HOA314

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
(Philippine Architecture)

Finals Module
(Units 10-12)

Prepared by:
Ar. Sheena Lou D. Bugarin-Marquez

Copyright © 2020, Columban College, Inc.

All Rights Reserved
(No part of this module may be reproduced or copied without permission from the author.)
 UNIT 10

ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION

AND RESTORATION

CONTENTS

10.0 Learning Outcomes

10.1 Architectural Conservation
10.2 Architectural Conservation Movement History
1. Preservation/Conservation
2. Restoration

10.0 Learning Outcomes

1. Discuss with clarity the origins and implications of Conservation, Preservation and
Restoration.

10.1 Architectural Conservation

Architectural conservation defines the process by which the material, historical and
design longevity of the architectural history constructed by mankind is extended to last
longer and to be able, in general, to maintain difficult conditions or to be maintained
sustainable.

10.2 Architectural Conservation Movement History

In the 18th and 19th centuries, architectural conservation in general, and the
preservation of ancient buildings especially, gained popularity as a movement. It was a
reaction to Modernism and its accompanying architectural outlook, which, in favor of
technical and architectural advancement and change, avoided nostalgic attachment to
old buildings and structures. At a moment of major archaeological exploration and
scientific progress, the emergence of the architectural conservation movement took
place. Those trained in the field started to see different examples of architecture as either
"right" or "incorrect. Because of this, within the field of building conservation, two schools
of thinking began to emerge.

10.2.1. Preservation/Conservation

The architectural school of thought has been used interchangeably to either

promote initiatives to preserve and retain buildings in their current condition, or to avoid
further damage and degradation. The initial design of old buildings was seen as right in
and of itself by this school of thought. The art critic John Ruskin and the artist William
Morris were two of the key advocates of restoration and conservation in the 19th century.

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Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
10.2.2 Restoration

Restoration was the conservationist school of thought that, using present-day

materials, architecture, and techniques, claimed historic buildings could be enhanced,
and sometimes even completed. In this way, the Modernist philosophy of architecture is
somewhat similar, except that it does not support the demolition of ancient buildings. The
French architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was one of the most passionate proponents of
this school of thinking in the 19th century.

Check Your Progress 1

On your opinion, why do we need to conserve our Philippine Architectural Heritages?

What is the significance of doing this? Cite some examples and explain.

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Prepared by: Ar. S. L. D. Bugarin-Marquez, CCI-Architecture; 2020
Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
 UNIT 11

ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION and RESTORATION

CONTENTS

11.0 Learning Outcomes

11.1 Architectural Conservation, Preservation and Restoration
11.1.1. Conservation
11.1.2. Preservation
11.1.3. Restoration
11.2 Relevant Charters and Laws
11.2.1 National Historical Commission of the Philippines
11.2.2 "National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009"- Republic Act no. 10066
11.2.3 Presidential Decree no. 1505
Amending PD no. 260 (1978)
11.2.4 "Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act" Republic Act no.
4846 As Amended by PD No. 374 (1974)
11.2.5 National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), Philippines

11.0 Learning Outcomes

1. Show mastery of the topics by defining significant terms.

2. Interpret with clarity the applicable laws.

11.1 Conservation, Preservation and Restoration

1. Conservation shall refer to all the processes and measures of maintaining the
cultural significance of a cultural property including, but not limited to,
preservation, restoration, reconstruction, protection, adaptation or any
combination thereof. (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10066)

2. Preservation - to keep in perfect or unaltered condition; maintain unchanged.

3. Restoration - shall refer to the action taken or the technical intervention to

correct deterioration and alterations. (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10066)

11.2 Relevant Charters and Laws

11.2.1 National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

The Historic Preservation Division (HPD) is the authority on historic

preservation program of the NHCP. It undertakes projects and activities geared
towards collaboration, coordination and/or partnership with other government
agencies and offices and the private sector in the field of historic preservation.
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Prepared by: Ar. S. L. D. Bugarin-Marquez, CCI-Architecture; 2020
Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
a. Goal/Objectives

The Historic Preservation Division (HPD) aims to promote Filipino heritage

through the preservation, protection and development of historic sites and
structures and the conservation of material objects. As an authority on
conservation of both movable and immovable objects, the HPD shall promote
awareness and appreciation of historic sites and structures through conservation,
technical assistance and information-educationcommunication (IEC) programs
along guidelines set by internationally accepted conservation standards and
principles and local and international agreements. It shall also keep itself abreast
and updated with the latest on scientific and information technologies in relation to
the field of historic conservation. (NHCP)

b. Functions

1. Undertakes the conservation, preservation, restoration, and development

of the historic sites and structures declared as national shrines, monuments
and landmarks, including other historic edifices and ancestral houses
registered in the National Registry of Historic Structures in the Philippines;

