FINAL REPORT

on Damage Assessment in Babylon

International Coordination Committee for the

Saveguarding of the Cultural Heritage of Iraq
 CLT/EO/CIP/2009/RP/114

26/06/2009

International Coordination Committee for the Safeguarding of the

Cultural Heritage of Iraq

Sub-Committee on Babylon

Report on Damage Assessments in Babylon

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Historical Background
3 Reports on damage assessments in Babylon
3.1 Report by the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage Iraq (SBAH)
3.2 Report on behalf of the international audit commission, prepared by Polish
archaeologists attached to the MNF-I Iraq
3.3 Visit and Report by Dr. John Curtis
3.4 Assessment of Damage to Babylon based on Digital Globe Satellite Imagery by
Professor Dr. Elizabeth Stone, Stony Brook University
3.5 Report by Professor Roberto Parapetti on behalf of the Centro Ricerche
Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino
3.6 Report by Professor John Russell on behalf of the US Department of State
3.7 Visit by Professor John Russell in July 2008
3.8 UNESCO mission in February 2009 (Annex 7
4 Pre-2003 Damage
4.1 The new Al-Hawliyah moat or canal
4.2 The new lakes
4.3 Earthen mounds
4.4 Parking lots
4.5. Modern structures
4.6. Parks scattered throughout the city
4.7. Encroachments caused by agriculture and construction
4.8. Improper restoration/reconstruction
4.9. Firing positions
4.10. Previous archaeological excavations
5 Post-2003 Damage
5.1 Direct Damage
5.1.1 Excavation Works
5.1.2. Cutting Works
5.1.3 Scraping and Leveling Works
5.1.4 Earthen berms (banks of earth)
5.1.5 HESCO Containers
5.1.6 Barbed Wire and Steel Stakes
5.1.7 Concrete Blocks
5.1.8 Direct Damage to Archaeological Structures
5.2. Indirect Damage to Archaeological Structures
5.3 Modern Buildings

6 Recommendations
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1. Introduction

Further to the request made to UNESCO in February 2005 by the Minister of Culture of Iraq,
it was agreed to devote a working session to the archaeological site of Babylon where a
military base was installed (150 hectares) in the central part of the site since in April 2003.
The Special Session that took place on 24th of June 2005 at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris
aimed at assessing the condition of the site of Babylon, devising measures to mitigate the
damage, coordinating activities and efforts, and assisting the Iraqi authorities to prepare an
overall conservation and management plan for the site of Babylon. Some thirty participants
participated in the meeting, including the Iraqi Minister of Culture and the Iraqi Minister of
State for Tourism and Antiquities, Iraqi representatives from the State Board of Antiquities
and Heritage (SBAH), international experts and observers from international organizations.

Participants at the meeting elaborated a three phase action plan, to be implemented under the
auspices of UNESCO, that aimed at producing an exhaustive and detailed assessment of
damages caused since 2003: 1) The First Phase should consist of collecting reports on the
damage to Babylon since 2003, including those of the SBAH, the Polish archaeologists and
the British Museum; 2) The information collected should be presented to the next Special
Session on Babylon fixed for November 2005 in Berlin; 3) The Third Phase of the action
plan recommended preparations for a comprehensive conservation and management plan for
the site of Babylon, with a view to its nomination for inscription on the UNESCO World
Heritage List.

As recommended by the First Special Session, the Second Special Session on Babylon was
organized by UNESCO in cooperation with the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) in
Berlin, on the occasion of the 150th birthday of Robert Koldewey, the first excavator of
Babylon. This Session took place on 22 November 2005. Some fifteen participants, including
Iraqi representatives from the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH), as well as
international experts and international organizations, participated in the meeting. The Second
Special Session aimed at reviewing the progress made by the experts since the First Special
Session, exploring further steps of action needed to obtain a thorough assessment of the
damage sustained at the archaeological site of Babylon (and making sure that all efforts are
properly coordinated), and assisting the Iraqi authorities to prepare an overall conservation
and management plan for the site.

Following the recommendations of the First Session, it was requested for the second time
that an ICC Sub-Committee should be established for the protection, conservation and
management of the archeological site of Babylon. In the meantime, it was proposed that the
working group should act under the auspices of the Iraqi Ministry of Culture and the SBAH.

This Second Session reiterated that a full assessment of the damage caused to Babylon during
the period from April 2003 to December 2004 should be submitted by the expert group of the
two Special Sessions on Babylon to the ICC for its approval. The assessment should draw on
the reports compiled by the SBAH, the Polish archaeologists, and Dr J. Curtis, as well as
information supplied by individuals such as Prof E. Stone, Prof. Parapetti and Prof. J.
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Russell. Dr M. van Ess should coordinate the collection of data with a view to preparing a
thorough assessment.

