DocuMENT ResuRe ED 024 953 AL O01 665 By- Hanna, Sami Ai Greis, Naguib Introducing Literary Arabic: Preliminary Edition. Utah Univ. Salt Lake City. Pub Date 68 Note 245p. EDRS Price MF-$1.00 HC-$12.35 Descriptors: *Arabic, Composition Skils (Literary *Cultural Background Folk Culture, Glossaries: Grammar, Idioms. Instructional Materials. *Language Instruction, Literature, Pattern Dnills (Language) *Readng Materials, Textbooks, Vocabulary Identifiers- Classical Arabic. Formal Style, *Literary Arabic This 15-unit, linguistically oriented text 1s designed for two semesters’ work in formal Arabic for the student who has completed one or more semesters of semi-intensive study equivalent to the related texts “Beginning Arabic” (ED 012 916) and “Writing Arabic” (ED 011 110) by the same authors. The material is carefully graded. Vocabulary and grammatical structures used in the earlier volumes are expanded in the formal context. Significant social. religious, and geographical material is used as the content, culminating in selections from well known literary sources. Lessons include structure drills, vocabulary arranged according to word function, reading selections, conversations, exercises, paradigms, useful expressions and idioms, and composition practice Explanatory notes draw attention to grammatical points, and the setting for dialogues and reading passages. An Arabic-English glossary concludes the volume. (MK)by “. SAMI A. HANNA) NAGUIB GREIS Middle East Studies Center si Midalle, East. Suifies, Copter ; ‘University of Utab . Portland: Sere Colleges z ine tas 1968 U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PPERSOM OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS = STATED DO HOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSTION OR POLICY. vouPreliminary Edition Copyright 1968, by Sami A, Hanna and Naguib Greis ani A a aun BY, Pew TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING ‘UNDER AGMEEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER.” No part of this book may be reproduced or copied in any form without written permission from the authors. EDU24953 University of Utah Printing Service Salt Lake City, UtahINTRODUCTION It is often maintained that Arabs use one form in speaking (e.g. rath Cliithe has gone") and another in writing og, @ os) Ged he has gone"), The gap detween the spoken and the written has led many teachers to the view that the form of Arabic to be taught to foreigners should be either the formal "1, SEiI" op the colloquial " fall." Anything else is considered as undesirable mixing of levels. This point of view should be carefully examined in the light of our goals in teaching Arabic at the beginning stage, Is the student to learn the collo~ quial only end as a result have no access to the formal? tr is he to concentrate on the formal and thus have no knowledge of the actual speech of native speakers? Tt is our contention that any realistic approach consistent with modern concepts in Linguistics end language teaching must take into consideration the role of cultivated speech in the continuity of language, This cultivated speech consists of words and expressions that constitute a conmon core, And at the beginning stage it is not the gap but rather the common core that should be emphasized, It is this common core that provides the foreign learner with the basis for further study of the language. Thus while the student is aware of the functional varieties he is prepared to proceed smoothly in the study of language. Starting with the spoken is the natural beginning, Furthermore, experience has shown its considerable appeal at the beginning stage which, undoubtedly,is the most crucial, It is the stage which may hellp the student develop his interest in the language or it may fill him with frustration and dis+ continue its study, In Beginning Arabic the student is introduced to cultivated spoken Arabic, At the came time through Writing Arabic he is gradually acquainted with the writing system of contemporary Arabic in its colloquial and formal varieties, The two volumes may be covered in one term of semi~intensive study (i.e, about 5 hours per week), By the time he finishes these two volumes he should have mastered the basic sound and writing systems in addition to a grammatical core to prepare him for the next step. In the present volume this step is taken to acquaint the student with modern formal literary Arabic, The emphasis is on the formal whether ic is a letter, description, or dialogue, But, as in Beginning Arabic, the same basic principles are followed, namely, gradation, repetition, and continuity, ‘Thus many of the vocabulary terms and expressions previously used in the spoken are reinforced by being used again in a formal context. However, while the spoken usually refers to a specific dialect center (e.g, Cairene) the formal refers to a broader environment so that the student moves from a « pecific cultural center to other Arab centers, With this view in mind, the cultural content has been carefully con- sidered in the structure of the units, Eleven of the units deal with significant cultural aspects: religions (e.g. a Koranic chapter), social (e.g, visit to Damascus and Beirut), or geographical (e.g, Arab c-antries end capitals), ‘The last four units are adapted selections from well-known iistories and folk literature, For example, one autobiogra’. ical passage describes the changing Arab culture and one interesting story from the Arabian Nights depicts Arab sense of humor, Like the cultural content the grammatical content is based on what has been covered in the spoken, Basic sentence patterns and verb forms are gradually introduced and consistently reinforced, To help master the grammatical core structural drills of the straight and progressive - substitution and transformation types are included before