2. Undertakes physical restoration and preservation treatment of historical

(material) objects using specialized skills of examination and material
analyses, and the application of scientific methods of treatment and
research;

3. Surveys, inventories, identifies, classifies and registers historic sites and

structures, and maintains the National Registry of Historic Structures
pursuant to P.D. No. 260, S. 1973. (See Annex B1)

4. Implements the Philippines’ National Historic Act (P.D. No. 1505 S. 1978),
for the protection of historic sites and structures nationwide; (see Annex B2)

5. Provides technical assistance to/collaborates with Government

Organizations involved in the study and preservation of historic sites and
structures; and,

6. Recommends policies on the development, preservation and restoration

of historic places and edifices;

7. Performs such other functions consistent with NHCP’s institutional

mandate and existing laws.

c. Organizational Structure

The head of the HPD is the Architect V with specialized training in the field
of historic conservation. It is divided into three sections, each headed by a Senior
History Researcher, namely: (NHCP)

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Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
 1. Architectural and Survey Section The Architectural and Survey Section is
the HPD component that specifically undertakes the planning, design,
implementation, supervision and monitoring of the restoration/preservation
of historic sites and structures. This section includes architects, engineers,
and draftsmen. (NHCP)

2. Engineering Section. The Engineering Section undertakes survey,

documentation and identification of historic sites and structures,
architectural/historical research, and management of the HPD database on
historic sites and structures. (NHCP)

3. Materials Research and Conservation Section The Materials

Conservation Section undertakes the conservation of objects and NHCP
collection of historical relics and memorabilia, including materials testing
and analyses. (NHCP)

11.2.2 National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10066 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE PROTECTION AND
CONSERVATION OF THE NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE,
STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE
ARTS (NCCA) AND ITS AFFILIATED CULTURAL AGENCIES, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.

a. Objectives In the pursuit of cultural preservation as a strategy for maintaining

Filipino identity, this Act shall pursue the following objectives:

(a) Protect, preserve, conserve and promote the nation's cultural heritage, its
property and histories, and the ethnicity of local communities;
(b) Establish and strengthen cultural institutions; and
(c) Protect cultural workers and ensure their professional development and
well-being.

11.2.3 Presidential Decree no. 1505 Amending PD no. 260 (1978)

AMENDING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 260, AS AMENDED, BY

PROHIBITING THE UNAUTHORIZED MODIFICATION, ALTERATION, REPAIR
AND DESTRUCTION OF ORIGINAL FEATURES OF ALL NATIONAL SHRINES,
MONUMENTS, LANDMARKS AND OTHER IMPORTANT HISTORIC
EDIFICES

11.2.4 "Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act" Republic Act

no. 4846 As Amended by PD No. 374 (1974)

An Act to Repeal Act Numbered Thirty Eight Hundred Seventy Four, and to
provide for the Protection and Preservation of Philippine Cultural Properties. It is
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Prepared by: Ar. S. L. D. Bugarin-Marquez, CCI-Architecture; 2020
Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
 hereby declared to the policy, of the state to preserve and protect the important
cultural properties and National Cultural Treasurer of the nation and to safeguard
their intrinsic value.

11.2.5 National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), Philippines

a. The NCAA is the overall policy making body, coordinating, and grants giving
agency for the preservation, development and promotion of Philippine arts and
culture; an executing agency for the policies it formulates; and task to
administering the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA) —
fund exclusively for the implementation of culture and arts programs and projects.

b. According to Sections 8 and 12 of RA No. 7356, the NCCA is created and

mandated to formulate and implement policies and plans in accordance with the
principles stated in Title I of RA No. 7356:

• To formulate policies for development of culture and the arts;

• To implement these policies in coordination with affiliated cultural agencies;
• To coordinate implementation of programs of these affiliated agencies;
• To administer the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts
(NEFCA);
• To encourage artistic creation within a climate of artistic freedom;
• To develop and promote the Filipino national culture and arts; and,
• To preserve Filipino cultural heritage.

Check Your Progress 11

Is it important to have laws in terms of conserving certain structures?

Justify your answer.

Check Your Progress 12

Are there any consequences if certain laws are ignored?

Justify your answer.