After November 2005, the first opportunity to discuss the different assessment reports
prepared occurred only on 12th of November 2007 at the Third Special Session on Babylon in
Paris. This was due primarily to the deterioration of the security situation in Iraq which
dramatically slowed down the ability to follow up of the recommendations of the Babylon
working group.

The Third Special Session on Babylon made the following recommendations: 1) That the
International Coordination Committee for Safeguarding of the Cultural Heritage of Iraq
(ICC) should establish an ICC Sub-committee for the protection, conservation and
management of the archaeological site of Babylon; 2) That the reports on the condition of
Babylon should be completed and presented for review in another working meeting in Berlin
in June 2008, and they should form a final assessment of the damage caused to Babylon
between March 2003 and December 2004, which would be presented to the ICC for formal
approval; 3) That the archaeology of the disturbed areas should be investigated by the SBAH
and reported upon, and urgent conservation work should be undertaken by the SBAH and
reported upon; 4) That a comprehensive conservation and management plan for the site of
Babylon should be prepared with a view to its inscription on the World Heritage List; 5) That
the provision of the Iraqi Antiquities Law should be observed on the site of Babylon.

The ICC Plenary Session on 13-14 November 2007 in Paris confirmed the establishment of
an ICC Sub-committee for the protection, conservation and management of the
archaeological site of Babylon. Its First Session took place in Berlin on 25th of June 2008.
The ICC Sub-committee prepared a draft report on damage assessment in Babylon (see
below) and made the following recommendations: 1) That the provisions of the Iraqi
Antiquities Law should be observed on the site of Babylon; 2) That the SBAH should
develop and implement a site management conservation plan for Babylon in close
cooperation and consultation with the UNESCO ICC Babylon Sub-committee; 3) That
emergency interventions should be undertaken by the SBAH and reported upon, including in
particular the repair of the Ninmakh Temple, the Nabu-sha-Hare Temple, the Ishtar Temple
and the Inner City Wall; 4) That the SBAH should consider the partial reopening of the site;
5) That UNESCO should call for an extraordinary Plenary Session of ICC Iraq to approve the
finalized assessment report on damage caused to the site from April 2003 to December 2004;
6) That a site visit by one or more members of the Sub-Committee should be organised as
soon possible in order to provide up-to-date assessments of condition and present needs.

Following recommendation 6) above, Prof John Russell visited Babylon in July 2008 and Dr.
John Curtis (together with Tamar Teneishvili of UNESCO) visited Babylon in February
2009. Where appropriate, their findings have been incorporated in the report below.
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2. Historical background

Babylon is unquestionably one of the most important archaeological sites in the world. It was
the capital city of two of the most famous kings of antiquity, Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)
who introduced one of the world’s first law codes, and Nebuchadnezzar (604-562 BC) who
built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Alexander
the Great chose Babylon as his new capital but died before he could implement this plan. The
existence of Babylon is first mentioned in cuneiform texts of the Akkadian period (2371–
2230 BC), but the city did not become significant until the time of Hammurabi. It was
substantially enlarged in the Neo-Babylonian period (626–539 BC) when it became the
largest city of the contemporary world. Although its location was forgotten for centuries the
fame of Babylon survived through a number of historical and religious texts. In view of the
historical and archaeological significance of Babylon, recent allegations of damage to the site
during its occupation as a military camp are particularly serious.

The archaeological site of Babylon is situated c. 90 km south of Baghdad. It belongs to the

municipal area of al-Hillah and the governorate “Babil”. The Inner City covers an area of
2.99 km2 and the outer walls which surround the city east and west of the Euphrates enclose
an area of 9.56 km2. Babylon was listed as an archaeological site in the year 1935. The Inner
City as well as the outer town were legally determined in the year 1979 and part of the site
has been protected by a fence since the 1970s. This includes the definition of a buffer zone of
1 kilometer width outside the fence where development of industrial and/or urban structures
is not allowed.

The location and ancient layout of the city of Babylon remained unknown to the world until
the beginning of scientific research in the first half of the 19th century. Systematic
excavations did not begin, however, until 1899, when Robert Koldewey started work at
Babylon, focussing on the central palatial and religious areas. He continued excavations until
1917, and unearthed the famous palaces and religious buildings of the Neo-Babylonian kings
Nabonidus, Nebuchadnezar and others. A first, accurate plan of the huge city was drawn up
and several additional excavations carried out in different parts of the city provided an insight
into the structure, function and layout of Babylonian cities and buildings (Fig. 1). It became
clear that Babylon consisted not only of an extended Neo-Babylonian settlement still
preserved under the many hills of the site but also of older and more recent settlements as
well (the earliest of these dates to the end of the 3rd millennium BC, and the most recent to
the Islamic period). There have been only limited archaeological investigations of these
periods to date.

