List of Literatures

Title Author Ref / Link

1. DEFINITION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Selected by J. (Originally for ICCROM,
REFERENCES TO DOCUMENTS IN HISTORY Jokilehto 1990)
Revised for CIF: 15 January
2005
Page
2. The Scope and Definitions of Heritage: Yahaya Ahmad http://dx.doi.org/
From Tangible to Intangible 10.1080/1352725060060463
9
3. GUIDELINES ON Somayeh Fadaei 2015 Archnet-IJAR,
CULTURAL HERITAGE Nezhad, Parastoo International Journal of
TECHNICAL TOOLS FOR HERITAGE Eshrati, Dorna Eshrati Architectural Research
CONSERVATION AND MANAGMENT
4. A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Sense of Place Christin Dameria1, 2015 Archnet-IJAR,
Dimensions in the Roos Akbar2, Petrus International Journal of
Heritage Context Natalivan Indradjati3, Architectural Research
and Dewi
Sawitri Tjokropandojo4
5. A DEFINITION OF AUTHENTICITY CONCEPT IN Somayeh Fadaei 2015 Archnet-IJAR,
CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL Nezhad, Parastoo International Journal of
LANDSCAPES Eshrati, Dorna Eshrati Architectural Research
6. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World
Heritage Convention
7. Burra Charter
8. Cultural significance identification of modern architecture
9. Heritage and Preservation of Modern Architecture Eren Gültekin https://
www.researchgate.net/
publication/337001935
10 Approacheds for the Conservation of 20th Century ICOMOS
Architectural Heritage
Sense of Place, Engagement with
Heritage and Ecomuseum Potential in
the North Pennines AONB

“The Phenomenon of Place,” Christian Norberg-

Schulz,
Title The Scope and Definitions of Heritage: From Tangible to Intangible
Author Yahaya Ahmad
Note This article focuses on the scope and definition of heritage as promulgated by the various
charters across the globe. The term ‘historic monument’ used in the Venice Charter 1964
was reinterpreted by ICOMOS in 1965 as ‘monument’ and ‘site’; and by UNESCO in 1968
as ‘cultural property’ to include both movable and immovable.

Among more than 40 such documents (27 had wider international focus and 17 had a more
national or regional bias) initiated mainly by (UNESCO) and (ICOMOS).

physical heritage---historic monuments and Buildings ----groups of buildings,

historic urban and rural centres,
historic gardens
non-physical heritage -------------------------------------------including environments,
social factors
intangible values.

1964 Venice Charter 1964, UNESCO historic monument

1965 ICOMOS monuments and sites, architectural heritage,
‘museum collections’.
1968 The Hague Convention UNESCO Cultural property -movable and immovable.
1954 Movable- ‘museum collections’ and Immovable
cultural-‘architectural heritage’.
1972 World Heritage Convention heritage-cultural heritage & natural heritage
1972 Cultural heritage - monuments, and sites and added
‘groups of buildings’
1978 ICOMOS two broad categories of cultural property monument
and site—but added the ‘group of buildings’
1979 Burra Charter of 1979, ICOMOS place, referring to site, area, building or other work,
Australia group of buildings or other
works together with pertinent contents and
surroundings;
cultural significance, referring to aesthetic, historic,
scientific or social value;
fabric, meaning all the physical material of the
place.
1982 The Charter for the ICOMOS material culture, geographic environment, plain
Preservation of Quebec’s Canada landscapes
Heritage
1982 The Florence Charter on ICOMOS historic gardens -small and large parks, whether
Historic Gardens formal or landscaped, and whether or not
associated with a building.
Living Monuments
1987 Washington Charter 1987 ICOMOS Historic character of towns, including natural and
man-made environment and the various functions
that the towns have acquired over time.
1992 the Charter for ICOMOS ‘place’ ‘land covered by water, and the
the Conservation of Places New airspace forming the spatial context to such land’
of Cultural Heritage Value, Zealand
2000 Principles for the ICOMOS heritage sites : ‘the immovable physical remains that
Conservation of Heritage China were created during the history ofhumankind and
Sites that have significance’
 in China
2000 ASEAN Declaration on ASEAN cultural heritage as ‘structures
Cultural Heritage and artefacts, sites and human habitats, oral or folk
heritage, written heritage, and
popular cultural heritage’.
2003 convention in 2003 UNESCO Tangible values as cultural properties to include
monuments, groups of buildings and site
Environments as natural properties
Intangible cultural heritage - oral traditions and
expressions, language, performing arts, social
practices, rituals, festive events and traditional
craftsmanship.
Intangible Cultural Heritage -practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge, skills,
instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces
associated with communities, groups and
individuals.

Finding In the countries of Southeast Asia, to date there have been no charters, guidelines or
recommendations developed and adopted either by ICOMOS or UNESCO.

The scope has broadened considerably from mere concern for individual buildings and sites to
include groups of buildings, historical areas, towns, environments, social factors and, lately,
intangible heritage. While the scope of heritage has broadened to include environment and
intangible values, and has received agreement from the international communities, the finer
terminology of ‘heritage’ has not been streamlined or standardized, and thus no uniformity
exists between countries.

Definition
Cause
Method

Title Guidelines on Cultural Heritage

Technical Tools for Heritage Conservation and Managment
Author Yahaya Ahmad
Note Primarily, the Guidelines are intended to serve as a technical tool for identification and
inventorisation of different categories of cultural heritage assets which is fundamental to the
process of protection.

