Artificial Intelligence

Index Report 2021

CHAPTER 7:
AI Policy and
National Strategies

Artificial Intelligence
Index Report 2021
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CHAPTER 7:
Chapter Preview
Overview 3
Chapter Highlights 4
7.1 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL
AI STRATEGIES 5
Published Strategies 6
2017 6
2018 7
2019 9
2020 11
Strategies in Development Contract Spending by
(as of December 2020) 12
Strategies in Public Consultation 12
Strategies Announced 13
Highlight: National AI Strategies
and Human Rights 14
7.2 INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATION ON AI 15
Intergovernmental Initiatives 15
ACCESS THE PUBLIC DATA
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Working Group 15
Summits and Meetings 16
Bilateral Agreements 16
7.3 U.S. PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN AI 17
Federal Budget for Non-Defense AI R&D 17
U.S. Department of Defense
Budget Request 18
U.S. Government Contract Spending 19
Total Contract Spending 19
Department and Agency 19
7.4 AI AND POLICYMAKING 21
Legislation Records on AI 21
U.S. Congressional Record 22
Mentions of AI and ML in
Congressional/Parliamentary
Proceedings 22
Central Banks 24
U.S. AI Policy Papers 26
APPENDIX 27
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Overview
AI is set to shape global competitiveness over the coming decades, promising
to grant early adopters a significant economic and strategic advantage. To
date, national governments and regional and intergovernmental organizations
have raced to put in place AI-targeted policies to maximize the promise of the
technology while also addressing its social and ethical implications.

This chapter navigates the landscape of AI policymaking and tracks efforts taking
place on the local, national, and international levels to help promote and govern AI
technologies. It begins with an overview of national and regional AI strategies and
then reviews activities on the intergovernmental level. The chapter then takes a
closer look at public investment in AI in the United States as well as how legislative
bodies, central banks, and nongovernmental organizations are responding to the
growing need to institute a policy framework for AI technologies.

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CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

• Since Canada published the world’s first national AI strategy in 2017, more than 30 other
countries and regions have published similar documents as of December 2020.

• The launch of the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) and Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) AI Policy Observatory and Network of Experts
on AI in 2020 promoted intergovernmental efforts to work together to support the
development of AI for all.

• In the United States, the 116th Congress was the most AI-focused congressional session in
history. The number of mentions of AI by this Congress in legislation, committee reports, and
Congressional Research Service (CRS) reports is more than triple that of the 115th Congress.

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This section presents an overview of select national and regional AI strategies from around the world, including details on
the strategies for G20 countries, Estonia, and Singapore as well as links to strategy documents for many others. Sources
include websites of national or regional governments, the OECD AI Policy Observatory (OECD.AI), and news coverage. “AI
strategy” is defined as a policy document that communicates the objective of supporting the development of AI while also
maximizing the benefits of AI for society. Excluded are broader innovation or digital strategy documents which do not focus
predominantly on AI, such as Brazil’s E-Digital Strategy and Japan’s Integrated Innovation Strategy.

7.1 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL

AI STRATEGIES
To guide and foster the development of AI, countries and regions around the world are establishing strategies and
initiatives to coordinate governmental and intergovernmental efforts. Since Canada published the world’s first national
AI strategy in 2017, more than 30 other countries and regions have published similar documents as of December 2020.