Between 1962 and 1973 the German Archaeological Institute excavated several monuments
in Babylon, working in the area of the “Tower of Babylon”, the Greek Theatre and the so-
called New Year’s Festival House. Italian archaeologists in 1988/89 carried out a sondage
near the Urash Gate and initiated a new mapping program for the site. Excavations by the
Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage started in 1977 and shed new light on the area
near to the main palatial and religious centre of the city. The Nabu-sha-khare temple and
several Babylonian houses were unearthed. In addition, all those areas which had been
excavated in the past by the German expedition were re-excavated.
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The ‘Archaeological Restoration of Babylon Project’ officially commenced on 14th February

1978. This ambitious project, ordered by the Iraqi government, was carried out by the SBAH
mostly between 1978 and 1987: several ancient buildings were reconstructed and modern
facilities for visitors were introduced into the centre of the archaeological site. In addition
there was major landscaping work to the great detriment of the site, in part to support a new
palace for Saddam Hussein. The Greek Theatre as well as the South Palace of
Nebuchadnezzar were used for performances in the annual “Babylon International Festival”.

There have therefore been excavations at Babylon over a period of more than 100 years.
Some parts of the city have been uncovered but much remains buried beneath the earth and
there is still a great deal to discover about ancient Babylon.

During the war in 2003, the archeological city was subjected to encroachment and damage.
The Nebuchadnezzar and Hammurabi museums were broken into and everything in the two
museums was stolen. Fortunately, the objects exhibited in the two museums were plaster
replicas rather than originals, but this did not prevent them from being stolen. Some of these
replicas were found scattered and destroyed in the grounds of the two museums. The Project
Management Headquarters (Study Centre) and the Museum Office also attracted the thieves
and robbers. Whatever could not be stolen was burned. Everything in the Babylon Library
and Archive was destroyed, including important reports, maps, and studies on the results of
excavation and preservation works undertaken by the Babylon Archeological Restoration
Project.

On April 21, 2003 Babylon was occupied by military units of the Coalition Forces and on
September 2nd, 2003 it became the military “Camp Alpha”. It served as such until December
22nd, 2004 when it was handed back to the SBAH. Assessment studies of the state of
preservation of Babylon were carried out in November and December 2004. In February
2005 the Iraqi Ministry of Culture asked for the creation of an international committee of
experts focusing on Babylon which in June 2005 met as a special working group of
UNESCO.
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3. Reports on damage assessments in Babylon

Damage assessments and reports have been carried out by different national and international
scholars and institutions. The majority of the reports focus on the damage observed at the end
of 2004, mentioning both damage caused by military activities and damage caused by erosion
as well as the misuse of archaeological monuments 1 .

3.1. Report by the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, Iraq (SBAH) (Annex 1)
Responsible members of the SBAH provided their observations and information in a
preliminary report in December 2004 and a final report handed over to the Ministry of
Culture in the beginning of 2006. The preliminary report was made available in Arabic in
2005, the final report in Arabic and English to UNESCO in 2006. The final SBAH report
describes all interventions on the archaeological site and the monuments of Babylon prior
to 2003 and during the period between April 2003 and December 2004.

3.2. Report on behalf of the international audit commission, prepared by Polish

archaeologists attached to the MNF-I Iraq (Annex 2)
A detailed report on the condition of Babylon, including areas of the archaeological site
and the excavated and modern buildings and monuments, was prepared by Polish
archaeologists in November 2004 and submitted to an international commission in
December 2004.

3.3. Visit and Report by Dr. John Curtis (Annex 3)

At the invitation of Dr. Mufid al-Jazairi (Minister for Culture at the time), Dr. John Curtis
visited Babylon for three days (11th -14th Dec. 2004). He reported to the SBAH and the
Iraqi Ministry of Culture. His report was published in January 2005 via the website of the
British Museum. The report aimed to provide a first assessment about the damages and
the state of preservation of the ancient site of Babylon at the end of its function as a
military base for the Multi National Forces.

3.4. Assessment of Damage to Babylon based on Digital Globe Satellite Imagery by

Professor Dr. Elizabeth Stone, Stony Brook University (Annex 4)
On the basis of high-resolution satellite imagery, this study provides a chronology of the
visible changes to the open areas of Babylon between 5th July 2002 and 26th November
2005.

3.5. Report by Professor Roberto Parapetti on behalf of the Centro Ricerche

Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino (Annex 5)
This report gives a summary of former site management concepts for Babylon and
informs about recent studies using Web-GIS methodology for the identification of
surface changes through aerial and space based sensor data.

3.6. Report by Professor John Russell on behalf of the US Department of State (Annex 6)

1
Annexes to be found on CD
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This report assesses changes to the site of Babylon from 1965 to November 2005 using
Corona and Digital Globe satellite imagery, the reports cited above and photographs from
various sources.

