it isin the ge” (LH Qureshi) the one of the great Muslim reformers, He -Islamic trends and values. A plethora y of the Muslims. Sheikh Ahmed rose toGostructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and ier he devoted most of his time tothe study of Hadi, Taser a phi for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was ae yo become the champion of Islamic vals. twas not until he was 96 years od and joined the NagshbundiaSislah under the discipleship of sof Muslim Society a6 oes" eval movement of Sheikh Ahmad Sihind rusted guns all xs prevaling in Miso-religious sphere ofthe community of Indian the time of Akbar. Religious Hpoume an antithesis of AKba’s Divine Faith and hs Philosphy as reconlble reconciliation with Hinduism and Christianity. ee the Muslims community bad become a victim to a Of Hinduism. ‘The enforcement of Din--Elshi mand tei pits towards Islan. F the Abas concept of sverignty such as Ziad anther ack 10 re of eovercigty of Allah and the practice of poration before the emperor he Islamic concept ofthe supremacy of God. {deologically, the Muslims were diseomét lulteration with socioreligious badly affeetgd_the Muslim land scattered the result ofthese and trends, Under the Hindo was saddening with un-lslamie practices ‘of saints) had developed inthe widespread belief in Karamat (miracles d the people. ‘of developing magical and supernatural me and Sufis of those days openly divided the ference towards the Sunnah. manifested their indi at the Quran and Hath in thir commentrial nd religious knowledge: wend indies and by ting igh poss to Rees power alien to Islam had authenticity of rue Islam, He asked them to sons to preach S mandments of Shariah in thei India and neighboring counts “of all Muslim countries in his ‘and out great stress on tB€ ‘openly denounced ofits sane ieream CHE ent pe. — bE i sid ing tr net einen ret ele rn is Gedavel tat the mystica witht Sara wos misleading and ‘denounced eee ‘lamas who had questioned the authentiity of Shasiah irre alien ctixentes ermmntne otc lars era the myer Fretted the leading nobles nex he emperor nto hs disciplines and through they ae ate santo to Bring about a change inthe Kf of the court. He wa ei cae dndar Rahn Khan Kanam, Kkar-\-Azam, Mfc Atia and Mut Sadar ah tthe time ofdahangi, Shek ALimad was sucessfil to gfe een (o ett g aa jenalng rom the Muslims tha hey would not Obey any orders regoantg Isham. «He persuaded Maslin to adopt simple habits in the Tight of Islam and Sunah revealed the importance of Namaz and fasting. ‘Wahdat-UL-Wajid and Whdat-Ul-Shahud ae Phneophy of Wabdat-u- Wajid was presented by some Suis of ANDAs ee. Thy pelieved that there was no living Aifeence between the man and his crestor God and th ptciaual and God are not separated by eachother, They also advocated that every pate of tha universe represented the presence of God and therefore, the worship of Go's creatures amounted to worship of God ‘Sheikh Ahmad openly negated this Philosophy and declared it as ultra vies tothe ples of slam. He presented his Philosophy of Whdat-ul-Shahud which east that he and creatures wee two different and separate entities. Ahmad aikh Ahmad raised voice agninst the practice of prostration in the court of Jahan ed in the fort of Gwabor but remained confident, After onc year Jasna released him and bonored him tobe his religions advisor. This auspicnns ‘Emperors life according to Shariah. This provided him an opportunity Nation Theory ee point were succesful to attract a large numberof pe this liberal strategy gave rise to the concert of to the separate and distinct national inate of ®* pats and negated the Philosophy of Willis tity of the Muslims: Hem very ster attitude towards Hinds prt juced by Musi a ‘ans ig of ost— teaching of Mujadsa} uring the reign of Aurangret Was afar reaahe . "ching resuit of hig i ™ Movement of Mujada nity. is revival movement Al is Dehls was born on his tte of Wali tah, Rahim, was a sufi and ‘member and teacher of the Madras. ited with the compton oth ene if Shah Wali Ullah received his academic from his father.