Talk the World's Talk: ml - _ Geraldine N. Contreras Irish T. ValdeavillaModule1 ..... wenn 1 Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics Module 2... sen vn - a Communication and Globalization Module 3... sen vn 34 Culture, Its Impacts and Adaptations Module 4 vn vn : 46 Local and Gickal Communication in Multicultural Settings Module 5 ventas 60 Evaluating Messages and/or Images Module 6 ....... vn vn BR ‘Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology Module 7... vn : Ba ‘Communication for Various Purposes Module 8... ventas 95 Communication for Academic Purposes GECO6LET'S TALK: Objectives: Communication Processes, Principles | after studying the module, and Ethics you are expected to: “Communication works for those who 1, Identify the different workat it” definitions me ~John Powell oa unica ein i it Indeed, communication is something which is } thedifferent moc natural for us human beings. Me communicate for various reasons and purposes. However, even it is | 3, Apuvzeoony something which is innate, it i also something which | Somesing ethical can be Jeamned and improved over the course of time. It |B apbly the concepts they is precisaly what Powell cited “we have to work for it” for | faye witg communication to be effective. aa With this module, you will be equipped with the basics of communication including its definition, process and principles. Likewise, you will also dwell on the ethical principles that one must take into consideration during conversations. Each discussion wil be followed by comprehension checks and activities to keep your mind going. With this, let us begin the semester with communication with one another! as What is commumication? Communication comes from the Latin word “communicars” which means ‘to make common’ | 47 ¢Dmological defiration (Weekley, 1967) or ‘to share’ (DeVito, 1986). suggests the word's origin. Additionally, other authorities have given their own take on the definition of communication. For one, Chase and Shamo (2013) hints at the meaning of communication as “a common understanding of something”. Also, Seiler & Beall (1999) defined communication as the simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through human symbolic interaction. Another definition is that communication is a systematic prooess in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings (WWoods, 2004). Meanwhile, mentioning of the word process, DeVito said that ‘communication pertained to a process which is always changing, always in motion. a Based on the definitions given, list the words which are common among ‘them. What do you think is the implication of those common words? GECO6 1Now that you already have an idea on the definition of communication from various authorities, itis now your turn. Inthe space provided write your own definition of communication How does communication work? Communication works in a process. Refer to the following picture to visualize its components and flow, regack ebage Receiver Encoding CONTEXT y t tea ar Decoding Channel Message Figure 1: The Communication Process (Adapted from Effective Communication Skills, 2010) ‘THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION 1. SOURCE - The sender of the message. 2. MESSAGE - This is the information that you wanted to convey; without it, you have no reason for communicating. 3. ENCODING - This is the process of converting your idea or thoughts of the information into verbal or nonverbal symbols that can be understood by the receiver. CHANNEL- This is the manner in which the message or information is conveyed. DECODING - This is the receiver's mental processing of your message into the meaning suggested by thesender. RECEIVER - This is the person who will get your message. FEEDBACK - This is the reoeiver’s response to the message. CONTEXT This refers to the situation in which the communication takes place. It includes the environment, relationship between communicators, respactive cultural backgrounds and past experiences and the topics/subjects of the communication (Hall, 19977in Chase & Shamo, 2039). ve 51 GECO6 2When do we encounter communication breakdowns? In the communication process, we have the concept of miscommunication, that is, when there is a failure to transmit the idea from the sender to the receiver. It is true that symbols and signs in the message have the same meaning for everyone however these may not be received as intended. Such instance usually cocurs due to barriers that comes with communication. Adler and Towme used the concept of noise to describe physical and psychological forces that can disrupt communication. Noise is defined to be “alnything that distorts the message intended by the souros, anything that interferes with the receiver's receiving the message as the source intended the message to be received” DeVito went on the identify three types of noise: physical noise, psychological noise, and semanticnoise. 1. Physical noise. It refers to the distractions in the environment that make it difficult to hear or pay attention. For example, cars screeching, air conditioners humming and loud music. hysical noise can inhibit communication at any point in the process—in the sender, in the message, in the channel, or in the receiver. 2. Psychological noise. It pertains to mechanisms within individuals that restrict a sender’s or receiver’s ability to express and/or understand messages clearly. Tt also includes biases and prejudices that lead to distortions in receiving and processing information, Close mindedness is an example of this noise. 3. Semantic noise. According to DeVito, it is “the interference due to the receiver failing to grasp the meanings intendad by the sender.” Jargon, technical, or complex terms are examples of semantic noise. The Many Faces of Communication Communication has many forms, or types. You might wonder how being informed of thase “faces” of communication is essential in your life. Questions like “will these concepts be for practical use even if I am in the field of agriculture? engineering? medicine? business”, “when will I find myself reminiscing of these forms?”, “will my Imowledge of these save my face from a possible shameful experiencs?”, “is it Of any use to the society” among others. These are questions you alone can answer. So, as you go through this module, T implore you to reflect, agree, or even refuse to believe the importance of knowing the different types of communication. Remember, any kind of informed reaction is acceptable. Tt is crucial for you to know that there are different contexts in communication. There are different circumstances that you can find yourself in because of the physical, cultural, social and psychological landscape in communication. Henoe, communication may be categorized according to (2) MODE, (2) CONTEXT, and (3) PURPOSE. AND STYLE. FACE 1. Modes: Verbal/ Non-Verbal and Visual Effective communication requires the combination of both verbal and non-verbal forms. For instance, when meeting a person for the first time, you introduoe yourself by GECO6 3saying your name. Not only that, you