3.7. Visit by Professor John Russell in July 2008.

The visit aimed at assessing the feasibility of carrying out a site management project at
the site itself and at reporting on the actual condition of the site. The report is included in
report annex 6.

3.8. UNESCO mission in February 2009 (Annex 7)

Following the recommendation made at the first official meeting of the ICC Babylon
subcommittee in Berlin on 25th June 2008, an inspection of Babylon on behalf of
UNESCO was made on the three successive days 25th–27th February 2009 by John Curtis
and members of UNESCO.
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4. Pre-2003 Damage
Before detailing the damage sustained to the site in 2003 after the MNF-I entered the city, we
should list the damage to the site that occurred before 2003:

4.1. The new Al-Hawliyah moat or canal (Figure 2, Map Point 1)

The moat surrounds the city of Babylon on the east and partially on the north and south. It
has a length of 4.5 km and a width of 15 m. The bottom and sides of the moat are lined with
cement.

4.2. The new lakes

The moat is linked to three lakes on the north, south, and east. A fourth lake north of the
Greek Theater is connected to “Babylon Stream” to the north.

• Lake No. 1 (Figure 2, Map Point 2): Called Nissan Lake, it is located in the southeast
part of the city between the inner and outer walls. With an area of 116 dunams (29
ha), it is the largest of the lakes.

• Lake No. 2 (Figure 2, Map Point 3): Called Saddam Lake, it is located in the northern
part of the city and has an area of 16 dunams (4 ha).

• Lake No. 3 (Figure 2, Map Point 4): Called Tammuz Lake, it is located to the south of
the ancient city, near the village of al-Jumjumah. It has an area of 17 dunams (4.25
ha).

• Lake No. 4 (Figure 2, Map Point 5): Located in the northeast part of the city, inside
the inner wall north of the Greek Theater, it has an area of 10 dunams (2.5 ha).

4.3. Earthen mounds

Three artificial mounds were established under the International Babylon Festival plan. Each
has a height of 30 m, an area of 30 dunams (7.5 ha), and a slope of 100 m. These mounds are:

• Mt. Tammuz (Figure 2, Map Point 6): It is to the south of the city.

• Mt. Nissan (Figure 2, Map Point 7): In the east of the city between the inner and outer
city walls.

• Mt. Saddam (Figure 2, Map Point 8). It is to the west of the city, on the east bank of
the river Euphrates. One of the presidential palaces was built on it.

4.4. Parking lots

Parking lots (flat areas covered with gravel) were built in scattered areas of the city and have
different dimensions:

• 1st lot (Figure 2, Map Point 9): In the east of the city, it has an area of 58 x 116 m, a
part of which (26 x 16 m) is unpaved.
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• 2nd lot (Figure 2, Map Point 10): Outside the eastern part of the inner wall and the
moat, it has an area of 260 x 271 m.

• 3rd lot (Figure 2, Map Point 11): Located opposite of the interior side of Marduk Gate,
at the start of the street leading to the archeological city, it has an area of 100 x 126
m.

• 4th lot (Figure 2, Map Point 12): West of the theater, it has an area of 53 x 98 m.

• 5th lot (Figure 2, Map Point 13): North of the Babylonian House, it initially had an
area of 98 x 54 m, and before April 1st, 2003 was expanded to 340 x 134 m. It was
later used as an airfield by MNF- I Iraq.

• 6th lot (Figure 2, Map Point 14): Across from the rest house north of the Ishtar
Temple, it has an area of 18 x 67.

• 7th lot (Figure 2, Map Point 15): On the north side of the road leading to the
presidential palace, near the new Ishtar Gate, it has an area of 16 x 100 m.

• 8th lot (Figure 2, Map Point 16): It is located south of the presidential palace, across
from three modern buildings. It has an area of 52 x 127 m

• 9th lot (Figure 2, Map Point 59): It is located across the street south of the Greek
theater, it has area of 141 x 68 m.

4.5. Modern structures.

The modern structures built on the archaeological site of Babylon include:

• Restaurants and service buildings in the center of the archaeological site, around the
lake north of the theater, and in the pavilions area.

• The palace and buildings surrounding it.

• In addition, there are also old encroachments: the main street, which cuts through the
city from the north to the south, from the Summer Palace to the moat in the southern
part; the street that branches off from it, which formerly led to the village of
Kuwayrish (currently the area of the presidential palace); the street running alongside
the outer side of the moat on the north, east, and south of the city; the road linking the
village of al-Jumjumah and the archaeological city of Babylon from the south to the
city of al-Hillah; and the road built on the southern and eastern side, along the outer
wall of the city (the road may cut through the wall); other streets in the north of the
city that link the presidential palace with modern buildings. In addition, the
Nebuchadnezzar Museum, Hammurabi Museum, the Study Centre, office, and rest
house were built in the center of the city.
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4.6. Parks scattered throughout the city

These include the so-called “Pavilions Park” located in the center of the city, near the inner
wall and near the Temple of Ninmakh, in addition to parks located in the area of the
presidential palace.