COUNTRIES
WITH PUBLISHED
AI STRATEGIES: 32

COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING
AI STRATEGIES: 22

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Published Strategies
2017
Canada
• AI Strategy: Pan Canadian AI Strategy
• Responsible Organization: Canadian Institute for
Advanced Research (CIFAR)
• Highlights: The Canadian strategy emphasizes
developing Canada’s future AI workforce, supporting major
AI innovation hubs and scientific research, and positioning
the country as a thought leader in the economic, ethical,
policy, and legal implications of artificial intelligence.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): CAD 125
million (USD 97 million)
• In November 2020, CIFAR published its most recent
annual report, titled “AICAN,” which tracks progress on
implementing its national strategy, which highlighted
substantial growth in Canada’s AI ecosystem, as well
as research and activities related to healthcare and AI’s
impact on society, among other outcomes of the strategy.
China
• AI Strategy: A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence
Development Plan
• Responsible Organization: State Council for the People’s
Republic of China
• Highlights: China’s AI strategy is one of the most
comprehensive in the world. It encompasses areas
including R&D and talent development through
education and skills acquisition, as well as ethical norms
and implications for national security. It sets specific
targets, including bringing the AI industry in line with
competitors by 2020; becoming the global leader in fields
such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), voice and
image recognition, and others by 2025; and emerging as
the primary center for AI innovation by 2030.
• Funding: N/A
• Recent Updates: China established a New Generation
AI Innovation and Development Zone in February 2019
and released the “Beijing AI Principles” in May 2019 with
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a multi-stakeholder coalition consisting of academic
institutions and private-sector players such as Tencent
and Baidu.
Japan
• AI Strategy: Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy
• Responsible Organization: Strategic Council for AI
Technology
• Highlights: The strategy lays out three discrete phases of
AI development. The first phase focuses on the utilization
of data and AI in related service industries, the second
on the public use of AI and the expansion of service
industries, and the third on creating an overarching
ecosystem where the various domains are merged.
• Funding: N/A
• Recent Updates: In 2019, the Integrated Innovation
Strategy Promotion Council launched another AI strategy,
aimed at taking the next step forward in overcoming
issues faced by Japan and making use of the country’s
strengths to open up future opportunities.
Others
Finland: Finland’s Age of Artificial Intelligence
United Arab Emirates: UAE Strategy for Artificial
Intelligence
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Published Strategies
2018
European Union
• AI Strategy: Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence
• Responsible Organization: European Commission
• Highlights: This strategy document outlines the
commitments and actions agreed on by EU member
states, Norway, and Switzerland to increase investment
and build their AI talent pipeline. It emphasizes the value
of public-private partnerships, creating European data
spaces, and developing ethics principles.
• Funding (December 2020 conversation rate): At least
EUR 1 billion (USD 1.1 billion) per year for AI research and
at least EUR 4.9 billion (USD 5.4 billion) for other aspects
of the strategy
• Recent updates: A first draft of the ethics guidelines was
released in June 2018, followed by an updated version in
April 2019.
France
• AI Strategy: AI for Humanity: French Strategy for Artificial
Intelligence
• Responsible Organizations: Ministry for Higher
Education, Research and Innovation; Ministry of Economy
and Finance; Directorate General for Enterprises; Public
Health Ministry; Ministry of the Armed Forces; National
Research Institute for Digital Sciences; Interministerial
Director of the Digital Technology and the Information
and Communication System
• Highlights: The main themes include developing
an aggressive data policy for big data; targeting four
strategic sectors, namely health care, environment,
transport, and defense; boosting French efforts in
research and development; planning for the impact of AI
on the workforce; and ensuring inclusivity and diversity
within the field.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): EUR 1.5
billion (USD 1.8 billion) up to 2022
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• Recent Updates: The French National Research Institute
for Digital Sciences (Inria) has committed to playing a
central role in coordinating the national AI strategy and
will report annually on its progress.
Germany
• AI Strategy: AI Made in Germany
• Responsible Organizations: Federal Ministry of
Education and Research; Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy; Federal Ministry of Labour and Social
Affairs
• Highlights: The focus of the strategy is on cementing
Germany as a research powerhouse and strengthening
the value of its industries. There is also an emphasis
on the public interest and working to better the lives of
people and the environment.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): EUR 500
million (USD 608 million) in the 2019 budget and EUR
3 billion (USD 3.6 billion) for the implementation up to
2025
• Recent Updates: In November 2019, the government
published an interim progress report on the Germany AI
strategy.
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2018 (continued)
India
• AI Strategy: National Strategy on
Artificial Intelligence: #AIforAll
• Responsible Organization: National Institution for
Transforming India (NITI Ayog)
• Highlights: The Indian strategy focuses on both
economic growth and ways to leverage AI to increase
social inclusion, while also promoting research to
address important issues such as ethics, bias, and
privacy related to AI. The strategy emphasizes sectors
such as agriculture, health, and education, where public
investment and government initiative are necessary.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): INR 7000
crore (USD 949 million)
• Recent Updates: In 2019, the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology released its own proposal to
set up a national AI program with an allocated INR 400
crore (USD 54 million). The Indian government formed
a committee in late 2019 to push for an organized AI
policy and establish the precise functions of government
agencies to further India’s AI mission.
Mexico
• AI Strategy: Artificial Intelligence Agenda MX
(2019 agenda-in-brief version)
• Responsible Organization: IA2030Mx, Economía
• Highlights: As Latin America’s first strategy, the Mexican
strategy focuses on developing a strong governance
framework, mapping the needs of AI in various industries,
and identifying governmental best practices with an
emphasis on developing Mexico’s AI leadership.
• Funding: N/A
• Recent Updates: According to the Inter-American
Development Bank’s recent fAIr LAC report, Mexico is in
the process of establishing concrete AI policies to further
implementation.
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United Kingdom
• AI Strategy: Industrial Strategy: Artificial Intelligence
Sector Deal
• Responsible Organization: Office for Artificial
Intelligence (OAI)
• Highlights: The U.K. strategy emphasizes a strong
partnership between business, academia, and the
government and identifies five foundations for a
successful industrial strategy: becoming the world’s most
innovative economy, creating jobs and better earnings
potential, infrastructure upgrades, favorable business
conditions, and building prosperous communities
throughout the country.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): GBP 950
million (USD 1.3 billion)
• Recent Updates: Between 2017 and 2019, the U.K.’s
Select Committee on AI released an annual report on the
country’s progress. In November 2020, the government
announced a major increase in defense spending of
GBP 16.5 billion (USD 21.8 billion) over four years, with
a major emphasis on AI technologies that promise to
revolutionize warfare.
Others
Sweden: National Approach to Artificial Intelligence
Taiwan: Taiwan AI Action Plan
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Published Strategies
2019
Estonia
• AI Strategy: National AI Strategy 2019–2021
• Responsible Organization: Ministry of Economic Affairs
and Communications (MKM)
• Highlights: The strategy emphasizes actions necessary
for both the public and private sectors to take to increase
investment in AI research and development, while also
improving the legal environment for AI in Estonia. In
addition, it hammers out the framework for a steering
committee that will oversee the implementation and
monitoring of the strategy.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): EUR 10
million (USD 12 million) up to 2021
• Recent Updates: The Estonian government released an
update on the AI taskforce in May 2019.
Russia
• AI Strategy: National Strategy for the Development of
Artificial Intelligence
• Responsible Organizations: Ministry of Digital
Development, Communications and Mass Media;
Government of the Russian Federation
• Highlights: The Russian AI strategy places a strong
emphasis on its national interests and lays down
guidelines for the development of an “information
society” between 2017 and 2030. These include a
national technology initiative, departmental projects
for federal executive bodies, and programs such as the
Digital Economy of the Russian Federation, designed to
implement the AI framework across sectors.
• Funding: N/A
• Recent Updates: In December 2020, Russian president
Vladmir Putin took part in the Artificial Intelligence
Journey Conference, where he presented four ideas for AI
policies: establishing experimental legal frameworks for
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the use of AI, developing practical measures to introduce
AI algorithms, providing neural network developers with
competitive access to big data, and boosting private
investment in domestic AI industries.
Singapore
• AI Strategy: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy
• Responsible Organization: Smart Nation and Digital
Government Office (SNDGO)
• Highlights: Launched by Smart Nation Singapore, a
government agency that seeks to transform Singapore’s
economy and usher in a new digital age, the strategy
identifies five national AI projects in the following fields:
transport and logistics, smart cities and estates, health
care, education, and safety and security.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): While the
2019 strategy does not mention funding, in 2017 the
government launched its national program, AI Singapore,
with a pledge to invest SGD 150 million (USD 113 million)
over five years.
• Recent Updates: In November 2020, SNDGO published
its inaugural annual update on the Singaporean
government’s data protection efforts. It describes the
measures taken to date to strengthen public sector data
security and to safeguard citizens’ private data.
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2019 (continued)