and after the main text, For full grammatical explanations the student is referred to the Grammar Appendix. An important assumption is that mastering the language can be most effectively achieved through s-ructural drills rather than grammatical rules. : Vocabulary is also carefully controlled to allow greater concentration on basic structures, One related feature that is emphasized is the use of idioms, This, we feel, is more helpful than simply listing synonyms and defini tions. Introducing Literary Arabic may be used independently to start literary Arabic, But it can be more helpful if used as a third volume based on the other two: Beginning Arabic and Writing Arabic, The material has been used by the authors to cover the work of two terms (5 hours per week), As we have already said all three volumes have been designed to deal with the first stage in learning modern Arabic in both its spoken and formal varieties, We are avare of the limitations of the book and of the controversies it may arouse, In fact we appreciate any constructive criticism, But we hope and indeed believe that the effort represents a step forward in theright direction by applying linguistic concepts and techniques in the teaching of Arabic as a living language. Special thanks must go to Arabian American Oil Company for furnishing the beautiful photographs which appear in this edition, ivI UNITUNIT I ie ou, DRILL PATTERNS Repeat aloud the following patterns? ‘VOCABULARY a, Nouns name, noun girl boy mosque church wel dye Let Bob WAL ahs Wl Ge uw rad aya SN Plural Singular wl 1 oyt ay ag lis remascountry vu aly (refers to single countries) city ees b, Antonyms . mall slag (2) oh? niger olf (2) ed new 35S (2) Wat oa) US (eyed ugly id beautiful Jee little, few Jas many ,much oS c. Prepositions inyat fo from a, Interrogative Particles what ue where onl do, is, are, were (yes or no question) nas e. Responses yes yO no y f, Conjunction and (This particle should be written with 3 the following word as one unit.) @ The adjective py. refers to, things but the plural may, refer to people; eB. y 1 *L; 4a)! "The Ancient Egyptians". Be ose To refer to humans a6 old, use 4S 6g. Denonstratives this (ne. Vas tnis (£.8.) re these (m.,f.) nbs he Personal Pronouns he ‘go they (m,) she ce they (2) I ui they (dual) you (n.6.) J you (@ual m.) you (f.5.) etl you (dual £.) we jf you (a,pl.) you (2.ph) THE SETTING A group of students from different Arab their names, their hone towns, -nd their countries to an American boy and an American girl, dee tel NSE gtd B45 etal tet tl countries introducewWliypy x bb Sle gut Ly Sat ole oe bb om el bb QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS cme Me Sjle law tee wy Une sie Bol odie om ee Sate ye ae der Bee ye eo Tok ye side Je —e sok oe om pet tlip ow ier deo sl Pe Tok oe or JBI eaeNow look at the pictures and listen. CONVERSATION Fede — 4 eS oi» Sea elie y + ey eae oye pee = £ role pipe ge foiisle — o sg ode feta pwede eee ebay GB ee pt sete Sle pt Ul tech, a ptt eo thor peu set, VS Ut FBS Gl Saeed Yl yo UT — dleCesta Uae Waar ae Nia gaia wa Je epi ww YL Olin DE iS Byte gh epi ee Fae Bede Snails rap Ur Eye em ps — le pecs tegen seecereesaae ce eg smaucture Parerns ‘) Verbless Sentences a, subject + predicate Tis is a city. peer ua This is a beautiful city, diet byw This is the city, Biya! Ge sie This is the beautiful city. ahes/! al ge ede b, subject-predicate defined with ?al- or grammatical equivalent The city is beautiful, diet By all Beirut is beautiful, “ed eye The city of Beirut is beautiful, “ile oy? Say te () (2) mis pattern is called "construct", For more on it see lesson I in your textbook, See Units II and III in Beginning Arabic by the same avthors, -e-This city is beautiful. Bes A) ode This is the city of Beirut, ey ye ade c. demonstrative pronoun + indefinite predicate This is a city. (f.s.) diye sin This is a mosque. (m.s.) hal Ne This is a student. (m.s.) YN tae Mese are atudents, (m.pl.) 256k ews These are mosques, (in.pl.) Salus ode 4, agreement in -nimher and gender This is a beautiful mosque, This is a beautiful city. These are beautiful cities, Wie Ge oe Miese are old students, (m.) LS Hylb ope These are beautiful atudente, (f.Ehes Glib sige (More about the plurals will come later.) es agreement in being definite eal ode This city. (demonstrative + noun with JI )a,4J) sin The beautiful city, (both forms have J1 Viljesd\ diy ual! (D mis pattern may be considered a, a sentence: This is the city; or b. a demonstrative + noun: This city, To avoid ambi guity the sentence pattern is often signalled by the insertion of the independent pronoun: "This is the city." ai4J) paisContrast: The city of Beirut is beautiful, The beautiful city of Beirut. ‘EXERCISES 1, Choose the correct words which agree with each of the following demonstratives: *Y $ ——p ceiestie Bole ae ws aie Sle ea ely See yw 2, Add the definite article to the above patterns and make complete sentences, Make constructs as in given pattern, ; -10-ok ely oll ls ola! ot 4, Make complete sentences, Te5. Use pronominal suffixes, a we ai phi & eo ll Al) Byok alt ett ce Sty -12-UNIT? IUNIT It BALI 3s DRILL PATTERNS Repeat aloud the following patterns: ot Vie Subs caged * Yee Ilias pl TaN poy! paraty dened) Lad aay adLall VOCABULARY a, Function Words before - after “ae 5 US -15-there - here with, by to, for to, at ed at, by the time of we in 3 with ee b, Idioms there are students auth dlis by bus on lh by the door, at the door el ae at noon el aes BY on Friday dee pa God is almighty (2) “St c. Nouns Plural Singular aay os shoe (2) a Dares rear eee (a) One-letter particles are joined to the following word, A phrase used to start a prayer. Notice that the Arabic singular form is used to denote a shoes; similarly, 4\-sis a pair of glasses, and 5LB is a pair of gloves, -16-eae! tes! oe the people ol