4.7. Encroachments caused by agriculture and construction

These encroachments, caused by citizens who own the land, have resulted in the removal of
parts of the walls. Much of the land—specifically the western part of the city, the village of
Sinjar, and other parts of the village of al-Jumjumah on the eastern side—is still private
property.

The features of the western side of the city of Babylon disappeared many years ago due to
encroachment by agriculture and development on the archaeological zone, excluding a small
portion of the city wall that remains in the southwestern part.

On the eastern side of the city, one can observe the remains of the outer wall in the form of
extended tells. Between the tells are areas from which the remains of the wall have been
removed in the eastern and southern portions. Some houses incorporate remnants of the outer
wall. Encroachments have also been caused by the Hillah-Baghdad Road and the secondary
road parallel to the wall, which was built during the International Babylon Festival in 1987.

Two bitumen pits were dug in the vicinity of a brick factory.

There is an irrigation canal (Nile stream), running Northwest – Southeast, located partly
within the outer city (Figure 2, Map point 58).

4.8. Improper restoration/reconstruction

Many additions and modifications to numerous archaeological structures in the city were not
made according to modern standards of restoration. These include: the Southern Palace of
Nebuchadnezzar, the northern portion of the Processional Way, the temple of Ninmakh and
the temple of Nabu-sha-Hare, the eastern portion of the inner wall, the Babylonian houses,
and the Greek Theater. In particular, the use of concrete for the foundations of the
reconstructed Greek Theatre is in clear contravention of internationally acknowledged
standards.

4.9. Firing positions

These consist of 13 defensive trenches dug prior to April 1st, 2003 in scattered areas of the
city near the presidential palace, the Southern Palace, and the Greek theater (Figure 3) as
well as one on Tell Babil, i.e. the remains of the summer palace of Nebuchadnezzar.

The largest of these trenches (Figure 3, Map Point 25) is located southwest of the Nabu-sha-
Hare Temple, near the area of the excavations conducted by the Babylon Archaeological
Restoration Project in 1982. It has a length of 15 m, a width of 3 m, and a depth of 2 m. The
spoil from this trench contains archaeological material including a glazed vessel.

4.10. Previous archaeological excavations (Figure 1)

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Earlier excavations covered important parts of the city – for example, the temples, palaces,
streets, gates, etc. These excavations yielded valuable information. However, the lack of
appropriate maintenance and protection caused major damage to the exposed remains from
rain, wind, ground water, salt, plants and human activity.
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5. Post-2003 Damage
The use of Babylon as a military base was a grave encroachment on this internationally
known archeological site. During their presence in Babylon, the MNF-I and contractors
employed by them, mainly KBR, directly caused major damage to the city by digging,
cutting, scraping, and leveling. Key structures that were damaged include the Ishtar Gate and
the Processional Way.

The military presence in the city required the establishment of a military zone, entailing
fortification and defensive measures that caused indirect and direct damage, as detailed
below:

5.1. Direct Damage

5.1.1 Excavation Works

From April 2003 until end of 2004 many trenches of different sizes were dug in different
parts of the city, including three trenches running approximately alongside the inner wall,
with different dimensions, as follows:

1. First trench (Figure 6, Map Point 17): 30 m x 2-3 m x 1.15-2 m.

2. Second trench (Figure 8, Map Point 18): 13 m x 2-3 m x 1.15 m.

3. Third trench (Figure 6, Map Point 19): 14 m x 2 m x 2 m, south of the second trench,
alongside it. The soil removed from trenches 2 and 3 was used to create a barrier and
contains artifacts including stamped bricks.

4. Fourth trench (Figure 7, Map Point 20): West of the Marduk Gate to the west of the main
entrance of the city. This fourth trench is 30 m in length, has a width of 2 m, and its depth is
25 cm to 1 m.

5. A fifth trench (Figure 6, Map Point 21) is located north of the presidential palace, to the
east of the Euphrates. The fifth trench has a length of 18 m, a width of 2 m, and a depth of
1.15 m.

6. A sixth trench (Figure 6, Map Point 22) is located in the same area, on the east side of the
road. It has a length of 25 m, a width of 2-3 m, and a depth of 1.15 m. The soil removed from
both the fifth and sixth trenches contains fragments of ancient baked brick and pottery.