United States
• AI Strategy: American AI Initiative
• Responsible Organization: The White House
• Highlights: The American AI Initiative prioritizes
the need for the federal government to invest in AI
R&D, reduce barriers to federal resources, and ensure
technical standards for the safe development, testing,
and deployment of AI technologies. The White House
also emphasizes developing an AI-ready workforce and
signals a commitment to collaborating with foreign
partners while promoting U.S. leadership in AI. The
initiative, however, lacks specifics on the program’s
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate):
timeline, whether additional research will be dedicated
KRW 2.2 trillion (USD 2 billion)
to AI development, and other practical considerations.
• Recent Updates: N/A
• Funding: N/A
• Recent Updates: The U.S. government released its
year one annual report in February 2020, followed in
Others
November by the first guidance memorandum for federal
Colombia: National Policy for Digital Transformation
and Artificial Intelligence
agencies on regulating artificial intelligence applications
in the private sector, including principles that encourage
Czech Republic: National Artificial Intelligence
Strategy of the Czech Republic
AI innovation and growth and increase public trust and
confidence in AI technologies. The National Defense
Lithuania: Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy: A
Vision for the Future
Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2021 called for a
National AI Initiative to coordinate AI research and policy
Luxembourg: Artificial Intelligence: A Strategic Vision
for Luxembourg
across the federal government.
Malta: Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad
South Korea Netherlands: Strategic Action Plan for Artificial
Intelligence
• AI Strategy: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence
• Responsible Organization: Ministry of Science, ICT and
Portugal: AI Portugal 2030
Future Planning (MSIP)
Qatar: National Artificial Intelligence for Qatar
• Highlights: The Korean strategy calls for plans to
facilitate the use of AI by businesses and to streamline
regulations to create a more favorable environment for
the development and use of AI and other new industries.
The Korean government also plans to leverage its
dominance in the global supply of memory chips to build
the next generation of smart chips by 2030.

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Published Strategies
2020

Indonesia
• AI Strategy: National Strategy for the Development of
Artificial Intelligence (Stranas KA)
• Responsible Organizations: Ministry of Research
and Technology (Menristek), National Research and
Innovation Agency (BRIN), Agency for the Assessment and
Application of Technology (BPPT)
• Strategy Highlights: The Indonesian strategy aims
to guide the country in developing AI between 2020
and 2045. It focuses on education and research, health
services, food security, mobility, smart cities, and public Others
sector reform. Hungary: Hungary’s Artificial Intelligence Strategy
• Funding: N/A Norway: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence
• Recent Updates: None Serbia: Strategy for the Development of Artificial
Intelligence in the Republic of Serbia for the Period
Saudi Arabia 2020–2025
• AI Strategy: National Strategy on Data and AI (NSDAI) Spain: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy
• Responsible Organization: Saudi Data and Artificial
Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)
• Highlights: As part of an effort to diversify the country’s
economy away from oil and boost the private sector, the
NSDAI aims to accelerate AI development in five critical
sectors: health care, mobility, education, government,
and energy. By 2030, Saudi Arabia intends to train 20,000
data and AI specialists, attract USD 20 billion in foreign
and local investment, and create an environment that
will attract at least 300 AI and data startups.
• Funding: N/A
• Recent Updates: During the summit where the
Saudi government released its strategy, the country’s
National Center for Artificial Intelligence (NCAI) signed
collaboration agreements with China’s Huawei and
Alibaba Cloud to design AI-related Arabic-language
systems.

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Strategies in Development
(AS OF DECEMBER 2020)

Strategies in Public Consultation

Brazil
• AI Strategy Draft: Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Strategy
• Responsible Organization: Ministry of Science,
Technology and Innovation (MCTI)
• Highlights: Brazil’s national AI strategy was announced
in 2019 and is currently in the public consultation stage.
According to the OECD, the strategy aims to cover
relevant topics bearing on AI, including its impact on the
economy, ethics, development, education, and jobs, and Others
to coordinate specific public policies addressing such Cyprus: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence
issues. Ireland: National Irish Strategy on Artificial Intelligence
• Funding: N/A Poland: Artificial Intelligence Development Policy in
• Recent Updates: In October 2020, the country’s largest Poland
research facility dedicated to AI was launched in Uruguay: Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Digital
collaboration with IBM, the University of São Paulo, and Government
the São Paulo Research Foundation.

Italy
• AI Strategy Draft: Proposal for an Italian Strategy for
Artificial Intelligence
• Responsible Organization: Ministry of Economic
Development (MISE)
• Highlights: This document provides the proposed
strategy for the sustainable development of AI, aimed
at improving Italy’s competitiveness in AI. It focuses on
improving AI-based skills and competencies, fostering AI
research, establishing a regulatory and ethical framework
to ensure a sustainable ecosystem for AI, and developing
a robust data infrastructure to fuel these developments.
• Funding (December 2020 conversion rate): EUR 1
billion (USD 1.1 billion) through 2025 and expected
matching funds from the private sector, bringing the total
investment to EUR 2 billion.
• Recent Updates: None

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Strategies Announced
Argentina
• Related Document: N/A
• Responsible Organization: Ministry of Science,
Technology and Productive Innovation (MINCYT)
• Status: Argentina’s AI plan is a part of the Argentine
Digital Agenda 2030 but has not yet been published. It is
intended to cover the decade between 2020 and 2030,
and reports indicate that it has the potential to reap huge
benefits for the agricultural sector.
Australia
• Related Documents: Artificial Intelligence Roadmap /
An AI Action Plan for all Australians
• Responsible Organizations: Commonwealth Scientific
and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Data 61,
and the Australian government
• Status: The Australian government published a road
map in 2019 (in collaboration with the national science
agency, CSIRO) and a discussion paper of an AI action
plan in 2020 as frameworks to develop a national
AI strategy. In its 2018–19 budget, the Australian
government earmarked AUD 29.9 million (USD 22.2
million [December 2020 conversation rate]) over four
years to strengthen the country’s capabilities in AI and
machine learning (ML). In addition, CSIRO published a
research paper on Australia’s AI Ethics Framework in 2019
and launched a public consultation, which is expected to
produce a forthcoming strategy document.
Turkey
• Related Document: N/A
• Responsible Organizations: Presidency of the Republic
of Turkey Digital Transformation Office; Ministry of
Industry and Technology; Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey; Science, Technology and
Innovation Policies Council
• Status: The strategy has been announced but not yet
published. According to media sources, it will focus
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on talent development, scientific research, ethics and
inclusion, and digital infrastructure.
Others
Austria: Artificial Intelligence Mission Austria
(official report)
Bulgaria: Concept for the Development of Artificial
Intelligence in Bulgaria Until 2030 (concept document)
Chile: National AI Policy (official announcement)
Israel: National AI Plan (news article)
Kenya: Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Taskforce
(news article)
Latvia: On the Development of Artificial Intelligence
Solutions (official report)
Malaysia: National Artificial Intelligence (Al) Framework
(news article)
New Zealand: Artificial Intelligence: Shaping a Future
New Zealand (official report)
Sri Lanka: Framework for Artificial Intelligence (news
article)
Switzerland: Artificial Intelligence (official guidelines)
Tunisia: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (task
force announced)
Ukraine: Concept of Artificial Intelligence Development
in Ukraine AI (concept document)
Vietnam: Artificial Intelligence Development Strategy
(official announcement)
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Read more on AI national strategies:

