpressure. Officiating can be achallenging:career, but in India it as still in budding stage a8 pumber of competitions are held in comparison to western countries les Careers in Communication Media The communication media, ie, television, radio, new rs and magazines, etc., have 4 communication ap tunities ins of communication have increased the sports caverag Cable television channels, auch as ESPN, Ten Sports and Star Sports provide 24 hours of sports and games, In fact, it has onhanced a number of career opportunities in communication media. There are various ea contributed to the enhancement of various career appr st The above-mentioned mean coveray ‘s related to communication media, These are stated subsequently Sports Journalism Physical educators, who have a talent for w The sports journalist m ting may opt a career ag a sporta journalist ket opportunities to work with newspapers and in sports fe of sports news as well as the number of wines is increasing rapidly. Sports journalists may write live events and feature articles about sportspersons ot on various topica about sports. The covering of the sports event and reporting are the most vital part of this career, Stories ased on research, compiling statistics, and interviewing of players and coaches are all ctions of the journalists. A sound background of physical education can be beneficial to a sports journalist. He/She can understand the demand and nature of sports. For example, a sports journalist with the knowledge of sports psychology may be etter able to explain to the public why some sportspersons fail to perform under pressure, whereas, other sportspersons give better performance. A sports journalist with the knowledge of exercise physiology may explain better what happens physiologically to athletes when they make efforts to finish marathon race. No doubt career opportunities in sports journalism are ample but this field requires keen interest, taste and talent in writing. Book Writing Career opportunities are widely available in book writing in the field of physical education and sports, specially in India. As a matter of fact, there is shortage of books on physical education and its allied subjects in India. Some physical educators, who have deep knowledge of various subdisciplines of physical education, such as sports biomechanics, sports sociology, sports medicine, exercise physiology. research methods, sports psychology, sports philosophy, sports pedagogy, sports management of various sports, may write textbooks. considering this as a part-time career. This field also requires interest, magazines, because the s| newspapers and sports mi fu concentration and writing talent Sports Photography Sports photography is another career which can be pursued by physical educators, But this career is applicable only to those physical educators who have a keen interest in photography and a strong desire to communicate to public the true meaning of sports through photographs. A talent in photography is essential for opting for such a career, There are ample opportunities for sports photographers with newspapers and in sports magazines, such as Sports Week, Sports World, Khel Khiladi, etc. The knowledge of biomechanics can help the sports photographer in getting the best angle for the photograph. The knowledge of CHANGING TkeNDs AND Careers IN Puysical Epucarionsports sociology can be helpful in sports photography in showing the significance of spor, in our society. Courses 0 photography ‘and the practical experience of taking sports| photographs are alsa essentia! to bea good sports photographer. ] Book Publishing Publishers of books on sports and textbooks of ph ‘al education, its subdiseiplines|| and allied subjects such as health edueation and recreation need the people who arel knowledgeable about the field of physical education. Editorial workers are needed wh, sev familar with the demands of publications in areas related to physical education ang| sports. This type of job requires & knowledge of physical education, writing and editori| ‘Ils, Other people are needed in the sales area, including direct sales, which usuall involves travelling throughout the country to sell books. These jobs require a knowledg, of physical education and comparative values of the available books. These persons shoul have sales ability and an understanding of the available markets for publications in the| field of physical education and sports. In the same way, job opportunities are also available} in publishing of sports magazines. Sports Broadcasting Sports broadcasting has become popular career. Career opportunities may be found with radio and television stations, including cable television at local, regional and national levels. Sports broadcasting requires not only the knowledge of the game but also the ability to communicate clearly. Those interested in this field need to be knowledgeable about the skills, tactics and rules of the game, including the technique of officiating. Studying physical education may provide the reporter with an understanding of the way in which sportspersons train for competition and the physiological effects of performance, The reporter must be able to relat. this information to the public in simple terms. The knowledge of the sports enables him’ her to report the moment to moment action. A reporter m ust have the detailed knowledge of the game because he/she is regarded by the public as an expert of the game which he is covering. He/She must have knowledge of various games, such as football, volleyball basketball, hockey, cricket, etc. He must have the background information at least about the famous players. He/She must be able to speak well and not be inhibited in speaking into the microphone or in front of the camera. The practical experience can contribute a lot toone's success in getting an entry level position in this career. For the purpose of getting experience, one should try to announce the sports events at college level in the beginning of this career. Salaries are good in this career but it depends on the level of station (local station or national network). sports broadcasting Marketing Public's increasing interest in sports and games, health, fitness and