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Prepared by: Ar. S. L. D. Bugarin-Marquez, CCI-Architecture; 2020
Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
 UNIT 12

ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION

and RESTORATION

CONTENTS

12.0 Learning Outcomes

12.1 Guidelines on the Identification, Classification, and Recognition of Historic Sites
and Structures in the Philippines
12.1.1 Identification of Historic Sites and Structures
12.1.2 Classification of Historic Sites and Structures

12.1 Guidelines on the Identification, Classification, and Recognition of Historic

Sites and Structures in the Philippines

12.1.1 Identification of Historic Sites and Structures

The criteria for identifying historic sites and structures shall be as follows:

a. Properties strongly associated with important historical events, heroes and

illustrious
Filipinos whose distinctive historic contribution endures;

b. Properties that bear strong foreign historical or period influences such as

Chinese, Arabic, Spanish, Mexican, American, or Japanese and those that
provide strong evidence of historical relations with other countries;

c. Sites of first establishments in the Philippines (e.g., site of the first printing
press, commercial house, theater, school, transport system, distillery, etc.); and

d. Groups or clusters of buildings or structures, or a whole precinct, district, or

town center, including plazas, gardens, landscapes, historic ruins, streets,
pathways, stairs, bridges, fences, visual corridors, vista points and other open
spaces, town plan patterns, and immediate environs, whose historic importance
is seen in the entirety of the setting, unit, or space rather than in its individual
elements or characteristics.

12.1.2 Classification of Historic Sites and Structures

a. To qualify for consideration, a site or structure as described above being

proposed for NHCP recognition must:

• Possess demonstrable historical significance; and

• Be at least fifty (50) years old and seventy (70) percent authentic.
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Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
b. Historic sites and structures shall be classified according to the recognition
conferred
by the NHCP, as follows:

• Level I: Declaration of a historic site or structure and installation of a marker

• Level II: Installation of a historical marker

c. Level I recognition shall entail the declaration of any of the following:

• Heritage Zone/Historic Center – a historic space, unit, district or cluster of

• structures and their environs, with distinctive historical importance in its
entirety
• National Cultural Treasure – a unique cultural property possessing
outstanding historical value and significance
• National Historical Shrine – A hallowed site or structure in honor of a
national hero or highly significant historical event (e.g., Rizal Shrine in
Calamba and Fort Santiago, Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Pinaglabanan
Memorial Shrine in San Juan, Quezon Memorial Shrine in Quezon City,
Mabini Shrine in Tanauan)
• National Historical Monument/Memorial – An object, structure or site that
commemorates, memorializes or gives reverence to a special historic
personage or event (e.g., Rizal National Monument, Rizal Park; Bonifacio
National Monument, Caloocan; Juan Luna Monument, Intramuros; Quezon
Memorial,
• National Historical Landmark –
o (a) A site or structure closely associated with a significant
historical event, achievement, characteristic, turning point or stage
in Philippine history (e.g., P. Burgos Elementary School, Pasay
City; Sheik Mahkdum Historical Landmark, Tawi-Tawi); or
o (b) a structure made or created by a national hero (e.g., Map of
Mindanao by Jose Rizal)

d. Level II recognition shall entail the installation of a historical marker in a

historic site or structure that is not declared a heritage zone/historic center,
national cultural treasure, shrine, monument or memorial, or historical landmark,
but nonetheless has some historical significance. Such a site or structure may
later be elevated to Level I recognition pending further research and re-
evaluation.

e. Sites and structures recognized by the Commission, whether through a formal

declaration and/or the installation of a historical marker, shall be recorded in the
NHCP’s National Registry of Historic Sites and Structures in the Philippines.

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Prepared by: Ar. S. L. D. Bugarin-Marquez, CCI-Architecture; 2020
Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021
 Check Your Progress 1

1. From the website given below choose at least two heritage sites or building and
explain why such structure has included on the list based on the guidelines of NHCP
through a visual presentation.

http://nhcphistoricsites.blogspot.com/
https://nhcp.gov.ph/resource/guidelines/nhcp-guidelines

References

Fernandez, R. D. A. (2015). Diksiyonaryong Biswal ng Arkitekturang Filipino (A Visual

Dictionary on Filipino Architecture). the University of Santo Tomas Publishing
House.

Lico, G. R. [#DocuLico #ArkitekturaPH]. (2019, July 6). Arkitekturang Filipino 1 & 2:

Early Philippine Shelters and Islamic Architecture [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbXzU2o-eSE

Lico, G. R. [#DocuLico #ArkitekturaPH]. (2019b, July 15). Arkitekturang Filipino 3:

Spectacle of Power: Hispanic Structuring of the Colonial Space [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tv5dgRyf9xU

Lico, G. R. [#DocuLico #ArkitekturaPH]. (2019c, July 27). Arkitekturang Filipino 4:

Imperial Imaginings: American Architecture in the new Tropical Colony [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LneCpKs_WvA&t=34s

Lico, G. R. [#DocuLico #ArkitekturaPH]. (2019d, August 10). Arkitekturang Filipino 5:

Architecture for the New Nation [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnuPMNSHSTA&t=33s

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Prepared by: Ar. S. L. D. Bugarin-Marquez, CCI-Architecture; 2020
Edited by: Ar. M. M. Fontanilla, CCI-Architecture; 2021