• Tim Dutton: An Overview of National AI Strategies
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD AI Policy Observatory
• Canadian Institute for Advanced Research: Building an AI World, Second Edition
• Inter-American Development Bank: Artificial Intelligence for Social Good in Latin America and the Caribbean:
The Regional Landscape and 12 Country Snapshots

National AI Strategies and Human Rights

In 2020, Global Partners Digital and Stanford’s Table 7.1.1: Mapping human rights
Global Digital Policy Incubator published a referenced in national AI strategies
report examining governments’ national AI
strategies from a human rights perspective, HUMAN RIGHTS STATES/REGIONAL
MENTIONED ORGANIZATIONS
titled “National Artificial Intelligence Strategies
and Human Rights: A Review.” The report The right to privacy Australia, Belgium, China,
assesses the extent to which governments Czech Republic, Germany,
and regional organizations have incorporated India, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
human rights considerations into their national Qatar, South Korea, United
AI strategies and made recommendations to States
policymakers looking to develop or review AI
strategies in the future. The right Australia, Belgium, Czech
to equality/ Republic, Denmark, Estonia, EU,
The report found that among the 30 states and nondiscrimination France, Germany, Italy, Malta,
two regional strategies (from the European Netherlands, Norway

Union and the Nordic-Baltic states), a number

of strategies refer to the impact of AI on human The right to an Australia (responsibility
effective remedy and ability to hold humans
rights, with the right to privacy as the most responsible), Denmark, Malta,
commonly mentioned, followed by equality Netherlands
and nondiscrimination (Table 6.1.1). However,
very few strategy documents provide deep The rights to France, Netherlands,
freedom of thought, Russia
analysis or concrete assessment of the impact
expression,
of AI applications on human rights. Specifics and access to
as to how and the depth to which human information
rights should be protected in the context of
AI is largely missing, in contrast to the level of
specificity on other issues such as economic The right to work France, Russia
competitiveness and innovation advantage.

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7.2 INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATION ON AI
Given the scale of the opportunities and the challenges
presented by AI, a number of international efforts have
recently been announced that aim to develop multilateral
AI strategies. This section provides an overview of those
international initiatives from governments committed to
working together to support the development of AI for all.
These multilateral initiatives on AI suggest that
organizations are taking a variety of approaches to
tackle the practical applications of AI and scale those
solutions for maximum global impact. Many countries
turn to international organizations for global AI norm
formulation, while others engage in partnerships or
bilateral agreements. Among the topics under discussion,
the ethics of AI—or the ethical challenges raised by current
and future applications of AI—stands out as a particular
focus area for intergovernmental efforts.
Countries such as Japan, South Korea, the United
Kingdom, the United States, and members of the European
Union are active participants of intergovernmental
efforts on AI. A major AI powerhouse, China, on the other
hand, has opted to engage in a number of science and
technology bilateral agreements that stress cooperation
on AI as part of the Digital Silk Road under the Belt
and Road (BRI) initiative framework. For example, AI is
mentioned in China’s economic cooperation under the BRI
Initiative with the United Arab Emirates.
I N T E R G OV E R N M E N TA L
I N I T I AT I V E S
Intergovernmental working groups consist of experts and
policymakers from member states who study and report
on the most urgent challenges related to developing and
deploying AI and then make recommendations based on
their findings. These groups are instrumental in identifying
and developing strategies for the most pressing issues in AI
technologies and their applications.
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Working Groups
Global Partnership on AI (GPAI)
• Participants: Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany,
India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, South Korea, Poland, Singapore, Slovenia,
Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the
European Union (as of December 2020)
• Host of Secretariat: OECD
• Focus Areas: Responsible AI; data governance; the future
of work; innovation and commercialization
• Recent Activities: Two International Centres of
Expertise—the International Centre of Expertise in
Montreal for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
and the French National Institute for Research in Digital
Science and Technology (INRIA) in Paris—are supporting
the work in the four focus areas and held the Montreal
Summit 2020 in December 2020. Moreover, the data
governance working group published the beta version of
the group’s framework in November 2020.
OECD Network of Experts on AI (ONE AI)
• Participants: OECD countries
• Host: OECD
• Focus Areas: Classification of AI; implementing
trustworthy AI; policies for AI; AI compute
• Recent Activities: ONE AI convened its first meeting in
February 2020, when it also launched the OECD AI Policy
Observatory. In November 2020, the working group on
the classification of AI presented the first look at an AI
classification framework based on OECD’s definition of AI
divided into four dimensions (context, data and input, AI
model, task and output) that aims to guide policymakers
in designing adequate policies for each type of AI system.
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (HLEG)
• Participants: EU countries
• Host: European Commission
• Focus Areas: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI
•R ecent Activities: Since its launch at the recommendation
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Artificial Intelligence
Index Report 2021
of the EU AI strategy in 2018, HLEG presented the EU Ethics
Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence and a
series of policy and investment recommendations, as
well as an assessment checklist related to the guidelines.
Ad Hoc Expert Group (AHEG) for the Recommendation
on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
• Participants: United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) member states
• Host: UNESCO
•F  ocus Areas: Ethical issues raised by the development
and use of AI
• Recent Activities: The AHEG produced a revised first draft
Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence,
which was transmitted in September 2020 to Member States
of UNESCO for their comments by December 31, 2020.
Summits and Meetings
AI for Good Global Summit
• Participants: Global (with the United Nations and its
agencies)
• Hosts: International Telecommunication Union, XPRIZE
Foundation
• Focus Areas: Trusted, safe, and inclusive development of
AI technologies and equitable access to their benefits
AI Partnership for Defense
• Participants: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Korea,
Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States
• Hosts: Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, U.S.
Department of Defense
• Focus Areas: AI ethical principles for defense
China-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
AI Summit
• Participants: Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
and Vietnam
• Hosts: China Association for Science and Technology,
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
• Focus Areas: Infrastructure construction, digital
economy, and innovation-driven development
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B I L AT E R A L AG R E E M E N T S
Bilateral agreements focusing on AI are another form
of international collaboration that has been gaining in
popularity in recent years. AI is usually included in the
broader context of collaborating on the development of
digital economies, though India stands apart for investing
in developing multiple bilateral agreements specifically
geared toward AI.
India and United Arab Emirates
Invest India and the UAE Ministry of Artificial Intelligence
signed a memorandum of understanding in July 2018
to collaborate on fostering innovative AI ecosystems
and other policy concerns related to AI. Two countries
will convene a working committee aimed at increasing
investment in AI startups and research activities in
partnership with the private sector.
India and Germany
It was reported in October 2019 that India and Germany
likely will sign an agreement including partnerships on the
use of artificial intelligence (especially in farming).
United States and United Kingdom
The U.S. and the U.K. announced a declaration in
September 2020, through the Special Relationship
Economic Working Group, that the two countries will
enter into a bilateral dialogue on advancing AI in line with
shared democratic values and further cooperation in AI
R&D efforts.
India and Japan
India and Japan were said to have finalized an agreement
in October 2020 that focuses on collaborating on digital
technologies, including 5G and AI.
French and Germany
France and Germany signed a road map for a Franco-
German Research and Innovation Network on artificial
intelligence as part of the Declaration of Toulouse
in October 2019 to advance European efforts in the
development and application of AI, taking into account
ethical guidelines.
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 C H A P T E R 7: 7. 3 U.S. P U B L I C
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This section examines public investment in AI in the United States based on data from the U.S. Networking and Information
Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program and Bloomberg Government.