7. The seventh trench (Figure 6, Map Point 23) is considered the one that caused the most
damage, because it was dug at the start of the northeast corner of the ziggurat. The trench has
a length of 62 m, a width of 2-3 m, and a depth of 2.5 m. The soil removed from the trench
was placed on both sides and contains ceramics and baked brick fragments. The drawing of
the section of this trench makes clear that it penetrated undisturbed archaeological deposits.
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8. Eighth trench (Figure 6, Map Point 24): This is the longest trench dug in the city. It is
located in the religious area of the city, north of the seventh trench. It is 162 m in length, 1-
1.5 m in width, and 2 m in depth. A trench with a length of 10 m branches off from its
eastern side. The soil removed from the trench contains pottery fragments and baked brick
fragments with inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar. A section drawing from the middle of this
trench makes it clear that it penetrated undisturbed archaeological deposits. This trench has
begun to collapse causing additional damage.

9. Pit (Figure 6, Map point 26). In the southern part of the city, to the west of the road
between Babylon and al-Jumjumah there is a circular pit with a diameter of 7 m, and a depth
of 5.2 m. The soil removed from this pit was packed into bags or used to fill containers.

10. Pit (Figure 6, Map point 27). Near the pit mentioned in the previous paragraph is another
pit. It is larger in area and is approximately circular in shape, with a diameter of 10 m and a
depth of 2 m.

11. In addition to these trenches, a trench (Figure 8, Map point 60) made by the MNF-I was
observed in photographs taken by the MNF-I. It is located in the northern part of the area
north of the presidential palace. The MNF-I filled in the pit at the time.

5.1.2. Cutting Works

(horizontal cutting into a mound, removing deposits)

1. First cut (Figure 5, Map point 28): 8 x 7 x 6 m. It is located northeast of the theater in a
chain of tells that extends along the length of the former main road between Baghdad and al-
Hillah (al-Humayrah area). The cut begins approximately in the northeastern corner of the
inner wall. This area has not been excavated and may contain antiquities.

2. Second cut (Figure 5, Map point 29): It is south of, and bigger than, the first cut. It has an
area of 30 x 19 x 7 m.

3. Third cut (Figure 5, Map point 30): 23 x 24 x 5 m. It is south of the second cut.

4. Fourth cut (Figure 6, Map point 31): 5 x 16 x 12 m.

5. Fifth cut (Figure 6, Map point 32): This cut is in the southern part of the city, west of the
street that links the city to the village of al-Jumjumah. The objective of the cutting works in
this area was to create earthen barriers. Most of the earthen barriers and obstacles located in
this area contain fragments of baked bricks and pottery. The fifth cut has a length of 38 m, a
width of 6 m, and a depth of 3 m. A section through the cut shows a deposit with various
archaeological fragments.

6. Sixth cut (Figure 6, Map point 33): On the eastern side of the street, close to and similar to
the fifth cut, it contains ancient pottery fragments, etc. It has a length of 30 m, a width of 1-8
m, and a height of 6 m.
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7. Seventh cut (Figure 6, Map point 34): It is north of cuts 5 and 6, to the west of the main
road, between the area of the brick kiln and the southern airfield built by the MNF-I. The cut
was made to build a road for vehicles transporting supplies and food to residential locations.
The cut is 60 m in length, 3 m in width, and 3 m depth.

8. Eighth cut (Figure 6, Map point 35): It is south of the brick kiln. This cut covers a large
area estimated at 600 m2. The soil removed from the cut contains fragments of baked bricks
and diverse pottery fragments.

9. Ninth cut (Figure 7, Map point 36): Located to the east of the brick kiln, it has a length of
100 m. The soil removed from this cut containing pot sherds was used to fill HESCO 1
containers. Parts of the tells located on the two sides of the road were removed.

10. Tenth cut (Figure 5. 6, Map point 37): This cut with a length of 30 m is an encroachment
for a parking area south of the Southern Palace. The soil removed was mixed with sand
brought from outside Babylon and used to create an earthen barrier.

11. Eleventh cut (Figure 6, Map point 38): It is east of the Temple of Ishtar, near the
observation post. The cut has a length of 3 m, a width of 2 m, and a depth of 3 m.

12. Twelfth cut (Figure 5, Map point 39): It is located north of the Babylonian house and has
a length of 150 m. Parts of tells were removed.

13. Thirteenth cut (Figure 6, Map point 40): This cut is located in the northern part of the
airfield. It has a length of 180 m.

14. Fourteenth cut (Figure 6, Map point 41): This cut is located east of the Babylonian House
and west of the Greek Theater. The cutting works resulted in the removal of an area
measuring 12 x 13 m with a depth of 1–2 m. Fragments of pottery and baked bricks are
evident. The cut also extends to a wall built of baked bricks that is very clear on the surface

5.1.3 Scraping and Leveling Works

The encroachments caused by the MNF-I in Babylon include the scraping and leveling of
several archaeological areas and tells, which were then covered with sand and gravel. Some
of them were treated with chemicals in addition. This operation covered broad areas of
Babylon and entailed the use of heavy equipment to compact the soil, which may have
destroyed any antiquities beneath the surface. The effects of chemical treatment on the
archaeological sub-surface layers are not yet known.