\e memorized the Holy mystics, metaphyseal oe these mje, he turned his stemion vo he ate He ao sie meine adit, Aer qsoy oe forsa years ef shia n730 rir dass Dre ence by Shei Abu Tain ahi, wnswned soles Sts visretv ies trict w nena em ME writes uiinxette ng eee Deithiccpitics tonthentuatncn nas and Islamic he taught at ‘Delhi in July 1732, the decline in Mughal fortunes had started. religious conditions ofthe Muslims were very ‘eauses Tor the decline ofthe Muslims, but also pointed tha the various problems Muslims faced were due He, therefore, personally trained number ors indulged in loxurious ie. df anaFehy ail over thei omination in the sul ately studied these entered in Bengal and Deco ‘Services rendered by Shab Wali Ullah ByrSjer ll enilgr= Se ptfors for preserving Mustimn rule in eles Aor the weakening of usin PW Ma rthas woul cape the the of De fain the subcontinent seamed er Fall Ullah wrote 0 igen kins, Ahmed Shalh Abdali to prestanlyAhmed Shah Abdall crushed i Marathas in the third battle o Te in the sub-continent was saved from imminent collapse. _ Translation of Holy Quran cena ental task he performed was to translate the Quan Tm, abje to Palsian a poten Whe Mls tat cme nna is am wes Whi anion access tothe Quran without depending on ire scholars who had samedi eformatory measures. The shor sighted ulema gaye and wanted to ill him Ser er sting the Quran ‘rom Arabic to Persian but he continued wih is ak oer ed Ths task was eppedatdao much so thatthe Quran i translated to many languages. Conciliation between Muslims DN Sek wal Uiah seized due necessity of Musi solidarity ata very critical ja ro. For this purpose he tried to eliminate shigssunnizxalry He wrote ivalat a BL» mtive howtiity between shia and suinnis. Secondly, he also tried to reconcile strands of Suism. ‘Ullah and fjtehad ‘lah was a firm believer of the institution of Ijtehad. He considered [itehad use each age presents new problems and new situations which were » Tawmakers of bygone days. But he also believed that ljtehad is a” should only be performed by well versed theologians. Inks wath discussed in detail the intellectual and scholastic requirement of teh —— : Walli Ullah asic cause of wealth is labour and labourers and fare nbling and profligacy centers should be wiped ot ealth distribution and it cannot guarantee neve of wealth in a minor fraction of the sociesTH Tabour For county and nation deserve the and prosperity is synonymous 0 th jer argued that a system tht ‘as the biggest threat to the Muslim itis per the outer loo ans thatthe other wan beings ase-ols for considereS an tal moe a ES eres ihoe a IBN 1 Falaneebetween Four Schools ofThought “(jz tail He wrote ALIngaf Fi Bayan Saliab Al Ikhtilaf jg order to ereate a balance between the fou ‘schools; Hanafi — Hanball Shaft and Malike ng the He was also opposed to limiting, the one To call he mien of power that of « manager of an endowment and tniversality ofthe applications ofthe injunctions ofthe Holy Quran. Crusade Against Sectarian ‘The entire Muslim community was rift from top to bottom the poles grouped themselves into Turani and Srani parties ~ which were euphemisms and citizen also were affected. Shab Walillah tried to wipe out differences based on religious convictions. He wrote Tzala-u- Khifa and Rhilafat-e-Khulafat to remove misunderstandings between h and Sunnis Fan fom hit religous services, Shah Wall provided leadership ote Muss in the eek He came outwith is reat wisdom a forsght to eet pola awakening panne Muslims of tnd, The ie of Marhata and Sikhs ad posed serions problems to the teeta ralers The Mughal rolers were no more ina postion to withhold the supremacy of aan aun rae which was gravely jeopardized by the emergence of Mathatas and Sikhs aan ener monchtatin ort: Marhaltas raided Del the capital ofthe Mughal Empire, The Markttas wanted to crash the Moi ule forme. Maat Watatah came up to tackle hs precarious situation le he gy ootieed hat ithe Manatee ve nt checked fete he pia pve of Msi wold appear Met sone tothe noble Msi leaders and informed them of the crt Nae eee se the heed of the Mughal re He asks for mitary asta and was Bae cme asim lender sound He eventual won rer Nabe-Deola raja gains Sarhatss Sear cht ere uals ah The reser ereimeutl he Marhattas, Shah Waliullah, therefor, looked towards ‘Ahmad Shab Abdali who Le eating dete on Marat ot the hire of Palen aap ah oer dpsed yr raf ann nt ritual regeneration did not die with Shah ical as wel as 5 cof politieal orth disciplines and successors strove for Sh Aa Shh Ab A eo a a ed heal of ‘Wali Ullah was responsible for tlory. The movement for socio ad lasting impacts on Muslim community Hes of the same struggle. Shab Ulesire to win back its lost ah Wali Ullal F Islam, and the first Muslim thinker to say that people can get rid of extremism, by fellowing the5, but di ‘know about the Islamic system of economic and socal justice. as Shah Waialah was not only an interpreter ofthe Holy Quran and Hadith, but as Se lelepaatenpemed of teaghings of Tala in the 18th Centyzye The western philosophers defined eShomic ye circulation of capital or return of capital and focus on profit ony ina capitalist economy top e/ ‘Shah Waliullah defined economies as relation between the needs of man and the resources avilable, The thoughts of Western philosophers WETETNITET only to THE MMETTTicin tire mankind, but the philocophy of Shah Waliulah emphasized the evolution of spiritual an ‘moral vues as well. (Allama Iqbal) Sayyid Ahmed Brelvi was bor in November 1g82 in Rai Bare, a town in Alaa father Sayyid Mohammad Irfan was a pious snd religious man. n. He began his career as 2 ‘sawar in the army of Nawab Amir Khan who later founded the State of Tonk. In that ese ‘Muslims of India were facing downfall atthe hands of the British Sikhs, and indus aftr sich lorious past. Mindful of these circumstances, he launched his struggle against the enemies of Islam. His main struggle was agninst the Sikhs of the Punjab who were becoming bigast ‘hindrance inthe way of survival of Islam in Punjab and North Frontier regions of Inds. Hs in aim was to establish a Muslim state in Peshawar region but his dream could oo after his martyrdom in Balakot region in a battle against Sikhs. He was the itor Jad movement or Mujahedeen Movement against Sikhs. He was a follower of Sih ‘son of great Muslim reformist Shah Wallllah, of Jihad Against Sikhs 9d was extremely dismaved to see the decline ofthe Muslims in their linus ants, He eamestly desired to see the restoration ofthe suprems of Ahmad, Punjab was rule by the Sikh ruler Ranjeet Singh who wi pot. The Muslims heavily suffered under his rule and were del ‘The NWEP had aso fallen into Sikh regime. The tol Azan was foridden in mosques along with Maulana Ismail Shaheed! and Ns He returned after two years and numberof followers on his return ‘were liberated from sikhs, the Musee Punjab to start his Jihad mover 00 followers to-march rom Rae BY had agains! SIRS ter He eis hen alrenee Rls, Ec Movemet Chapter 22 son Suocessful mission and heavy loses were intl a inflicted upon Sikh forces. Mujahideen fought as ipvapattleat Hazo which oo was ret ses ‘his Jihad movement go immense po nse popularity Many Pathan chit joined Syed Ahmad ab and took an oth of llegiance at the land of Syed Ahmad. Yar abammad the Goverot Sfrehavae ao jin ved Abed ut ter imlein a conspay gaint Syed.Amod and fast poison hm. Ultimately he joined Sikhs apnint Syed She. He was le in 18290 fpencoanter with Majahidecn, Syed Ahmad set out for Kashmir and Peshawar. French General saved Peshawar Syed ‘uma, rnced Hazara and tacked Sikh foes Dut this assault was repulsed, Syed Ahmad Amatacked Peshaar and ocupied in 