7.3 U.S. PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN AI

FEDERAL BUDGET FOR
N O N - D E F E N S E A I R& D
In September 2019, the White House Federal civilian agencies—those
National Science and Technology Council
released a report attempting to total
agencies that are not part of the
up all public-sector AI R&D funding, the DOD or the intelligence sector—
first time such a figure was published.
This funding is to be disbursed as grants allocated USD 973.5 million to
for government laboratories or research AI R&D for FY 2020, a figure
universities or in the form of government
contracts. These federal budget figures, that rose to USD 1.1 billion once
however, do not include substantial AI
R&D investments by the Department of
congressional appropriations
Defense (DOD) and the intelligence sector, and transfers were factored in.
as they were withheld from publication for
national security reasons.
U.S. FEDERAL BUDGET for NON-DEFENSE AI R&D, FY 2020-21
As shown in Figure 7.3.1, federal civilian Source: U.S. NITRD Program, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report
agencies—those agencies that are not part
1,500
of the DOD or the intelligence sector—
allocated USD 973.5 million to AI R&D
for FY 2020, a figure that rose to USD 1.1
Budget (in Millions of U.S. Dollars)

billion once congressional appropriations

and transfers were factored in. For FY 1,000

2021, federal civilian agencies budgeted

USD 1.5 billion, which is almost 55%
higher than its 2020 request.
500

0
2020 (Request) 2020 (Enacted) 2021 (Request)

Figure 7.3.1

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U.S. D E PA R T M E N T O F D E F E N S E A I The top five projects set to receive the highest amount of
R& D B U D G E T R E Q U E S T AI R&D investment in FY 2021:
While the official DOD budget is not publicly available, • Rapid Capability Development and Maturation, by the
Bloomberg Government has analyzed the department’s U.S. Army (USD 284.2 million)
publicly available budget request for research, • Counter WMD Technologies and Capabilities
development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E)— data that Development, by the DOD Threat Reduction Agency
sheds light on its spending on AI R&D. (USD 265.2 million)
• Algorithmic Warfare Cross-Functional Team (Project
With 305 unclassified DOD R&D programs specifying the use Maven), by the Office of the Secretary of Defense (USD
of AI or ML technologies, the combined U.S. military budget 250.1 million)
for AI R&D in FY 2021 is USD 5.0 billion (Figure 7.3.2). This • Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC), by the Defense
figure appears consistent with the USD 5.0 billion enacted Information Systems Agency (USD 132.1 million)
the previous year. However, the FY 2021 figure reflects • High Performance Computing Modernization Program,
a budget request, rather than a final enacted budget. by the U.S. Army (USD 99.6 million)
As noted above, once congressional appropriations are In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects
factored in, the true level of funding available to DOD AI R&D Agency (DARPA) alone is investing USD 568.4 million in AI
programs in FY 2021 may rise substantially. R&D, an increase of USD 82 million from FY 2020.

U.S. DOD BUDGET for AI-SPECIFIC RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT, TEST, and EVALUATION (RDT&E), FY 2018-20
Sources: Bloomberg Government & U.S. Department of Defense, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

5,000
Budget (in Millions of U.S. Dollars)

4,000

3,000

DOD Reported
2,000 Budget on AI R&D DOD Reported
Budget on AI R&D

1,000 927 841

0
2018 (Enacted) 2019 (Enacted) 2020 (Enacted) 2021 (Request)
Figure 7.3.2

Important data caveat: This chart illustrates the challenge of working with contemporary government data sources
to understand spending on AI. By one measure—the requests that include AI-relevant keywords—the DOD is requesting
more than USD 5 billion for AI-specific research development in 2021 . However, DOD’s own accounting produces a
radically smaller number: USD 841 million. This relates to the issue of defining where an AI system ends and another
system begins; for instance, an initiative that uses AI for drones may also count hardware-related expenditures for the
drones within its “AI” budget request, though the AI software component will be much smaller.

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U.S. G OV E R N M E N T A I - R E L AT E D USD 1.5 billion agencies spent in FY 2019 (Figure 7.3.3).

C O N T R ACT S P E N D I N G AI spending in 2020 was more than six times higher than
Another indicator of public investment in AI technologies is what it was just five years ago—about USD 300 million in
the level of spending on government contracts across the FY 2015. However, to put this in perspective, the federal
federal government. Contracting for products and services government spent USD 682 billion on contracts in FY 2020,
supplied by private businesses typically occupies the largest so AI currently represents 0.25% of government spending.
share of an agency’s budget. Bloomberg Government built Contract Spending by Department and Agency
a model that captures contract spending on AI technologies Figure 7.3.4 shows that in FY 2020, the DOD spent more on
by adding up all contracting transactions that contain a AI-related contracts than any other federal department
set of more than 100 AI-specific keywords in their titles or or agency (USD 1.4 billion). In second and third place
descriptions. The data reveals that the amount the federal are NASA (USD 139.1 million) and the Department of
government spends on contracts for AI products and Homeland Security (USD 112.3 million). DOD, NASA, and
services has reached an all-time high and shows no sign of the Department of Health and Human Services top the
slowing down. However, note that during the procurement list for the most contract spending on AI over the past 10
process, vendors may add a bunch of keywords into their years combined (Figure 7.3.5). In fact, DOD’s total contract
applications, so some of these things may have a relatively spending on AI from 2001 to 2020 (USD 3.9 billion) is more
small AI component relative to other parts of technology. than what was spent by the other 44 departments and
Total Contract Spending agencies combined (USD 2.9 billion) over the same period.
Federal departments and agencies spent a combined Looking ahead, DOD spending on AI contracts is only
USD 1.8 billion on unclassified AI-related contracts in FY expected to grow as the Pentagon’s Joint Artificial
2020. This represents a more than 25% increase from the Intelligence Center (JAIC), established in June 2018, is

U.S. GOVERNMENT TOTAL CONTRACT SPENDING on AI, FY 2001-20

Source: Bloomberg Government, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

2,000 1,837
Contract Spending (in Millions of U.S. Dollars)

1,500

1,000

500

0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Figure 7.3.3

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still in the early stages of driving DOD’s AI spending. In Warfighter program, and another to Deloitte Consulting for
2020, JAIC awarded two massive contracts, one to Booz a four-year, USD 106 million enterprise cloud environment
Allen Hamilton for the five-year, USD 800 million Joint for the JAIC, known as the Joint Common Foundation.

