Y by: Chris Antonette Piedad- Pugay Reporter: Gongora, Mark Niel Mistica, John Lester INTRODUCTION
History repeats itself,
"the first as tragedy, then as farce" - Karl Marx INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION • The 12th of June of every year since 1898, the entire Filipino communities all over the world gathers to cel ebrate the Philippines’ Independence Day.
• Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 187
2 Cavite Mutiny and the other was the martyrdom of t he three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mari ano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMB URZA). SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIR ACY SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CO NSPIRACY 1.JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL 2.GOV. GEN. RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
was a Spanish Military Officer,
He held the position of Gobernador politician, and statesman. He Civil in various provinces in the served as Governor-General of Philippines, at a time when the the Philippines from April 4, Spanish era was about to end. 1871 to January 8, 1873. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY • Jose Montero y Vidal documented the event and told that In dios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philipp ines.
• On the other side, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official rep
ort is about the native clergy, which was then active in the c all for secularization.
• The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one
other, only that the general’s report was more spiteful. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY
• Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo said that
the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the work ers of Cavite arsenal such as non-payment of tr ibutes and exemption from force labor were th e main reasons of the “revolution” as how the y called it. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY • Also, other causes were listed by them including the Spanish Re volution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republ ican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most im portantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels a nd enemies of Spain. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY • Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for spreading malicious propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He repo rted to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to overth row the Spanish government to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY • These two Spaniards deemed that the event of 1872 was pl anned earlier and was thought of it as a big conspiracy am ong educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or native lawy ers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native clergy.
• The alleged pre-concerted signal among the conspirators of
Manila and Cavite was the firing of rockets from the wall s of Intramuros. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY
• On 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the fe
ast of the Virgin of Loreto, participants to the feast celebrate d with the usual fireworks displays. Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just lik e what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent headed by S ergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish offic ers at sight and seized the arsenal. SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY
• When the news reached Gov. Izquierdo, he ordered the reinforcement of t
he Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The “revolution” was easil y crushed when the expected reinforcement from Manila did not come ash ore.
• Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA
were tried by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation. P atriots were suspended, arrested and sentence with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island by the Audencia (High Court) SPANISH VERSION: PLANNED CONSPIRACY • On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish gov ernment and Frailocracia to instill fear among the Filip inos so that they may never commit such daring act aga in, the GOMBURZA were executed. This event was t ragic but served as one of the moving forces that shape d Filipino nationalism. FILIPINO VERSION: A RESPONSE TO JUS TICE Filipino Version: A Response to Justice • Dr. Trinidad Herminigildo Pardo de Tavera Wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.
In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the
native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal.
Indirectly, blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies s
uch as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army members and the prohibition of the founding of schoo l of arts and trades of the Filipino. Filipino Version: A Response to Justice • January 20, 1872, about 200 men compromised of soldiers, lab orers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the commanding office r and Spanish officers in sight.
• The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and G
en. Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. Filipino Version: A Response to Justice • Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Ca vite mutiny as a powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native army but also included r esidents of Cavite and Manila.
• During that time, the Central Government in Madrid announced i
ts intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil government and the direction and management of educational institutions Filipino Version: A Response to Justice • Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational de cree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion o f sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called Phili ppine Institute.
• The decree proposed to improve the standard of educatio
n in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in such s chool to be filled by competitive examinations. Filipino Version: A Response to Justice • The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines w ould be a thing of the past, took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish Government as a vast cons piracy organized throughout the archipelago with the obje ct of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Filipino Version: A Response to Justice • Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the n ative clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and e xecuted by garotte.
• This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and
eventually to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution o f 1896. Filipino Version: A Response to Justice • French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account complimen ted Tavera’s account by confirming that the event hap pened due to discontentment of the arsenal workers a nd soldiers in Cavite fort. UNVARYING TRUTH/ analysis Unvarying Truth
There were some basic facts that remained to be unvarying:
1. There was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsen
al as well as the members of the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo.
2. Gen Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that ma
de the Filipinos move and run away from Spanish govern ment out of disgust. Unvarying Truth
3. The Central Government failed to conduct n investigatio
n on what truly transpired but relied on reports of Izquie rdo and the friars and the opinion of the public.
4. The happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1
872 when the Central Government in Spain decided to d eprive them of the power to intervene in government aff airs Unvarying Truth
5.The Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secular
ization movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold o f the parishes in the country making them prey to the rage of the f riars.
6. Filipinos during the time were active participants, and respond
ed to what they deemed as injustices.
7. Lastly, the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the par
t of the Spanish. SUMMARY • The Cavite Mutiny, brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and work ers at the Cavite arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish repr ession of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement. Ironically , the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to pr omote the nationalist cause. • The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the Spanish regime under the reactionary Gov. Rafael de Izquierdo magnified the incident and use d it as an excuse to clamp down on those Filipinos who had been ca lling for governmental reform. A number of Filipino intellectuals w ere seized and accused of complicity with the mutineers. After a bri ef trial, three priests were publicly executed. The three subsequently became martyrs to the cause of Philippine independence. REFLECTION/ REACTION
• Because of continuous innovation in our count
ry, the histories are slowly been erased from th e book of past.