1. The Area South of the Theater and Babylonian House (Figure 6, Map point 42) The
existing parking lot, which was not paved, was expanded by the MNF-I. A 2075 sq m area,
including the old parking lot, was leveled, covered with sand and gravel, and surrounded
with HESCO containers. The MNF used this parking lot to park large trucks and machinery.
1
[sandbags made by the US-owned Handling Equipment Specialty Company]
 16

This area has not been excavated. It is located within the boundaries of the center of the city.
In addition, a road was opened to link the lot to the temples area.

2. The area surrounding the theater to its south and west (Figure 5, Map point 61), which is
2000 sq m, was covered with coarse gravel, as well as the area located east of the theater,
which was used as a parking lot for different vehicles.

3. The area surrounding the Babylonian House and the Hammurabi Museum (Figure 5. 6,
Map point 43). This 10,000 sq m area, which served as the headquarters of the American
KBR Company, was leveled, covered with gravel and sand, and occupied by various pieces
of military equipment of varying shapes and sizes and caravans.

4. South of the asphalt-paved street (Figure 6, Map point 62), and north of the Babylonian
House, several tells were cut into. The area was leveled, covered with coarse gravel and used
as a residential area.

5. The area north of the Presidential Palace (Figure 5. 6. 7, Map point 44) in the northwestern
part of the eastern part of the city, has been modified and covered with coarse gravel. This
area is 80 x 70 m area.

6. The area south of the Presidential Palace (Figure 5, Map point 45). This encroachment
involves the leveling of a portion of this area, which was then covered with gravel and made
into a landing area for helicopters. In addition, caravans were parked here.

7. The area south of the temple of Ninmakh (Figure 5. 6, Map point 46). This area (3300 sq
m) is between the Temple of Ninmakh to the north and the Study Centre to the south. It was
covered with sand and used as a residential location and vehicle parking lot. Barbed wire
surrounds it.

8. The area north of the first airfield (Figure 5. 6. 7, Map point 47). A road with a length of
130 m and a width of 8-10 m was built to the observation tower north of the airfield. The
tower was built on a tell in this area. The road was leveled, covered with gravel, and flanked
by concrete blocks. The area covered totals 1300 sq m. A continuation of the road with a
length of about 300 m and a width of 8-10 m was built east of the tower. It leads to another
tower near the lake, north of the theater. The disturbed area surrounding the tower is 400 sq
m.

9. To the south of the fuel depot and northwest of the theatre (Figure 6, Map point 63) is a
1300 sq m area that has been covered with gravel. Traces of heavy vehicles are clear in this
area.

5.1.4 Earthen berms (banks of earth)

1. There are three, linear earthen berms (Figure 5. 6, Map point 48-50) of varying lengths
northeast of the theater, running parallel to each other. The soil removed from the first trench
 17

was used to make one of these berms. The length of the first berm is 30 m. The length of the
second berm is 29 m. The length of the third berm is 21 m.

2. East of the theater is an earthen berm with a length of 35 m (Figure 5, Map point 51). It
contains pottery fragments. This berm is made with surrounding earth that was cut into.

3. West of the Greek Theatre is a 1200 sq m area (Figure 5–8, Map point 52) divided into
seven squares by earthen berms intended to protect areas for the storage of fuel. This soil
contains pottery fragments and inscribed baked brick fragments.

4. Northwest of the presidential palace are long berms with a total length of 138 m (Figure 6,
Map point 53). Most of these berms contain baked bricks with inscriptions by
Nebuchadnezzar II.

5. South of the presidential palace an ammunition depot has been installed protected by
earthen berms (Figure 5. 6, Map point 66).

5.1.5 HESCO Containers

Each HESCO container has a height of 1.5 m and is 1.10 m square. They are still present in
the following locations:

1. Along both sides of al-Jumjumah Road (Figure 9, Map point 54), within the boundaries of
the city of Babylon, covering a length of 380 m on the left and 250 m on the right side of the
road. The containers are all filled with soil from the city of Babylon containing pottery
fragments and baked brick fragments.

2. Along the northern entrance of the city, north of the presidential palace (Figure 6, Map
points 55), on the two sides of the entrance, are soil-filled HESCO containers for a distance
of 200 m. In some of the containers are fragments of pottery and baked bricks.

3. South of the Greek Theatre and connected to the parking area (Figure 9, Map point 56)

4. Parking area to the west of the Marduk gate (Figure 9, Map point 57)

5.1.6 Barbed Wire and Steel Stakes

The MNF-I surrounded the city with barbed wire, secured with steel stakes which is still
there. The barbed wire is not limited to a specific location. Rather, it was set up in different
locations on the perimeter of the central area established as a camp for the MNF-I, or in the
city’s center as needed. The damage in this case was caused by the implantation of stakes in
archaeological ground and on several tells and walls, as happened to a wall in the central area
and a wall in the sacred precinct.
 18

5.1.7 Concrete Blocks

Concrete blocks of various sizes and shapes were found placed in the entrances to the city, on
the periphery of the city, and inside the city.