Guidelines for inventories of cultural heritage assets

Inventories of Different Categories of Cultural Heritage Assets

i. Contents of The Inventory of Immovable Cultural Heritage Assets
ii. Contents of The Inventory of Movable Cultural Heritage Assets (Objects/Materials)
iii. Contents of The Inventory of Spiritual Cultural Heritage Assets (Elements)

Finding Guidelines on criteria and conditions for

evaluation of cultural heritage assets
Definition
Cause
Method
Title A DEFINITION OF AUTHENTICITY CONCEPT IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL
LANDSCAPES
Author Somayeh Fadaei Nezhad, Parastoo Eshrati, Dorna Eshrati

Note Introduction proposes about the framework, methodology and research tools that might be
relevant for our study.

Finding Summary of different international documents

Table 1. The most important international documents on the importance of authenticity in
the conservation process
Definition
Cause
Method

Title A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Sense of Place Dimensions in the

Heritage Context
Author Christin Dameria1, Roos Akbar2, Petrus Natalivan Indradjati3, and Dewi
Sawitri Tjokropandojo4
Note As a basis for understanding sense of place in a heritage context, this paper proposes a concept of sense of
place that was developed from an approach that sees heritage place-people bonding as an attitude. This
approach reliably results in a sense of place construction that is comprehensive, unambiguous, and has the
potential for further development in later research on conservation behavior.

Finding As an attitude concept, sense of place has three dimensions, namely place identity (cognitive component),
place attachment (affective component), and place dependence (conative component). Each dimension could
be explained by different but interrelated principles. These principles were chosen because they were
considered capable of identifying the bonds between people and heritage places that have both tangible and
intangible aspects and are influenced by the dimension of time. The relationships between heritage place,
sense of place dimensions, and the principles that explain each dimension are arranged in a conceptual
framework. This framework can be used as a guideline for heritage researchers to understand the sense of
place concept, which seems too abstract and subjective, so that it can be operationalized in research and be
applied for the benefit of heritage conservation.
Definition
Cause the concept of sense of place has become part of spatial studies to explain place-people bonding, there is no
universal agreement among scholars how to interpret this concept.

Method This paper proposes a conceptual framework to explain these dimensions in the context of heritage. “The goal
of a conceptual framework is to categorize and describe concepts relevant to the study and map relationships
among them” (Rocco & Plakhotnik, 2009 p.122). Thus, the conceptual framework was organized based on the
researchers’ understanding of how the particular dimensions of sense of place relate to each other. The
conceptual framework consists of interconnected concepts that explain the relationships between them and
help the researcher to answer the research problem (Adom et al., 2018). The conceptual framework in this
paper was built from principles that identify the variables needed to investigate sense of place in a heritage
context.
Title Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention
Author WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE
Note Definition of World Heritage
Finding
Definition
Cause
Method

Title The Burra Charter

Author (The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013)
Note The Charter can be applied to all types of places of cultural significance including natural,
Indigenous and historic places with cultural values.
Finding Definitions
The Burra Charter Process- to identify Place of cultural significance- step-1 and 2
Definition
Cause
Method

Title Cultural Significance Identification of Modern architectural Heritage

Author (The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013)
Note The Charter can be applied to all types of places of cultural significance including natural,
Indigenous and historic places with cultural values.
Finding Madrid Document-2014
Framework to analyze the cultural significance of selected cases
Definition
Cause
Method

Title Heritage and Preservation of Modern Architecture

Author Eren Gültekin
Note The methodology used to assess the significance of the architectural heritage of the twentieth
century should follow a culturally appropriate conservation planning approach. This will include
comprehensive historical research and significance analysis in the development of policies to
conserve, manage and interpret the identified cultural significance.

Finding
Definition
Cause
Method
Title “The Phenomenon of Place,”

Author Christian Norberg-Schulz,

Note In this article the author suggests an introduction to the idea of a place through the construction of
architecture, landscapes, and cities.
He points out the importance of a phenomena such as feeling that one has when they experience a
place and find out how he feels in that place “When man dwells he is simultaneously located in
space and exposed to a certain environmental character. But he also has to identify himself with the
environment, that is, he has to know how he is in a certain place”(417).
Schulz also talks about structure which is described as variations in surface relief, giving character
and meaning to place. He describes a place in terms of “space” and “character” where “space
denotes the three dimensional organization of the elements which make up a place, character
denotes the general atmosphere which is the most comprehensive property of any place” (418).
He set a discussion around the idea of a boundary and that is defined by openings rather than its
barriers. “In general the boundary…makes the spatial structure more visible as a continuous and/or
discontinuous extension, direction and rhythm” (419).
Another major argument Schulz makes is about the spirit of the place. He claims “when man
dwells, he is simultaneously located in space and exposed to a certain environmental character.  The
two psychological functions involved, may be called “orientation” and “identification”.  To gain an
existential foothold man has to be able to orientate himself; he has to know where he is.  But he also
has to identify himself with the environment, that is, he has to know how he is in a certain place”
(423).
So, basically, architecture is phenomenological, as it requires the concretization of space, not an
abstraction of it.

Finding
Definition
Cause
Method

Title Sense of Place: an Emperical Meassurement

Author Shumel Shamai
Note The literature regarding ‘sense of place’ is confused and vague. In this
article a scale of sense of place is constructed in order to organize the literature and
distinguish among different levels of intensity of ‘sense of place’.
Finding
Definition
Cause
Method

Title 19.The Case Against “Modern Architecture” by (784ES) — Atlas of Places

Author Lewis Mumford
Note
Finding
Definition
Cause
Method