home, house eae con prayer ele aL. the Holy ‘Koran rol oT door ott ey Iman 2) ia ple} a. Verbs (Jlesl) Perfect g0 f ad take off ww sit dom joe | stend up, stop Ga Ss; hese ie oe | ride easy oS ear ci cnt Gods a ne ee pind CO Sometimes written alle , especially in the Koran. (a) Muslin religious leader or preacher who leads the people im prayer in the mosque, -17-: ic prayer \ I f enter be (was, is) . kk = u a ce say to VERB PATTERNS Verb-Subject Agreement: If the verb precedes the subject, it is singular and agrees in gender, If it comes after the subject, it agrees in both gender and number, ae Feminine Masculine pug ks at E85 Yas Weis Bus ; age EL es BLS ast Substitute for the above verbs:¢)S b. Antonyms to leave, go out oS to enter os | to retun “ME ESS to ¢0 45 to wear, put on (yuyJ to take off we | to stend up = ah Sy to sit GLE -18-PARADIGMS a Verbs with a /fathe/on the middle radical in the perfect which changes to a/kasre/ in the imperfect Inperfect Perfect fer beet you sat (m.s.) os you sat (f,5.) Sel 35 he sat Jol spony to: t33 ay AS Verbs with/fatha/on the middle radical of the perfect which changes to /aanme/ in the imperfect: glédt Z went owt apd you went out (m.5.) oe you went out (£.5,) Keegeees he went out aes wt Apply tot janes a Verbs with /fathe/on the middle radical of the perfect which remains /faths/in the imperfect: -19-he went Ged he opened es . Apply to: yct gs Al 4, Verbs with /damme/ cn the second radical of the perfect which retain the same vowel in the imperfect: pra! pall to grow up FS rans 2a te coe to be nice Ce oe e. Verbs with /kasre/m the second radical of the perfect which changes to /fatho/ in the imperfect: ple wlll : put on, wear gaa aan | hear eed — | ce ape “yk | s be happy Oe co f, Verbs beginning with change into y in the imperfect with /kasze/ on the second radical:stand up, stop ux oy find is arrive eet Ley PASSAGE Cultural Note: Friday noon is the time when Muslims go to the mosque, In the Arab countries, Friday is a holiday and working days of the week start on Saturday, oe ep eo pel gee seal Ge sll edewet Vie Gil de es Ge pe ol gg dln oes cea SI Hoel OS Mp LEN ye eS snl FOS, DLA whee! DLal bees YL ws aes etl te gh DLA LE wee te tel ol Gas ple Gay Vie tiny oy S Tal ott gus Si ati pat SLs ein -21- r—“‘CO‘CCCOC‘iCO*CNcom WL yt, pov gl si otr sed ge GLU os deed! De ay dk oS LN ety He ee Sls og oS LDN, Se LU Ae BL yy I the ey LI sel ay EXERCISES ows Make similar sentences using the words in the columns, Imperfect Perfect spell oe GR Ws mall ge Ya Glu! ted ye Gell pte ge oll Ect Webi, tee, Bob sooty eng oe pl Make similar patterns, spe) GT) ea QoL Wyle isc dan oat -22-Moke patterns with J JL3. Examples: (notice word order) He said this to me, Vie Y JL He said it to me, gv als Substitute other pronouns: He said it to her. She said it to them, They said this to him, QUESTIONS Taped YF oF oO —) TOL eS Qe Ly Forint! Gil time Gas GS —¥ folie aw Wb —¢ sae eo BL. pS 0 $3de ee oyFOLEY wll Gy ye —y fl GR ol A Spe US pele! ol up etinc! ced de 4 fell g oD Le ow - 1 ~24-IIT ane = 25 -UNIT IIT pew oe DRILL PATTERNS Repeat aloud the following patterns: Sek pe Nae Bela gi i ph gol ol pol ol DEB Bel se a ab ead > pled Ijliey ath Xioey VOCABULARY a. Verbal Nouns ( yyLas ) and Verbs (Jail) Nouns: Verbs: arrival — Jys to arrive des riding 3s of to ride oy entering oo to enter ass going out gps to go out ae 26 -ts retuning go) going es a4 going up gpl eight bs going dom yx ry) @rinking Gy question Jip saying Js fear as welcome Gye introduction, , , definition knowledge 2s service, & introducing Other Nouns language men airplane camel to to to to to to to to to to return go go up look at ( go down drink ask say be afraid weleome (4) Coy to introduce (4) Gp someone dae to know bas az to serve, ait to offer Plural ele Jie, els Jl ~27-bus Lae aneg! coffee (sometimes refers to café) family etl / yaa family pyramid eltelypl oi watch, clock, one-half, % three Thursday Friday car elu Prepositions to to, for with at, by, at the place of by, with after (as a preposition) Conjunctions and Connectives then ~28 - oe! 250 when ty after (as a conjunction) Aes e. Taiona he welcomed her he introduced her to his friends he introduced her to his friends he offered her coffee FASSASE pe ae Eyl ab oy Kay! Hb SL BU, icy 3 BW GI Ge he de wages Eb Ch es py leg ety yb! se dle ayob eas ol) wl Ces, yy sai Te Sy Bol WES Slay gol G ab ow vite BP a iy ele! Sle ew ot aS te pe LF ae SS ape I Oey Wylie ble Gee say sLle itll -29-v3 Jleny Ula ple ae oS pl etl PUL JB yet aa Ge yk ol Pp Sues 7 ta WILE YS LI" maa Gy pe I one coe pe Mae reget GIL een Le OSs eA pp lies pak poe Mies ome BG ee LES ty Oke UL wens 4S GS a oy by vd ane ghby edt yb Ly Eb ys be th at ge eee Lb oe og WB les aye Wed ep wt LS pw veal gl QUESTIONS faye Dye Je) Sielal Gey wy Shp ayot ET 1b oy icogueceeecetaseees Spl yl bees yee 390 -Sa ppd pet by P15 fea See oe Gt fed Way GS 4. Fea UI yl Gt dey CONVERSATION Beal rll ge ese — Rob Cpe yee | gree ates ggg tig gt nt ass SLT ple yg de —d la Gaal yg GL Yao Paes) gal ale Va ela go STRUCTURE PATTERNS He arrived at Cairo, BelLat M Jeey He arrived at Cairo, Bela Juss He returned home, cdl GI ey He returned home, cod peay -31-He said to him, He welcomed him, He kmew or recognized him, He introduced him to the family, He became afraid of the camel, He asked about... He offered him... ‘The three took the bus, ‘The three took the bus, At noon. iby i ae Bg At the pyramids... pe ats NEGATIVE PATTERNS (Notice the use of the imperfect verd after “J .) He did not ride the camel, ea US He rode the camel, Sess) US; The girl did not climb the pyramid, 5p) caiglt gli pi The girl climbed the pyramid, pr) Sad eld We did not go to Egypt. jie Uy Oe We went to Egypt, a l Gis =92-STRUCTURE DRILLS fi as pt Mh bet HS oe) —— fet M, dun! pel My dew! —o ut a eye, of dle ey bly ee se aes Seeceeee ee — —— * ce Sly —— gy puaunasain eae daeameoasep iat) a eae of Ula thee Gite Ll-y eS ee ceeceeeecee erg eeeceecere JUIN enesoyer 7) ee GL ee pia 2 ay ol. eile Ut a ocdls tLe cls yee Sse cece eer Hed les ccgh o ro eo oe =93 -feel elie blog peer eee Dim eyes cel ee eee Syl Lye —_ REEL EH Sate pel Galb — — «crew WLS, — EXERCISES Fill in each blank space with an appropriate preposition, Rewrite the passage in the first person as told by Mark; edt Wey gay Lt Answer in the negative using pronominal suffixes, Example: Question: TA) ey, t Je Answer? cle ocd Tat eeS, Je -} Jed Ga Jey Splat elses Jey TJLaw gw eds dee -34-gall BoeUNIT WV ob! ae DRILL PATTERNS Repeat aloud the following patterns: oben Bs eis UGE tas we tee Se SS VOCABULARY a. Function Words when, while Wats a in front of oo until fa | that (n.5.) “5 negative article imperfect verb + expressing past time b, Idioms agree to/on Ve 34ySundey morning before 200 by telephone all right five PM, ai teres talk cet agree ash ue by see/aatch deta! Sad play with ay oan a, Verbal Nouns and Verbs an) J walk * to walk git ra) drink ot to drink aeatacle | sitting yl to ait ieige entering yo5 to enter wy Es going out ay to go out “oe riding to ride Ss -37-e Other Nouns telephone garden animal lion elephant tiger canel auck bird island hour, watch, clock tea coffee water morning afternoon evening night -38-PASSAGE ob hay chee gf US BB ce GUL LS der tiyot LG oy ty ES al oe keel SEG ob Bae SN Ge ee Ws Wh a Cee ee Ee LG dle Ge SY At ob ell ph a, agape eg EGG aj leg EOgeae oD ey CR Lan pel pul Eye al & on tae tet, 6 wll age bey W cule age bles Sats wh ge gt bk ke Vad eh Sy SES oe SL HS Boe WS pase sad ety Qt bby Gt wat Aad Lid GI Typ lt Bye JULY ye Led soe Sy Bal ge BU! ~39- i ,rti“‘OOOsSSsSsss—sSCSVERB PAPTERNS as The Dual (y—LAlt ) pus! (as.) Ute oa os (x) la (avai) ge GLb (2) ke Example: Compare dual verb: “0 WS otal fo wager ven: gh ght oS b, Negative (imperfect + pl) Contrast: I have not drunk/I did not drink, I do not drink, I will not drink, Ss Note the following patterns: hae pl yw ae c, Paradigms gel! ELge ul = 40 -wie fe QUESTIONS Faysk Gae GLB onl TuLybs te GLY 345 tayle ge Lyte ge TELA Boge oe baal lab Tay 1 ge be GLA ge G bet Ish Tipe, GS CONVERSATION (Telephone) aS cle fast -41-wal cle tow By GM gee Je ft eob Sys 2 toe soba! By ft yok $B Ya gle WS pm9 Soe sell plat ality desl! ae Beall Got ask AS US yay toy EXERCISES I, Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form, eel oe (ot) wes va) JULY a Bal Gi (25) gr — Dye ge My et! Saba (wed) -¥ “th (4) sae pt (ig) gad — ¢ platy ein (et) a blo soll (s—*) spol (de4) A chal —4 all (+S) oop n-y 42 -II, Give antonyms, es Ht ——— ss -) ———_ + -e —-—— 45-71 de 1 eens III, Rewrite using the pronominal suffix. Example: Log aot elie! asta spore Sql yd aie Ba) Lbs oy — ee! aly o¢ eee eal pls 2 pul — sceRSSeSeSaS Syd py pt IV, Supply the appropriate preposition, —— aa! eas) ey Ay ath BL + Shaw ott etiss —y eet) ny op ll -+ soe V, Complete the following to make meaningful sentence patterns. wl ell ae chyedss oy so I Ld ey yy JL oS —¢ ly, + baa —o VI. Passage for Comprehension: SH ST Bal Eber Byte AVR SLE Shy BN Yee el By py JEG pL» AS Ls Se ee eS ye sp ce Bale & TOL Boal, 3.5 JL el, ab f 64 b LS, cdpLalt We erst, -cl dl aoe Go die esll eh eb! PLD gy lees dle Gk ob + (A8y) Obes de SU piuy Hier Bay eA Lepes Ell al opty JULY Questions: 1a el Sols Bye ee yl; SB) GM GLU Ck ey one of the largest} rere near £ spend (time)The Bol CL wl pe by Tole EA Cee lob —¢ Vaal yy Jes pun, So Ths Jeb Se tan iy PHL ebay be Mast! dey Tet! CLL es WL 4g Soa ee pli A ybig fdle gt yl Je asi). =45-UNIT Vv = 46 -wy Sluis eee Ae ote NIUNIT V re oT Ba ay CULTURAL NOTE The Koran (literally meaning something to read) is heard at least twice a day over the radio in the Arab coun- tries. It consists of 114 suras or chapters all of which, except the first, are arranged according to length, ‘he beginning shrose pens! lyt2Ji gilt pty is often used to start even non-religious writings and speeches. Some of the sures were revealed in Mecca and some in Medina, The Fa:tikah (colloquially pronounced ilfathah) is in Islam similar to the Lord's prayer in Christianity. It is suggested that the student memorize this short sura as an example of Koranic Arabic, that is, classical Arabic in its finest form, Some forms, it will be noted, are peculiar to Koranic usage, The language is poetic prose that should be appreciated when read with the proper rhythm and intonation, PasiVOCABULARY a. vb Verbs to worship to help to seek the help of to guide to lose the way, to go astray to be angry with to praise, thank to bless, favor, confer upon to own, possess to be kind to Iaions to seek God's help he lost his way. he was angry with him, out of favor, cursed the compassicnate my tr aby Guay “Geb es Doigteaas pare) ~49-a z the merciful, kind ae (said of God} and other things Ws 785 Day of Judgement om zu p- lap geet Thanks be to God ay Ato (Sometimes said as an expression of relief, It may also be said when a person has finished eating.) Function Words other than, non- ae you (classical: thou) ms. wy vino, those (f1.) ul (aeph.) Gel that, which (£.8.) J) Gass.) ill not (2a) ght Ga.) glal ace. ,gen.: (f.d.) (md. gel! Nouns Plural Singular Koran Gols Goes he Hoty Koran jf Goan Koranic chapter an ay ae (Koranic) verse ett at a asking path, way (dn religious context) lost, gone astray world, universe straight worshiper, slave PASSAGE “81 - oye‘Translation: 1, In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate 2, Praise be to God, Lord of the universe 3, The Merciful, the Compassionate 4, Lord of the Day of Judgment 5, Thee we worship and thee we seek for help 6. Guide us unto the straight path 7. ‘The path of those you have blessed, not the cursed nor the lost CLASSICAL (KORANIC) USAGE Contrast: Point of Change Koranic Usage Modern Usage word bie word wey ( \ELGS Al may be used in modern Arabic to warn a person: "Don't do that!") meaning le pal: bless, favor confer upon writing a ey writing a soy -52-STRUCTURE DRILLS a — j+ with » substantive (as a construct): ae Ul other then those people yl! ne pe non-Muslims oon é +——+ with a pronominal suffirt other than myself ge other than you . other than us 8 with JI: others jet Complete using »——# ¢ soll ge ——— ee By bbImperative (»—! ) Imperative Imperfect Perfect write cost as open eh es g0 down Jj} we guide 24 Le °%, ay say US JUS sleep “Ss wy ye sell es oe qu 2 7 vey oe a reply » art ys Put the imperative form of the verb in parentheses first in the maseuline and feminine singular and then in the : plural with the appropriate pronominal suffix. Example: (pl.) (t.8.) 