30 forcement of Shariah star sesupving Peshawar Syed Ahmad pai attention towards introduction of Shariah. set Aad vas dere Kiif. The establishment of se goverment rence ingens site He intoced socal reforms in November 183; Syed Ahmad withdrew fom befor of Sultan Muhammad Khan who promised to pay fixed amount to te deen of Balakot oa apishing Peshawar Syed Ahmad went o Basket where they were staked PS ony with sophisticated weapons under the commitment of General Si Singh. Syed email and many other laid their I tng, The Jihad movement did not ‘Sahib, Butt greatly lacked the lendershi. | | | ives while f Bed oan, one ofthe axhitecs of modem India was bors o8 October 17 ard scar asa vl serent-ocameto theres oth ‘co-teligionists Tad when the its unleashed a wave of vengeance ans mee atocies ofthe Brith, the Muslims were ov of the mainstream fe and educational developmen. At tis cre! unetins ir Syed ttf the Muslims continued to keep themselves ely absorbed by the Hind ir and despondencys the Muslin comanunity of hemseves, had fied to ratize the fc metfene, ean er acacience an ering He Ene ree of progress and prosperity forthe British movement for regeneration of the Fndian jeval ane to.8 modern one ney in the ‘commit Sir Syed launched his attempts to India, He was convinced that the that mankindhapten? __dediony of ektan Mustin Rein The Seon Sir Syed ‘of ideas ‘Syed could see the fate ofa deterred nation who failed to gain independence by fighting ‘war. He proposed an alternative in the form of "Trinity of Ideas’ which carried three principles salvation forthe Musi of British India Aloofness from Polities Dedication to Education Loyalty to the Britain Sir Syed's Services for the Renaissance of Muslims Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the founder of Aligash Movement which checked the decline ‘of the Muslims in political, social, educational and economic spheres. He devoted his whole lie for the renaissance of his co-religionsts and succeeded in pulling them out of the depths of guorance and backwardness, His services can be summed up as under: Sir Syed's social services- Sir Syed's Educational Service ir Syed's Political Services Syed’ religions services tore than one ways Sir Syed was one ofthe greatest social reformers and a ret der of modem India, He began to prepare the road map for the fxmation ofa hy tring vious scons He niu Suen Say ines male > ble to Indians in their own language, 860) and_sveee in slim Society. In face of great opposition, Sir Sed But another journal “Ighibul Akblag) which was righty sumed in Reformer: ins ofthe Sub-continent should get an honourable poston in this purpose he not only opened many schools but ao omphan Musi chien Ia ie forthe betterment of his eommunty rd from being faded away and replaced by mn of Urda and gavea new tone and evr he sshich worked forthe protection of Ur le-Kitab in which the principles and By Tis magazine i Sed wrote in He gave references rom Bis boner 2 ty for Muslims i vate Init a xj stands out sia aaaa nt, both material and intellectual Sen Peisrin ‘The Aligarh movement: a giant step towards reformation of Muslims o eo fof the cours Keoping in view this, he instituted ll India Muslim Jived the sprit of Muslims at national level. The BF motivated thé Muslims 10 help open a nurmber_of educational the frst ofits kind institute in India, which awakened{he Muslims ‘and infused social and politcal awareness among them. ye all Problems modern knowledge amongst the Muslims, Sir Syed Miveation. His educational movement was launched in ed that unless Muslims learn modern education the administrative and political system which Hed and they will be left behind and pushed to equip themselves and qualify they will not be Inot be able to compete with the other that would give modern the modern The British and onlychapter 22 tang fais, Musi flen Te Scontnn, Movements fo Rfems, vee Mover _ aie Seley Jaana, air