TOP 10 CONTRACT SPENDING on AI by U.S. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT and AGENCY, 2020

Source: Bloomberg Government, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

Department of Defense (DOD)

National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
Department of Homeland Security
(DHS)
Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS)
Department of Commerce (DOC)
Department of the Treasury
(TREAS)
Department of Veterans A airs
(VA)
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Department of Justice (DOJ)

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Contract Spending (in Millions of U.S. Dollars)
Figure 7.3.4

TOP 10 CONTRACT SPENDING on AI by U.S. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT and AGENCY, 2001-20 (SUM)
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

Department of Defense (DOD)

National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
Department of Health and
Human Services (HHS)
Department of the Treasury
(TREAS)
Department of Homeland
Security (DHS)
Department of Veterans A airs
(VA)
Department of Commerce
(DOC)
Department of Agriculture
(USDA)
General Services
Administration (GSA)
Department of State (DOS)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Contract Spending (in Millions of U.S. Dollars) Figure 7.3.5

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7.4 AI AND POLICYMAKING

As AI gains attention and importance, policies and
initiatives related to the technology are becoming higher
priorities for governments, private companies, technical
organizations, and civil society. This section examines
how three of these four are setting the agenda for AI
policymaking, including the legislative and monetary
authority of national governments, as well as think tanks,
civil society, and the technology and consultancy industry.
L E G I S L AT I O N R E C O R D S O N A I
The number of congressional and parliamentary
records on AI is an indicator of governmental interest
in developing AI capabilities—and legislating issues
pertaining to AI. In this section, we use data from
Bloomberg and McKinsey & Company to ascertain the
number of these records and how that number has
evolved in the last 10 years.
Bloomberg Government identified all legislation (passed
or introduced), reports published by congressional
committees, and CRS reports that referenced one or more
AI-specific keywords. McKinsey & Company searched for
the terms “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning”
on the websites of the U.S. Congressional Record, the U.K.
Parliament, and the Parliament of Canada. For the United
States, each count indicates that AI or ML was mentioned
during a particular event contained in the Congressional
Record, including the reading of a bill; for the U.K. and
Canada, each count indicates that AI or ML was mentioned
in a particular comment or remark during the proceedings.1

MENTIONS of AI in U.S. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD by LEGISLATIVE SESSION, 2001-20

Source: Bloomberg Government, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

500 486

Congressional Research Service Reports

400 Committee Reports
Legislation 243
Number of Mentions

300

70
200
149

66
100 173
39
22 17 15 16
4 7 10 8 44
0
107Th 108Th 109Th 110Th 111Th 112Th 113Th 114Th 115Th 116th
(2001-2002) (2003-2004) (2005-2006) (2007-2008) (2009-2010) (2011-2012) (2013-2014) (2015-2016) (2017-2018) (2019-2020)

Figure 7.4.1

1 If a speaker or member mentioned artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) multiple times within remarks, or multiple speakers mentioned AI or ML within the same event, it appears only
once as a result. Counts for AI and ML are separate, as they were conducted in separate searches. Mentions of the abbreviations “AI” or “ML” are not included.

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U.S. Congressional Record

The 116th Congress (January 1, 2019–January 3, 2021) is subcommittees commissioned 70 reports on AI, while
the most AI-focused congressional session in history. The the CRS, tasked as a fact-finding body for members of
number of mentions of AI by this Congress in legislation, Congress, published 243 about AI or referencing AI.
committee reports, and CRS reports is more than triple
Mentions of AI and ML in Congressional/
that of the 115th Congress. Congressional interest in AI
Parliamentary Proceedings
has continued to accelerate in 2020. Figure 7.4.1 shows
As shown in Figures 7.4.2–7.4.5, the number of mentions
that during this congressional session, 173 distinct
of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the
pieces of legislation either focused on or contained
proceedings of the U.S. Congress and the U.K. parliament
language about AI technologies, their development,
continued to rise in 2020, while there were fewer
use, and rules governing them. During that two-year
mentions in the parliamentary proceedings of Canada.
period, various House and Senate committees and

MENTIONS of AI and ML in the PROCEEDINGS of U.S. CONGRESS, 2011-20

Sources: U.S. Congressional Record website, the McKinsey Global Institute, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

140
129

120
120
28

28
Machine Learning
100
Artificial Intelligence 92
Number of Mentions

80 25

60
101
92
40
67
27

20
8 9 23
0 7 1 1 1 6
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 7.4.2

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MENTIONS of AI and ML in the PROCEEDINGS of U.K. PARLIAMENT, 2011-20

Sources: Parliament of U.K. website, the McKinsey Global Institute, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

300
283

37
250

Machine Learning
Number of Mentions

200 Artificial Intelligence 192

183
34

150 138

246

100
179
158
138
51
50

42
7 4 5
0 0 1

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 7.4.3

MENTIONS of AI and ML in the PROCEEDINGS of CANADIAN PARLIAMENT, 2011-20

Sources: Canadian Parliament website, the McKinsey Global Institute, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

40 38
Machine Learning 3
34
Artificial Intelligence

30
Number of Mentions

21
20 18
35
33

21
10
17

0 0 0 0 0 0

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 7.4.4

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C E N T R A L BA N KS
Central banks play a key role in conducting currency and
monetary policy in a country or a monetary union. As
with many other institutions, central banks are tasked
with integrating AI into their operations and relying on
big data analytics to assist them with forecasting, risk
management, and financial supervision.
Prattle, a leading provider of automated investment
research solutions, monitors mentions of AI in the
communications of central banks, including meeting
minutes, monetary policy papers, press releases,
speeches, and other official publications.
Figure 7.4.5 shows a significant increase in the mention
of AI across 16 central banks over the past 10 years,
with the number reaching a peak of 1,020 in 2019. The
sharp decline in 2020 can be explained by the COVID-19
pandemic as most central bank communications focused
on responses to the economic downturn. Moreover,
the Federal Reserve in the United States, Norges Bank
in Norway, and the European Central Bank top the
list for the most aggregated number of AI mentions in
communications in the past five years (Figure 7.4.6).