51oe a e Active Perticiple ew pl Passive Participle pata) pte Give the passive and active participles: Passive Part, Active Part. Verb wt is (4s) cytes ek cue Verb Form X ee Complete by giving form X of the verbs listed: Form X Form I gl eiey eis Relative Pronouns (dual, nom, & ace.) (gall) gh (gedit) gail (pl) gut Geil -55-‘EXERCISES I, Complete: , Coes ol Uy Ge Vas sold lh Cbs ty gp lan ee) J — 2 GOR eatls Alay sold gM ees Pe ode sot oh Yad goat Seu Go ney OY ews | | | rolid gl ——— gu du Se BS Ae 7 fs Poe ean gana II, Note the use of the provominal suffix: poe ee Pee ea SS Gil SR aay - oe z oan 1 : ” a we aie —y oe oe san —¢ oot tea eCECEECEEEE USN ageciee oe 7% ——_ —— —— 4 2F oe gL we glee — 4 . ges — — 4 . itl — —— = 56 -vir “57 -UNI? VI om the der ol om CULTURAL NOTE Forms used in Arabic letter writing have undergone drastic changes during recent years. The following patterns are now standard forms: Salutation: b, °, a person holding a religious position (Mastin) en Uw ( Riso non-religious) oe (christian Father) A (Christian Minister) oul a pergon holding an official position (masculine singular) ae (feminine singular) a friend (masculine singular) (feminine singular) =58-Chosing: a. formal « Vay yf dk a 2 * < . b, informal pls) pal plas Jat salt Other formulas can be: After peace and asking JMS pad) aay about your health... 7 Vdete bf My warm greetings and ow longing... DRILL PATTERNS Repeat each pattern aloud. po ¥ iin iy ee Les pei ere eth 13 yy paneoees an! eed oe iS Goh pu aeeeees paLah is ; “vat vase -59-VOCABULARY a. Nouns letter (Egyptian) letter (Syrian) message speech hotel trip thing friend (m.) friend (f,) b, Adjectives “new sig at old, ancient wad pa past (a) (golly gs past (£.) wu (1) mis is an active participle form which follows the pattern: si, because it is derived fron a veak verb whose third con~ Sonat is qs . The third consonant is not expressed in the indefinite setive participle, Exefiples are: to judge \,53, oe t judge yLs , the judge,,o Wh to guide; ik, guide sloe , the guide GL Jl. a -60-Time Expressions now ow every day po S& the whole day ipsa & yesterday qiad| tomorrow Si tae the following day wi po! today pal let Thursday esis! a a next Saturday po en By last Friday next Fridey pow BA 57 eee in the near future O35 ooo God willing aw LS gy (expressing future action) Salutations and Formulas in Letter Writing my dear (m,) ue ny dear (.) ee a formula to begin a letter aXed! LL5 (literally, “after greeting") -~61-a formula to end a letter ay aal A ("in the end I send you greetings") ~ + v Sincerely (m.) wl! (literally, "the sincere") Sincerely (2.) wal PS, a4. PASSAGE apn vary ls db! thet Se s eoce er Sees os BOW UL ala & pl dy caS) E36 we & oe Le ‘yiltes oc US wal) oo pe by LS gen cow yay SLT Yee Yip ees pe UE Wicw wey a << -62-pga etn oo bE pay, 4S aor pt QUESTIONS -63 -Foh—ul 2 07 2 Go vas oe oe Fe Ht fey 2b Gi Ur. SI ee ASE ’ Vis 4 SRSaG Fey ony ELLE Nau _y SLE gil gp 2) Ly See Tohtal Ly Bl GS 4 tytisiy cbr BL Ue. | STRUCTURE PATTERNS a. Prepositions + Pronominal Suffix (A! oe) cae te eee | Cel) tay BY ‘ 4 | Giz CA Oe hg | wow See b. Verb Forms and Tenses Imperfect Perfect know Gps og tntroduve (caunative) ore en, OE (make someone know) 64 -oO oe. qe oe get acquainted with Ui as Yi, Se! (reflexive) i get acquainted with ayy les one another (reciprocative) Examples: I know the girl. Gay1 Gyh ut He introduced me to the girl, gh Gye oe aber I got acquainted with the girl, cadlh Cdpar uw We got acquainted with each other. Ls ot Verbal Noun Imperative Imperfect Perfect aetna ret mien? | wr) saxow Spas US fer see, waten Gas! Set BBL eet ie aust welcome ae ores, travel pura Bie fla go elas Lay yeas write ues nite cas Examples? I am watching the pyramid now. ‘ol Jeti ou (continuous) -65-Every day I see the pyramid, —“pyyJ! iaLal pe us (habitual) ms | Tomorrow I will see the peel awl Vb i pyramid, (future) 2 | etal Yesterday I saw the pyramid, ped) ABLE Gael | (past) Tomorrow I might see the eel apll 6 le pyramid, (uncertainty) Indeed, I saw the pyramid, Pleas (certainty) Negative Particles I do not drink/am not drinking the coffee, (habitual/continuous) I did not drink/have not drunk the coffee. (past) I will not/never drink coffee, (future) Relative Pronouns and Pronominal Suffixes This is the student asl (m,) that I know, - this de the student (wm) “gl LIAN ge 15 (that) I know. ia a This is the student (31 ae ks (£,) that T know, tee! wet? This is a etudent (f,) Losi Ww 23s (that) I know. 7- #28 peter These are the students bed CG fs ses, (m,.pl.) whom we know. as ore ecw or gee ‘These are students pea Cb Ey (m.p1.) (whom) we know. a fe By ig teptes These are the students gg! GliibIl om ise (£.pl.) whom we know, Cap gore We ge gee | ‘These are students Ce elltb Ge 2 (f.pl.) (whom) we knew, - Special Formula: "as for..." 3... Lat net ok gas eh ot As for me, I did not all Oral Gis cht drink the coffee, As for me, I did not By es drink the coffee, oes a As for me, I shall not aa! a drink the coffee, Pace cp eee of As for her, she rode Mil BLS ge tl a camel, As for us, we went poall Uf, ULES OST Uh to the pyramid, o - As for the church, it thee is very beautiful, i STRUCTURE DRILLS Fill in the blanks with the appropriate patterns. Gael yt Col pe SS) see pees oy -67 -BS GUT a bo A: sur fay ae Use uy ws le, and ¥ and distinguish Wiley WG iaty fs apt Sh un " i Gem 3 + OY rey a Epchiain -68- PE EEE EERE ects Ecce ans GSE Meee ones — et Use gw cee yibi pana sat each,‘EXERCISES a. Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer the questions, oa aie wih we he oy tm OS Questions: Cie estar aurea rot, 25 Uy hk Bi a oy 2s sulle tie gg ES Bb Use b Write the letter from Mohamed to Mark, c, Correct the verbs and insert the appropriate prepositions, ola! Gul (25) deme poy (aa) DLW ys ap Spy ee nn 69 -el Bp (et) ye Eb —y ——— (als) aby git eb Wy oo, ST Jl tea tf WS NES ty ee dSy gioy jolll Y ps fe coy Ble dh ai em pe cea elihs Fah pb oe hh So td pu ee Ba Bl Yl des oe & ol oe Oy 3 BLE sot QA yg 50 “alia” Wael 2 be Lp LSS op Le dans dn ony Fe 3S oul yy BLL fata eget dh Bal sal SS Kas Moe att Sy4y eects a NE gis Boog g BLL on Los we EE a Oe wD HF =70-aks ay oly sul BS be wt! 15) i g - raf el thee G DLE diss io joss Sb yg way oth 2x det od YQ Ges ae “ws ahat felles hb US Vow 4 yw eh Wl Cas iaeasiaece Sew YY IBLE 1b —y gate aoe key ase el tei y Lav oY —o aks ele eOias SbLE Nan y La yt ble CLbs CSI, -71-vit UNIT 3 -72-UNIT VIT CULTURAL NOTE The two major feasts in Islamic countries are Lesser Bairan, bill Ais, which comes at the.end of Ramadain gy Veoh 2 the fasting month, and Greater or Courban Bairam ssoll! yc, which is about two months later and is associated with the pilgrimage to Mecca, The day before the feast is called deal 2 39, and marks the beginning of holidays, Fol- lowing the early prayer on the feast day, people visit with each other in their homes where special cookiesdS\/alaUl are served, DRILL PATTERNS Repeat aloud the following patterns: a) peieae ae etles hes ets as -73-ig st ttl) SN (ps!) aA gga GE PUN onli! & at © wth est SSS (ee) st sesh po (ry pest DLS fg te olay FE Sal eybs oy Us ae TT VOCABULARY a. Nouns Plural sont pay Muslim tei feast, festival ony Sosa ee greeting ets friend (m.) yk -74- Singularbe friend (#.) suit cake, cookies clothes (usually plural) = ux new another (m.) another (f,) (the) last day the end of the day Verbs yaaa performance “1 fasting pleg/pp> visit 5s exchange JU eating si prayer we reading ay sa perfora, do fast visit exchange eat — read -75-oe ‘Time Expressions yesterday day today dawn morning noon afternoon late afternoon sunset evening evening (prayer or supper tine) Function Words some some people with each other all area eee all the people aoueall : ose 7 all of them es os Acer adverb (similar to 5) ae ~76 -ee until nar when, whenever after (as a conjunction) while, as when near far e. Idioms and Common Phrases he and other people say prayers exchange visits exchange greetings to serve, offer to serve coffee to from dawn to sunset from morning to evening phrase seid on the occasion of / 25, $5l5 gle any annual holiday (e.g. Happy 2 asf aks Bairam, Happy New Year, etc.) - -77-the last day aes al oy DST another day (notice the contrast in sound) 31 957 he too yates Tes the Lust (day) of the mouth pe ast the first (day) of the mouth yin an PASSAGE pei! due powls obs ALS we Beg see yen en SVT olay BF betel & ppt & opel Ee Aah & wee Y Qi Has ayuc isaac aceite tly! CaF eet YL as at HOS oS i ew Bo On 68 ell ts wh Bs Gt YS rie a OS eee U5 poe ieee eo et ors arr) 2 ey EM LY ay ple : oa ee _ Jeet gt an gy eH yh ty a ote cecalpe a GW Ms iy ee oe 4 de Payee i B ehig ys 243) Gaal +6 i BS la & fu Ee ee, tp oe TN Spt oR Us -y | Berto eer - Ta Sl OLS ESO GUl-~¢ Ta Re Ge bk 4 Fae og GLU Fd Muy rei YSU ys a Seal QW) we Cas ES 4 eee Spe pease ey Waly iy. 2 STRUCTURE DRILLS Sete etre iain ht Joe Hee Wy Sv Qasr iy etal Ak -79-(use verbal nouns after any) (use verbs after lta, ) anal Ml cas Bye sy apst peal 7TH} - 80 -‘fest EA Je Sy — wi — Notice the use of |e to introduce clauses. -yY after his arrival pes LES after he had arrived “Sie bal ot 2 9% oe ite Mos te (often followed by imperfect) elidce Use the following words in the appropriate pattern, — 4 other than Pe another (m.) )sT yo all another (f.) i;—s4 some pars other (pl) fy last, final sv ees eae jay A vasi4 Vee oy 2 ti eens -81-| ot ps) we, 1 oe pel st aed Gell op ptint ttt Get) oul un & ‘EXERCISES ae Correct the verbs in parentheses and fill each blank with an appropriate word, -92-Eee eeu eee lee EN BS pp —— Pal CoS LW (edt) + teal (sy) BL (J2KS) peg oe —y ——— (SN) yl SF (ple) Goebel —) (em) tS as) —_ peel) | . f 2 aie) ee ee il one LH gly tel (at) dee wed ae SuRHaCHE i gig aS gers (ie CleSl) ye (Ry) st = ely b. Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words in parentheses, | oi ES ag Lt Len) | (eee bb Dy (eel) Qa Qa) yt ease ots ‘yh xi oe Be Lf uss ys oy (ee) -80 -c. Comprehension: Read the passage and answer the questions, C55 a BE Ge ae Pl (Bra) 1 pe ee I pel! SSG ew St pe NBC Sei reere eas ela aanel ysis UA Sb LE rs Bees nist fam oh 4 155 ay lat sel Sn pele! a8 Us» feel a! ILS lou oe DIALOGUE FOR COMPREHENSION Gate | Sab PL thle vel ey LEN EL Spgle ol spple 1 Spall Vi bo tebe 72 27 : UA gla, ppt AS yp tae rok 2 oa poe de tele 84 -1, jL—L3Y) gb Ltiteralty means the "cannon of breakfast." It 4s customary to fire a cannon at sunset to let all those fasting know it is time to eat, It is fol- lowed by the call for prayer from the mosques, 2, to celebrate 3. guests 4, to give £008 Se the poor 6. righteousness, doing good 85 -PRONOUNS: THEIR SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES with con- object’ += imper, perf. pron, prep, struct of verb I % (continued)Pronouns (continued) ts Cet BB oe & La us LS ole 1 we leg Eo Le EG Le Ww 8 8 one Ww tat EXERCISE Rewrite the following sentences as shown in the example: 1h # ce Example