physical activitie las stimulated the sales of sports goods. Consequently, job opportunities in marketintand selling sports equipment have increased, Private companies need persons with an understanding of physical activi es, Persons are needed who are familiar with the sports equipment needs and ch or's representatives, Careers in marketing and selling of sports equipment are hanging demands. In fact, jobs nre available as salespersons and as manufacttre mflengingones. Salaries of marketing manager, sales representatives and salespersons depend on the sales hie products. A salesperson should be extremely knowledgeable about the products he is selling, Aconsumer always expects the salesperson to be an expert onall typesof sports equipment Courses inv business management and accounting are he |pful for themarketing mahager.as well as for salespersons. Salespersons should be skillful and able roadentife wdividuals’ need and sell them a produet according to their needs, Opportunities “robs for marketing managers and salespersons will definitely increase, if the interest in ohysical activities, sports and games and fitness continues to grow. sports Industrs ars are also available in sports industry. A person who wants a career in sports setry must have the knowledge of physical education and sports. One may establish norte industry at a small scale. It may be related to only T-shirts and tracksuits. [t te related to only sports footwear. The knowledge of research and designing is also + such jobs, hecause new types of sports equipment and new types of tracksuits OF its which are beneficial for increasing the performance of sportspersons (without z standards) are always in demand. For example, in yesteryears, loose shorts were by sprinters but now they prefer skin tight shorts because these shorts have less air resistance and keep the sprinters active and agile. Conclusion Many career options have been discussed in this chapter but still, there are many careers in |d of physical education which can be created. Asa matter of fact, career opportunities ‘eld of physical education are limited only by one's imagination. Lambert points ‘tone’s definition of physical education can serve to limit or expand one's horizons. If we define physical education only as “the teaching of sports, dance and exercise in .c schools" it can limit job opportunities. On the other hand, if we define physical cation as the "art and science of human movement” it can open a number of careers before us, Various careers can be created in the field of physical education, such as sports mechanics, sports medicine, sports nutrition, sports sociology, sports psychology, sports history, motor learning, ete. 1.4 COMPETITIONS IN” VARIOUS” SPORTS AT NATIONAL AND” ™] INTERNATIONAL LEVEL . ‘ 1 There are a number of sporting events and games for which competitions are held at both ational and international levels, Thecompetitions for various sports and games at national as well as international level are discussed below: Athletics 1. National Athletic Championship: This championship is organized hy Athletics Federation of India every year at different venues in India ia Itisa hard fact that the significance of sports and fitness in one’s life is invaluable, Th Femular practice of sports and games inctileates team spirits, develops strategic and analytion) thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking. As a matter of faet, healthy and fit Persons make an equally healthy society and strong nation, Owing to this, it is said that sports is extremely a valuable component for harmoninus development ofour nation. During the last few years we have made a steady progress in the field of games and sports. [tis an appropriate time to inspire young talent, provide top lovel infrastructures as well as apex level training. Inculeation of a strong spirit of participation in sports among children will enable them to show their actual potential and, we can fulfill their dreams to be at the top of the world inthe field of sports and games Keeping the above points in view, the "Khelo India” programme has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the grass root level by building a strong framework for all sports played in our country and establish India ax a great sporting nation. The programme ‘was launched during 2017-2018 by Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs. To achieve the above objectives, the Khelo India’ programme has included the following components 1. Play field Development: Under the programme of Khelo India, many playfields will be developed at various state and district levels so that basic facilities may be provided to sportspersons. 2. Community Coaching Development: It involves in skill development and system far sports coaching. Its aim is to evolve and identify physical education dtotrain them as master trainees. 1. State Level Khelo India Centres: It involves in supporting better utilisation of sports infrastructure in relation to the states, UT 4. Annual Sports Competitions: [tis one of the significant. components of Khelo India programme. Its aims to provide a good platform for talent spotting and a way for talented children to achieve excellence is sports. Such competitions will be organised in various games such asathletics, boxing, basketball, handball, volleyball, ete., except cricket alent Seareh and Development: In addition to the selection of prize winners for the scheme, a talent identification committe will spot and identity the talent with the help of best scientific methads 6, Utilization and Creation/Upgradation of Sports Lnfrastructure: It aims at developing sports infrastructure at schools and universities which have high sports potential 7. Support to National/RegionaliState Sports Academies: It aims to provide resources for expediting long term athlete development programmes &. Physical Fitness of School-going Children: This component aims to develop physical fitness uf school going children. Tool kit will be provided to schools to measure the physical fitness of school-going children under this sche 4. Sports for Women: It aims to ensure pulrticipation of women in various sports competitions especially where women participation is less