Syed established sciontifie society which translated modern work ftom t ake ih fo Ur and Pes jour called he Alga ae os Ph i oop aka mars, The jour WS Puhed in both English and Ueda ty foster beter understanding. M.A.O College stl Sghoo! at Aligarh in 3875, which was ‘Sir Syed established Muhammadan Anglo fiven the status of college in 1877. Medium of instruction at college was English and ‘trrculum was western. But at the same time, both Arabic language and_religios Snaijtion were compulsory subjects. M.A.O College was elevated to the sus of ‘university in 1920. ype ‘Due fo the educational services rendered by sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the times of London VF called him Prophet of education”. a “Political Services sir Syed Ahmed Khan rendered meritorious political services in order to defend the ‘ofthe Muslims. After the War of Independence 1857, sir Syed compiled a pamphlet Recala-iAsbab-e-Baghawat-iHind, in which he explained to the British that the fms were not the only force betind the war of 1857. He concluded that the reasons behind jaunderstanding of the people about the rulers and maladministration by the ss and grievance of the people Government's unawareness of the condition ere contrary 10 the situation and finally promulgation of regulations which w ple fueled the fire and led to rebellion y for Indi: e that itwasa quently, he asked the Muslims to desist taking part in its eparate electorate for the Muslims in order to protect the ighlighted his views in this regard-ina speech in tion means the representation of the views and "Addressing a big eathering at Tblong toa country other feremated o its Ghats? ps is but a religousChapter 22 sub-continent who used th Manguage, he pronounced that the Hindus and The Mushims vith different interests. After learning bitter lesson from the Find the conclusion that both the communities could not work together. His speech delivered in 1886, in which he said, "The system of the representation of the views and thoughts ofthe majority of like India where caste distinctions still exist, where there is no ‘where religous differences are still violent, where education an equal or proportionate progress among all setions of the the introduction of the principles ofthe election pure or simple Ginteress in the local boards and district councils would be fa book, "Life of Muhammad of (PBUHY" and ff Islam. Sir Syed tok frequent notices of his Kutat--Ahmadiyah in wiicly he ga losophicl style and explained the sents political leader of the roth miglory and to achieve it it to « definite position principles of I theory which injected uslims and foughteset uteri oe cational atm forthe Maine kc hee taal cold Beko they cond be ented pret th ah ad check ie Chan miso sng oC Boer ie is ri the foundation stone was laid of ‘Madarsa Arbi’ on 30. in smal town of Doban inthe Northns ndan Sate of lar Panes Th Abi liter beame nina Danton Etablishment of Darul Uloom Deoband pole Darl som Deoband was founded en Mayo, 1867 nthe Sarr disco Brovines in nda sounds were Mavlana Qui Naot Maulana Fazlr Rehman and ‘Maulana Zalfigar Ali-The beginnings were humble and the Darul Aloom started as @ small} (seminary). — of Daral Uloom Deoband ‘The founders of Deoband were isp by Shab Wal La ais works were tet Bepepounded the teaching Hane sso raph Doon foved the Mal iwhich was established by Sheikh Abdul Rahim (father of shah wali ullah). The syllabus Scholars of Deoband ‘of the renowned scholars of deoband were: Rashid Ahmed Gangoohi ervative Islam where young men ofa religious turn of mind and other traditional disciplines, aral Uloom produced mullahs who were skill in the expounding the orthodoxies of their particular ts and developments even in Islam, ‘was one of the fundamental belies ofthe school tantamount toa compromise with heres tes of deoband kept them aloof and isolated educated in secular schoolsand jnand English and