aU Gl LS Lay ales Note the insertion of » with 2.m.pl. tyteS ey Ul pte (patty Lagat» aol ples -987 -UNI? Vir - 88 -UNIT VIIT DRILL PATTERNS Rede vitiene By) lL St ack ca bl ah bg 221 ne pee abt same Yeah yt pil a Re ay de ep tes wath 89 - Repeat aloud the following patterns: cl pol gs ahteb abt Ld (a) Bor ( es) By aeyt ae ates gy eit enon VOCABULARY a, Nouns and Adjectives road, way, street street, avenue candy song fair, bazaar, market mosque price | cheap ay leather 2 J 2 abe silk alt brocade fabrics bag ancloth, fabrics ahs shoes) asst Abe cat ents cee shop, store oS 8 eS ob Stee aire?) eld 1 Onayyad (m.) SN meter (unit of length) oe ge yare ASS 3S eveet A made of cotton (m.) a made of cotton (2,) webs | nade of leather(a.) bok made of leather(f.) fk made of silk (m,) Sy nade of silk (f.) Rint b, Verbs and Verbal Nouns introduce ago arene Notice the use of the singular in Arabic for the English plural, (a) pyless JL at oe 4oe ‘The largest Syrian monetary unit, -o1-Ce offer pee answer Fearan want rush (toward) receive Jtis— (often a person) buy ws sell get together, gla hold a meeting listen elt] look, tum Llp Function Words because (FE SES eS oh et SY in order that festacctenhys how much? (what is the price?) $ (al) 25 how much is the book? rey & towara ahs sone some people some of them only -92-a, Verbal Nouns and Participles jis! make is sell write hear ee Look at Vt obs pall pay woven oe weaver manufactured gyifas worker sold et seller | written eee writer as heard Cyan hearer ule | seen yoke seer be = 93 -Fey Rete Ge gS Wey LWY Gees SL rey Hh Les wisi as Wael BS BS le ew ly BE Seer eww 5s aly Ye FS es eM Gg I OS LS UBL be, cage ble tee eb as een gus wee oS ius ig wt J Een! ate at Sy Ban 285 tt Bo! bs yu voy fe LL gill fad But shy Ta Wi & oti Gar Gok of Ly’ ea an es tA GH! A Bu sy | ol eet oe LS UE oh pb eet aig in Gon Bly Ay a GDL jE Kept eotals gta pes LS gil pe be Giese tJby Gob UL bb Bl ep BT 1UBy oe ol sledasl 5pee LN Nas teed phe Eats liv GU FF eatin! ob Naw VY teclol, ds WS QUESTIONS: (ae ' ) Tete Soe GL JL. GS oy tds Mey ys ey Sones Ald ae ols Le oy swig AF sla og ea te Ga! ve FCN WS VoL on $ Gp Sl ped VoL oy $ ee BF 68 cil eal pon) LSet | 6 gl SS eal Sea Leg | eS aea ee aca mat sis | teiket Bs on) rr thar od pS ony -95-STRUCTURE DRILLS = (4+!) %Y Ceottowed by noun or pronominal suffix) () Seis ip a %% iene eat pats ee Re are eee eee ES — — —— I Oe cal Comparison Cr) Adjective Comparative Superlative (acc, ac, + oo) 5 2803.7 ek 8 1 SN fii fy | | the oldest one of the oldest older old 2 oof Beery 7 oot 2 [els BL batt Sl ead & pA) pe ek aa ecs t ” 7 pag 5s Torey oS beoid oh aa aeatelt Gh GG) (tortowea by imperfect) iY) Bees teenie way Gh eSyf oe GER Gl Lat! ye espe sa eee eenesaue soe at pt fi iaaaaaaaeeeeeauy en Heer EH Soe > tecer = 4 / Gt () ‘VERB FORMS Consult a dictionary to find out the meaning of the following verbs. a. Notice the similarity in meaning of Forms II and IV, -97 -Imperfect Perfect Ir WV Ir I try oi oe ot — ws te sae eeeeeae SOEs oe eee as scene oe RE eee agg tance ae c. Compare Forms I and III, — os ne ee palit le oy ule -98 -4, Notice the similarity in the form and meaning of Forms III and VI, III ve IL I -99-&. Compare the form and the meaning of Forms V and VIII. VIII LV I 7 eyes Gps at at h, Compare Form I with Form IX, se a ote ci ci} ct eee Soe - tr cx} ar Gompare also the adjectives with Form IX, poll ae eS) col fe Avi oe — go5! of —_—_— a! EXERCISES a. Comprehension, Read the passage and answer the question below, ol ek A! Sie dey ong else Bane GILG AS Lee Lee be ey pel ol bees LS bth pT Ue dle”; = 100 -ob! use yl eel! oe oy SN Jot! cling gt eth daa! Gil ea aporar | Sore ees oe e JAS GI oy sold f deat Gheae, de oy S gee el Vale og b, Fut the words in parentheses in the correct form and provide the missing words, See gl eee ol (2bN) orgy eyes eae dee) ULE (uA) Hee ten! eld! (der) oe Va tome ele om (seb) celal! (gly det oS 7 (set-4) c. Complete: ee ee ol ee coy Aaliy Gesell semana tg MNCs em Oy eo all Sha Berar = 104 -DIALOGUE FOR COMPREHENSION $ By Date Je — tree AS Liys oles cate Te sll SOS Sy tah Sb ES te rel uk — lll 8 kl obif Jie Je — hae ob dW BS cae Se Fld yw bi pS — dee gl Vie thee Pde meld gig eld Wed ade ake i alae tian expression which is always said when one buys new things or clothing.UNIT & = 108 -1. DRILL PATTERNS Repeat aloud the following patterns: oS — gi Sd) — oneal! das esl (y) = 104 ~2, VOCABULARY a. Nouns and Adjectives sre party "was number @ 58 brother 2) a sister est father OA invited, guest pis foot pub kind, dish Gliol ale cong Cavity ott at arink ely te foods eis a pi wa rice oh guest iy a als hospitality obs aus, delicious “) ail Se ee errs ue 2ay brother 1 your brother (nom.) ws! (ace. JUV (gen.) est Bay father .,_1 your father (nom) wlyV (ace.) JUN (gen) chad Yantonyms: ail EB — pie = 105 -to to establish 226) b, travel big, old hungry many, much Verbals “ hold z 2 was oS / 3-5 to form, consist of | “"* to be te hungry toumswer = GUL to ask Jew pte to eat si Sts to drink oft eaypts to begin Cie to end yt to invite pes co! to thank Suz pias to dance as to sing es ( = 108 = in gts aslo SLs eth aay hy gid puce a. Function words between, among “Ged (a) with ee after (as conjunctive) Ling! day before (as conjunctive) lig / ih aes also, too before, earlier Idions He gave 0 party. aes pul a large nunber of friends *L3 a5 Ge yf sis the eldest / youngest brother 4 S90) cS etl pio see eer the eldest / youngest sister4g5 22s) / 57S among people oll GAT among then ee ce The food consists of many Glitol oe Gy Si plait dishes, i K the latest song the first song ‘They thanked her for that. He ate till he was full, = 107 -They accepted the invitution, 4 Syrian salad kind of roast meat Middle Eastern pastry (5) 3. PASSAGE ( Tp Sh) ae owl Ha Gesell Yah alt eal ct olilale LS yy HL cores HL WAS Vo a St tee Ses JEN pall