5.1.8 Direct Damage to Archaeological Structures

1. Ishtar Gate (Figure 5. 8, Map point 64): The Ishtar Gate serves as a ritual gate leading into
the northern part of the inner city. The damage to the gate includes smashed bricks on nine of
the bodies of the animals adorning the gate. These animals depict the legendary dragon-
snake, the symbol of Marduk, the god of the city of Babylon.

2. Southern portion of Processional Way (Figure 5. 8, Map point 65): Major damage can be
observed in the southern part of the Processional Way, which was rediscovered during the
Babylon Revival Project excavations in 1979. Starting from the Nabu-sha-Hare Temple, the
effects of heavy vehicle wheels are clear, breaking the paving of the street. Three rows of 2-ton
concrete blocks were placed in the middle of the Processional Way on top the paving by heavy
vehicles, which is itself an encroachment. These blocks were removed by helicopter on
November 29, 2004 to prevent further damage to the Processional Way. In addition, a row of
HESCO containers with soil taken from the eastern wall of the sacred precinct were placed on the
way, and barbed wire was attached by steel stakes to the wall itself and in the middle of
Processional Way. There is also a cut in the wall itself with a length of 2.5 m, a depth of 50
cm, and a height of 1.5 m.

5.2. Indirect Damage to Archaeological Structures

Many of the reconstructed features and buildings have suffered damage, including the Inner
Wall, the Temple of Ninmakh, the Temple of Ishtar, the Nabu-sha-Hare Temple, the royal
palaces and the Babylonian houses. Part of the roof of the Ninmakh Temple collapsed and
cracked. Fractures and openings can be seen in the walls of various buildings. The presence
of the MNF-1 in Babylon made these structures inaccessible, preventing the SBAH from
maintaining their normal procedures of monitoring and repair. A contributing factor to the
damage in the Ninmakh Temple may have been the vibration resulting from constant air
traffic coming from the close-by helipad. Also, the movement of heavy vehicles within the
site caused undefined damage to the archaeological sub-surface layers by churning up or
compressing earth.

In February 2009 the situation of several archaeological structures worsened due to the
difficulties, still unresolved, regarding the ability of the SBAH to maintain structures. Further
direct damage, however, has not been observed.

5.3 Modern Buildings

Although they lack the historical significance of the preceding monuments, the modern
buildings in Babylon were also damaged significantly after the war. After the MNF-I entered
 19

the city, they used materials from these modern buildings, rendering them shells devoid of
doors, windows, and electrical fixtures. These buildings include the presidential palace and
buildings surrounding it, as well as other buildings located throughout the city: the
restaurants located around the lake north of the theater, the rest house, the buildings located
in the pavilions area, the Project Office, the administration and Study Centre and the
museums.

At the end of February 2009, some of the modern buildings showed additional damage due to
the lack of maintenance. Other buildings remain closed and secured. Disputes between the
Governor of Babil Province and the local SBAH about the responsibility for, and access to,
the site slow down the process of planning necessary activities. In particular the
reconstructed Ishtar Gate needs maintenance.

Some of the modern buildings (guest-houses, pavilions, offices) bordering the river and
south-west of the Saddam Palace mound are inhabited by people moved there by the
Governor of Babil Province. The residents created gardens. In addition, the Governor
flattened with a bulldozer the ground between modern buildings as well as the artificial
mound. The Governor also planted palm-trees and created gardens.

On the west bank of the river, the Governor is in the process of constructing a large garden.
The whole area has been flattened and covered with picnic tables. The southern part of this
area as well as the area of modern buildings on the east bank of the river, are situated within
the neobabylonian city west of the ancient river course.
 20

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendation 1

The provisions of the Iraqi Antiquity laws should be observed on the site of Babylon.

Recommendation 2

The archaeological implications for the disturbed areas should be investigated by the SBAH
and reported upon.

Recommendation 3

Based on the results of the assessment and aforementioned archaeological investigations, the
SBAH should develop and implement a site management conservation plan for Babylon in
close cooperation and consultation with the UNESCO ICC – Babylon Sub-Committee.

Recommendation 4

Emergency interventions should be undertaken by SBAH and reported upon, including in

particular repair of the Ninmakh temple, Nabu-sha-Hare-, Ishtar-Temple and the Inner City
Wall.

Recommendation 5

To call on the SBAH to consider the partial reopening of the site.

Recommendation 6

All activities should be undertaken with a view to the nomination of Babylon for
inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List..
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