western education p to ten years prio t te ritual leader) and his xs, gather independenceTn 1919 AD Ni pupil, Majd Goreme, He incited evolution throug» sche sr owever, the scheme failed and al-Hasan and his followers were Me TAD, aasan was returned from exe in Malt. His group, Jamas lama, re jd Husain Ahmad Madan, Kifyatulah Dehav,Fakhrud-Deon 9° ‘and later shih i Hahibur-Ralman vieiue Raina, AtequRahman Usman, Minna, ery ia a autre Mivan Deora ined wih the Indian Nation OnE 1026 aan AD, graduates ofthe schoo ale for Indian idenendene Samiatul-Ulan8 AD psn Cacia and Peshawsh, Madan opponed the sussSicT Or the All-ndia Muslim se arte prion of India slong sisavan Ties, He abo axdvoeated_ democratic A pent th elgionsrestoms and tolerance Ss =e aap December 1929 AD, Majla-e-Ahrar-u-tslam. penbandl pola party was founded. Lone. Dub, The fo 1 conservative Sunni Muslim i nding members of the party Desa iy Ata a, Sy Ata Ula Sha Baka Maula TDF TS Ladhianvi eae Al Adin Saslaa Zafar Al Khan and Dawond Ghaznae THe D8 gathered from the urban lower-midale ass. vipép AD, Kan Avil Ghafar Khan, the Fastun independence oS addressed Pe ochot wa oi "hove hd eatin wits DarlUloom Fis the Nar oe jana Makmood Hasan was lve Sting ere we used to Take Bane the sr aon ovement ao how we might drive aay the English ORT country. and how a peek of every oE HIRI. Tis itunes mae feet forthe freedom ofthis county ; zi ‘and Aligarh Movement ° ee a peatand, mms after its inception did nt = 55 with the obec rr ofthe Alguh. Alar Movement adored Ye Pol of Te a the Decband sresed on the rious eapeets Of OME ae neath pole of econeiaion wit tbe ritih-The spies siya widened the gal between the two anhortis, MAH Muhammad 9 Seas yninent. personaly of Deckan_bad_somalned_ cass 4 SP nT shar diflerences on the poll matters of he coun os Se jon atively foght against the British and for Somes set aren areas, On the other hand Sir Syed, who was ative during ch He adopted the reconeliatory posture simply protection and revival ofthe Muslims after war. alms to Keep themselves away from the congress pois Mm The ai-Britsh tide was a mashed etre sable of eooperation tothe British, The leaders and re Aapects ofthe Muslims and belived that the vaepoms eo that they could easily combat the 1. Aligach movement was their ‘on the western and English in objective was to prepare aepter22 Buneh of Hadonts well quipped in the western ale of education. On the ‘908 a seat of Islamic and religious learning, tad stress on religous disciplines. The p tension between the two institutions could not be lessened il 1947. This Talo any controversies but, the esibishment OF a cea Tatton, combining the features of twp movements and imparting of education fn religious and western Ge did have health and unifying effect. Conclusion Deoband movement contributed greatly to preserve Islamic ital, customs an same nationalism but neglected the contemporary modera education. Although, in domain of religious, ed aly, Ht became largest sonjnary in India. Howe, syllabus failed 10 moet the roquTTeTens ofthe contemporary er NADWATULULEMA, LucKNoy ae a Mute was esublished“n 8oaKanpus(Onaniztion of Scholars") by Ast Al Timo Mahl tse aed Sul Noma Nadi esha taco in 88 ge a oan fr Bape cu pom toaienal ass I tien coe neat Encl Thatta vasinteelio be Purpose of Foundation = Se Re tng hc cater of fncpents, Nese ot rosea SAEs cF Rite a) Sed lina lenge evel ied wih SR ate pramcicn ot sluious Vode, ‘wot wll wed SN pa ate ort ts venoes cance ditrenas, The Nas gh RRP ak cre on acpereting re pti acy a ste MR Meets is tom fo an otferves, The cablahnen means Wey Hate i te wonton. A age numberof phil it See tc. sts of Nadwah SO a ir we vere to i taory ant SeeeOmPMatoah es rte rary megains pasa oyna a Bimal fol Nava, ch pred sre Spatial elerh'theicituon rendered nvaluaie si to accomplish its desired aim, yet its serviees for eligion are immense.t produced renowned scholars and