cle cote Ny cxgiy il Bae Se oe i BL Lg aL ely epee Sy Saat lp Ge BEE a Bye! Ga? Bee ee oS dee Wh I ey Le SN eg tI BLE Ga GE 4S tay Bad GES ye Up Se oS at g pL pis AW BO Ye ye ely ty ey sh UB Dye GtS teh typ Sd Sb ow lon I This pattern may be read in two wayst (a) N + Adj’« beautiful party’ GL oS alas ; (b) N+ (construct) “Gami:la's party Glo alin. = 108 =de ted ws oS 1 G8 ol est Ls5 GS 1 be % soy ier ented Seg a Ve pk WEE rug ly thn aslo 1s LH 5 dL. of Ges SA ff rat. oLk 2A ahs Saf Je Ai UZA GS 2S & EG BGS pie VLEs NB ae QUI EE be bay iT bay Pao ed Ge eo ot aA yaa de, OO A GY LN eT ode eee Be Oe deb y aN ect D487 Weil Vous tele JB sdb! wi gb te gg? SN (Se tele gee ELK gh Uy ha Lar ob el eda JET ae oie Ls yb ther & Us dots Sunn Kaleutm, formally pronounced Unn Kalou:m, ie the best mown singer in the Arab countries, 74 typical folk dance popular throughout the Arab countrien, = 109 ~4, qusstioNs — ( tl) Sot TALE pT 6) Splabll pS, oS ka vy PNSLas Fag Ale JST Jo vy Tape Ia og 8d5 op oe Lae Gl ve PALA FY Gal oS BL. PS oy Sowe— eyes! oS Je cy Foye GE eel de, 5. STRUCTURE DRILLS (Goy,!) Repeat and Compivtet Imperative (pV! Jail) ) m5, ala, S Jae Plo. —— yee ms. dye) Gt) — ise plete = 110 -(as tense marker followed by perfect or (r) imperfect verb) fae Mark and Jane will gigi 4c US ge dle have travelled to Beirut/ a were planning to travel, exe ll eo ll oli omp LL of Mark and Jane had = Wolw B yey Le oS already left for Cairo, i saw GI Complete: —— ie) 4 on br of (Si) yey DLs ol ol 427/442, (conjunction) 22 (preposition) (1) ae ats ol de Lbs we After eating, eo byt (Bs aay they drank coffee, After they ate, tye ST ban Gh aay they drank coffee, - i + 2 eicuiecte toe Ee Soy Sal a by of dey ules substitute: (AN) (2) (Ue) Scompare In the first pattern SM ma YSt Bf the magdar_ JSi “eating” is equivalent to the second pattern 1,131 oi nthat they ate," Similar patterns can be trans- formed either way giving the same meaning Repeat and complete: tt =Demonstratives and Pronominal Suffixes (e) This isasongl eS Sy tit Hl pin heard (it) before, pe 7 ge 8h i This song I heard Se ue te BEY ode (it) before, - Tais is the song = Yyaaes gl Quel oe (that) I heard (it), — Ls & 1 ce a Complete: Gal yg bins ab type pict |p $e tt Demonstratives and Comparatives (eo) Complete: pos Special Nouns (1) el and i are two special forms that are inflected for three cases represented by the three letters « , 5 and \ when in a construct with forms other than 1.s, < my Lael gen, Lots acc, Laghl nom, brother gi brother Let gen. Lol ace, Lagi nom, Sceontinued) = UST LOGE. - 112 -pA SW taghl ie GOA tt dite ace Lesh on Clb! Substitute ol: Verb "to invite" (Y) He invited me to the party, AGN Jl gks 59 And I accepted the invitation, Complete: eS en You are invited to the ALA Gil de cal Party. pe! aL gt de ot bt aL J) > i! ——— 6, CONVERSATION (2355) palpable thle aig oge 1S IRE Oty ugly tahoe % common phrase to express the wish that the guest has enjoyed his meal, In Lebanon, Syria and other Arab countries there is also the common expression ise /gikhitein/ Giterally, "double health"), - 113 -bs Bw ee sey Sut ose BIL tee GS toe Ey oy Sh tLe we BS clay ES Nie tale se Op dliy odmy + dye Lae i ust al 2 putt et WY Wy tee 7. COMPREHENSION Read the following passage and then answer the questions below, eal! Bl yg yok GH UL one oS Bis Geet ened Ted LS yb LSS | = 114 -eM gyal plabll ete Bl nei caline BAIL eye Gl pal pli all Le ol § tad Bl Ge so vores ES oh cus ass 4 = 4115 -UNIT Xx - 116 -uUNIa xX uae wy eel 1, CULTURAL NOTE Like prayer and fasting, pilgrimage is one of the five basic duties in Ielam, But unlike the other duties it is per- formed only once a year by those who can afford it, J just before Courban Bairan | SSI Je and about two months after Lesser over the world arrive in Mecca for the pilgrimage. given the appropriate privileges. 2, PATTERNS FOR DRILLS Repeat aloud the following patterns: : pee ce pan news a A oft ia ia a — py Gr TN | oA ys UL eects Bg EAN OL ews Jot ob ch! G55 - 118 - Bairan a Jig Musline (Arabe ond non-Arabs) from 012 The event symbolizes Islamic unity (as distinguished from Arab unity). Upon the Muslim's return from Mecca he earns the title of @ WI (m,) or in the case of @ woman arbi (£,) and is (y) (y)3, VOCABULARY © (wl Sally a. Nouns pilgrim pilgrimage duty tomb, grave prophet part, side 125 SLs Ge! DLs the world, universe oy sJLa/! lend sea air, weather language middle, medium -119-well, spring mountain stone Holy Mecca Tllumined Madina all (of) eve, day before Bairam “e Sy: (literally, "stending") b. Numerals a thousand owt Gi seven @ (my gs once c. Colors @) ve white (f.) *hag black ee (m.) uN (2) NLS Tgeually followed by plural (defined or equivalent). Examples all the people yt! et . Pad aes ia = 120 -to say to want (a will) 34))) to come to travel gi gle to speak, ets She talk to visit Huy st to go round oles 3 to stand, ps stop 2 ae p35 to perform ot a to get ace = HS GUS queinted to talk, eis 25u5 discuss to be able gas 525i e. Function Words oak Sia, J obS, ap “5 to express certainty (with perfective) He had gone, Cbs to express doubt, probability (with imperfective) He might go. ea ~ 121 =2A to express emphasis (followed by N. or Pron.) Contrast the case of forms followed by oS, yl» ‘Sub, (ace,) + Pred. (nom) "36 GLa GI sub, (nom,) + Pred. (ace.) “1,96 glial 68 (ey about what gS aroma, about Vat azt a, followed by perfective If you ask him he will travel awl. 15! b. followed by a noun ja If the sky split phic Hel) 1St f, Idioms He wrote saying... weed GS It is the duty of every Muslim, pee Soe It is his duty to make the pilgrimage. eo Sle z from all over the world GN LN geet ow by land itera by sea ey poh by air coy a by land, sea, and air Sb Sy SU He spea's Arabic. es aay ey He speaks with the people, lll g ey —_—— 1see the various functions of |} in the appendix. - 122 =