MENTIONS of AI in CENTRAL BANK COMMUNICATIONS around THE WORLD, 2011-20

Source: Prattle/LiquidNet, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

1,000

800
Number of Mentions

600

400

200 225

0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Figure 7.4.5

2 See Science & Technology Review and Scientific American for more details.

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MENTIONS of AI in CENTRAL BANK COMMUNICATIONS around THE WORLD by BANK, 2016-20 (SUM)
Source: Prattle/LiquidNet, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

Federal Reserve
Norges Bank
European Central Bank
Reserve Bank of India
Bank of England
Bank of Israel
Bank of Japan
Bank of Korea
Reserve Bank of Australia
Reserve bank of New Zealand
Bank of Taiwan
Bank of Canada
Sveriges Riksbank
Swedish Riksbank
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
Central Bank of Brazil

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Number of Mentions
Figure 7.4.6

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U.S. A I P O L I CY PA P E R S
What are the AI policy initiatives outside national and
intergovernmental governments? We monitored 42
prominent organizations that deliver policy papers on
topics related to AI and assessed the primary topic as
well as the secondary topic on policy papers published
in 2019 and 2020. (See the Appendix for a complete list
of organizations included.) Those organizations are
either U.S.-based or have a sizable presence in the United
States, and we grouped them into three categories: think
tanks, policy institutes and academia (27); civil society
organizations, associations and consortiums (9); and
industry and consultancy (6).
AI policy papers are defined as research papers, research
reports, blog posts, and briefs that focus on a specific policy
issue related to AI and provide clear recommendations
for policymakers. Primary topics mean that such a topic is
the main focus of the policy paper, while secondary topics
mean that the policy paper either briefly touches on the
topic or the topic is a sub-focus of the paper.
Combined data for 2019 and 2020 suggests that the topics
of innovation and technology, international affairs and
international security, and industry and regulation are
the main focuses of AI policy papers in the United States
(Figure 7.4.7). Fewer documents placed a primary focus
on topics related to AI ethics—such as ethics, equity and
inclusion; privacy, safety and security; and justice and law
enforcement—which have largely been secondary topics.
Moreover, topics bearing on the physical sciences, energy
and environment, humanities, and democracy have
received the least attention in U.S. AI policy papers.

U.S. AI POLICY PRODUCTS by TOPIC, 2019-20 (SUM)

Source: Stanford HAI & AI Index, 2020 | Chart: 2021 AI Index Report

Innovation & Technology

Int'l Affairs & Int'l Security

Industry & Regulation

Workforce & Labor

Government & Public Administration

Privacy, Safety & Security

Ethics

Justice & Law Enforcement

Equity & Inclusion

Education & Skills

Social & Behavioral Sciences

Health & Biological Sciences

Communications & Media

Democracy Secondary Topic
Primary Topic
Humanities

Energy & Environment

Physical Sciences

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Number of Policy Products
Figure 7.4.7

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APPENDIX
B LO O M B E R G G OV E R N M E N T
Bloomberg Government (BGOV) is a subscription-
based market intelligence service designed to make
U.S. government budget and contracting data more
accessible to business development and government
affairs professionals. BGOV’s proprietary tools ingest
and organize semi-structured government data sets
and documents, enabling users to track and forecast
investment in key markets.
Methodology
The BGOV data included in this section was drawn from
three original sources:
Contract Spending: BGOV’s Contracts Intelligence Tool
ingests on a twice-daily basis all contract spending data
published to the beta.SAM.gov Data Bank, and structures
the data to ensure a consistent picture of government
spending over time. For the section “U.S. Government
Contract Spending,” BGOV analysts used FPDS-NG data,
organized by the Contracts Intelligence Tool, to build a
model of government spending on artificial intelligence-
related contracts in the fiscal years 2000 through 2021.
BGOV’s model used a combination of government-
defined produce service codes and more than 100
AI-related keywords and acronyms to identify AI-related
contract spending.
Defense RDT&E Budget: BGOV organized all 7,057
budget line items included in the RDT&E budget request
based on data available on the DOD Comptroller website.
For the section “U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)
Budget,” BGOV used a set of more than a dozen AI-
specific keywords to identify 305 unique budget activities
related to artificial intelligence and machine learning
worth a combined USD 5.0 billion in FY 2021.
Congressional Record (available on Congressional
Record website): BGOV maintains a repository of
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N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G I E S
congressional documents, including bills, amendments,
bill summaries, Congressional Budget Office
assessments, reports published by congressional
committees, Congressional Research Service (CRS), and
others. For the section “U.S. Congressional Record,”
BGOV analysts identified all legislation (passed or
introduced), congressional committee reports, and
CRS reports that referenced one or more of a dozen AI-
specific keywords. Results are organized by a two-year
congressional session.
LIQUIDNET
Prepared by Jeffrey Banner and Steven Nichols
Source
Liquidnet provides sentiment data that predicts
the market impact of central bank and corporate
communications. Learn more about Liquidnet here.
Examples of Central Bank Mentions
Here are some examples of how AI is mentioned by
central banks: In the first case, China uses a geopolitical
environment simulation and prediction platform
that works by crunching huge amounts of data and
then providing foreign policy suggestions to Chinese
diplomats or the Bank of Japan use of AI prediction
models for foreign exchange rates. For the second
case, many central banks are leading communications
through either official documents—for example, on
July 25, 2019, the Dutch Central Bank (DNB) published
Guidelines for the use of AI in financial services and
launched its six “SAFEST” principles for regulated firms
to use AI responsibly—or a speech on June 4, 2019, by
the Bank of England’s Executive Director of U.K. Deposit
Takers Supervision James Proudman, titled “Managing
Machines: The Governance of Artificial Intelligence,”
focused on the increasingly important strategic issue of
how boards of regulated financial services should use AI.
27

Artificial Intelligence
Index Report 2021
M C K I N S E Y G LO BA L I N S T I T U T E
Source
Data collection and analysis was performed by the
McKinsey Global Institute (MGI).
Canada (House of Commons)
Data was collected using the Hansard search feature on
Parliament of Canada website. MGI searched for the terms
“Artificial Intelligence” and “Machine Learning” (quotes
included) and downloaded the results as a CSV. The date
range was set to “all debates.” Data is as of Dec. 31, 2020.
Data are available online from Aug. 31, 2002.
Each count indicates that Artificial Intelligence or Machine
Learning was mentioned in a particular comment or remark
during the proceedings of the House of Commons. This
means that within an event or conversation, if a member
mentions AI or ML multiple times within their remarks, it
will appear only once. However if, during the same event,
the speaker mentions AI or ML in separate comments (with
other speakers in between), it will appear multiple times.
Counts for Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning are
separate, as they were conducted in separate searches.
Mentions of the abbreviations AI or ML are not included.
United Kingdom (House of Commons, House of
Lords, Westminster Hall, and Committees)
Data was collected using the Find References feature of the
Hansard website of the U.K. Parliament. MGI searched for
the terms “Artificial Intelligence” and “Machine Learning”
(quotes included) and catalogued the results. Data is as
of Dec. 31, 2020. Data are available online from January 1,
1800 onward. Contains Parliamentary information licensed
under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0.
As in Canada, each count indicates that Artificial
Intelligence or Machine Learning was mentioned in a
particular comment or remark during a proceeding.
Therefore, if a member mentions AI or ML multiple times
within their remarks, it will appear only once. However
if, during the same event, the same speaker mentions
AI or ML in separate comments (with other speakers in
between), it will appear multiple times. Counts for Artificial
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Intelligence or Machine Learning are separate, as they
were conducted in separate searches. Mentions of the
abbreviations AI or ML are not included.
United States (Senate and House of
Representatives)
Data was collected using the advanced search feature
of the U.S. Congressional Record website. MGI searched
the terms “Artificial Intelligence” and “Machine Learning”
(quotes included) and downloaded the results as a
CSV. The “word variant” option was not selected, and
proceedings included Senate, House of Representatives,
and Extensions of Remarks, but did not include the Daily
Digest. Data is as of Dec. 31, 2020, and data is available
online from the 104th Congress onward (1995).
Each count indicates that Artificial Intelligence or Machine
Learning was mentioned during a particular event
contained in the Congressional Record, including the
reading of a bill. If a speaker mentioned AI or ML multiple
times within remarks, or multiple speakers mentioned AI or
ML within the same event, it would appear only once as a
result. Counts for Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning
are separate, as they were conducted in separate searches.
Mentions of the abbreviations AI or ML are not included.
U.S. A I P O L I CY PA P E R
Source
Data collection and analysis was performed by Stanford
Institute of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence and AI Index.
Organizations
To develop a more nuanced understanding of the
thought leadership that motivates AI policy, we tracked
policy papers published by 36 organizations across three
broad categories including:
Think Tanks, Policy Institutes & Academia: This includes
organizations where experts (often from academia and
the political sphere) provide information and advice
on specific policy problems. We included the following
27 organizations: AI PULSE at UCLA Law, American
Enterprise Institute, Aspen Institute, Atlantic Council,
Berkeley Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity, Brookings
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Artificial Intelligence
Index Report 2021
Institution, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
Cato Institute, Center for a New American Security,
Center for Strategic and International Studies, Council
on Foreign Relations, Georgetown Center for Security
and Emerging Technology (CSET), Harvard Belfer Center,
Harvard Berkman Klein Center, Heritage Foundation,
Hudson Institute, MacroPolo, MIT Internet Policy Research
Initiative, New America Foundation, NYU AI Now Institute,
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, RAND
Corporation, Rockefeller Foundation, Stanford Institute
for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), Stimson
Center, Urban Institute, Wilson Center.
Civil Society, Associations & Consortiums: Not-for profit
institutions including community-based organizations
and NGOs advocating for a range of societal issues. We
included the following nine organizations: Algorithmic
Justice League, Alliance for Artificial Intelligence in
Healthcare, Amnesty International, EFF, Future of Privacy
Forum, Human Rights Watch, IJIS, Institute for Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Partnership on AI
Industry & Consultancy: Professional practices providing
expert advice to clients and large industry players. We
included six prominent organizations in this space: Accenture,
Bain & Co., BCG, Deloitte, Google AI, McKinsey & Company
Methodology
Each broad topic area is based on a collection of underlying
keywords that describes the content of the specific paper.
We included 17 topics that represented the majority of
discourse related to AI between 2019-2020. These topic
areas and the associated keywords are listed below.
• Health & Biological Sciences: medicine, healthcare
systems, drug discovery, care, biomedical research,
insurance, health behaviors, COVID-19, global health
• Physical Sciences: chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth
science
• Energy & Environment: Energy costs, climate change,
energy markets, pollution, conservation, oil & gas,
alternative energy
• International Affairs & International Security:
international relations, international trade, developing
countries, humanitarian assistance, warfare, regional
CHAPTER 7 PREVIEW
C H A P T E R 7:
A I P O L I CY A N D
APPENDIX
N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G I E S
security, national security, autonomous weapons
• Justice & Law Enforcement: civil justice, criminal justice,
social justice, police, public safety, courts
• Communications & Media: social media, disinformation,
media markets, deepfakes
• Government & Public Administration: federal
government, state government, local government, public
sector efficiency, public sector effectiveness, government
services, government benefits, government programs,
public works, public transportation
• Democracy: elections, rights, freedoms, liberties,
personal freedoms
• Industry & Regulation: economy, antitrust, M&A,
competition, finance, management, supply chain,
telecom, economic regulation, technical standards,
autonomous vehicle industry & regulation
• Innovation & Technology: advancements and
improvements in AI technology, R&D, intellectual
property, patents, entrepreneurship, innovation
ecosystems, startups, computer science, engineering
• Education & Skills: early childhood, K-12, higher
education, STEM, schools, classrooms, reskilling
• Workforce & Labor: labor supply and demand, talent,
immigration, migration, personnel economics, future of
work
• Social & Behavioral Sciences: sociology, linguistics,
anthropology, ethnic studies, demography, geography,
psychology, cognitive science
• Humanities: arts, music, literature, language,
performance, theater, classics, history, philosophy,
religion, cultural studies
• Equity & Inclusion: biases, discrimination, gender,
race, socioeconomic inequality, disabilities, vulnerable
populations
• Privacy, Safety & Security: anonymity, GDPR,
consumer protection, physical safety, human control,
cybersecurity, encryption, hacking
• Ethics: transparency, accountability, human
values, human rights, sustainability, explainability,
interpretability, decision-making norms
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