also provide other information about you which you think is relevant or appealing. All the things that you will say are heavily dependent ‘on your relationship, on who you are and who you are talking to. The way you introduce yourself to your teachers is different when you face your new classmates because you will, and may want to, leave a lasting impression to your teachers different to that of your classmates. Aside from the verbal introduction of yourself, you also try to smile, shake their hands, nod your head to signal recognition, or even raise your eyebrows as a sign of hostility. Thase are the non-verbal modes of communication. Evidently, rather than just speaking, you can also communicate amiable and congenial disposition, or otherwise, through facial expression and body movement, Now, the question is, could you, or would you, incorporate the visual mode for self-introduction? For physical face-to-face communication, this is highly unlikely. But the answer would be different if the encounter is via text messaging, or social media chat box. The visual mode of communication uses visuals to convey messages and information. Henoe, the aforementioned digital communication could be a platform for the visual mode, For example, when introducing yourself, you can type a smiling emoji, emoticon, or graphics interchange format to convey a friendly demeanor. Aside from the various forms of electronic communication such as those mentioned above, other examples of visual communication are signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos, and drawings or illustrations. It could be argued that with these examples, the utility of visual communication could be further highlighted when exploited in the academic or work environment. During presentations, the aim of students, teachers, architect, landscapist, sales managers, agricultural engineers, and supervisors is to use visuals in transferring data to digestible’ information. Even more so, the use of the visual mode is advantageous because it makes us® of technology, making it more appealing to the readers. Nevertheless, this still raises a question of the comprehensibility of materials, the same as other modes of communication. FACE 2. Context: The People The classification of communication according to context is based entirely on the composite of people with the shared goal of understanding one another. These are intrapersonal, interpersonal, extended, organizational, and _intereultural communication. Intrapersonal Communication Vs Interpersonal Communication To distinguish one from the other, you only have to count the number of people involved in the communication. Intraparsonal communication only involves oneself, while interpersonal communication takes place when there are two or more interlocutors. Just review prefixes and these two types could easily be made sense of. Intra-, the Latin prefix meaning within and inside, is the core of this concept. It suggests that there is only one person in this type of communication. You might wonder whether this is possible, or at the very least, normal and sane. Yes, it is— as long as you can distinguish it from reality. Some term this as self-talk or inner talk, inner monologue, and inner dialogue, while psychologists call this as self-verbalization or self-statement. Now, let me ask you, have you ever talked to or asked yourself in the mirror when making a decision, practicing for a presentation, or even commending yourself when you performed well? These are all instances of intrapersonal communication. GECO6 4Meanwhile, inter-, the Latin prefix meaning between, among, and together, completes the ‘concept’ of communication between and among interlocutors. The purpose of interlocutors in an interpersonal encounter is to create or deepen relationship— otherwise, it is only transactional. The former is less formal and less, serious in order to maintain social relationships, while the latter is formal and profound in order to resolve or accomplish something at the end of the conversation. Other than. these characteristics, you can also tell which is which by examining the objective, language, and nature of the conversation. Organizational Commumication Have you ever heard of organizational communication? If not, [still hope you could predict what this is based on the name itself. Take your time to’make assumptions of ‘what thisis. Basically, this focuses on the role of communication in any organizational context. Since an organization is made up of people who work for a company, it is them who are consciously, or subconsciously, aware that they are expected to be communication professionals equipped with the nesded oral and written communication skills. For future reference, it is important that you low the two (2) organizational structures to tell which ones you need to take seriously. Please see below an illustration, of one of the structures rmal Communication From the list above, you can see the different approaches in an organizational communication. All of which are allowed in the formal communication (i.e. Structure #3) tosend message between positions in an organization. Upward communication basically allows for subordinates to send a message to their superiors. Usually, the communiques under this approach include appeal for promotions, feadback on oertain organizational policies and issues relating to their jobs. Conversely, downward communication flows from the upper to the lower positions, eg. president of a university to the faculty. A common example of this is a memorandum. Now, both of these approaches are distinguished because the flow is from one position, to another or level to another. In the case of the other two approaches, the major determinant is the department the employees are a part of. For example, horizontal communication can happen when all the university professors from Agriculture, Arts and Scienoss, Engineering, and Allied Medicine departments dacide to coordinate in GECO6 5order to perform the same task, like instructional material development. On the other hand, crosswise communication, as described in the illustration, is diagonal. There is still one other organizational structure, i. informal communication. The message classified under this comes from an unoffidal channel of message flow. Unlike the formal communication, you will find it difficult to identify the source of message/ information in the informal communication. Thus, it is tantamount to saying that this is mown as ‘grapevine’, considered as baseless gossips and rumors. Intercultural Communication In this kind of communication, respect for linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional differenoas is foregrounded. In the same way, this type of communication demands cultural awareness from the interactants to prevent misunderstanding and conflict. For instance, in some Asian countries such the Philippines, prolonged eye contact is discouraged as it is considered intrusive and rude. In the same way, sustained eye contact in Cambodia during a conversation is not recommended. Based on their culture, the lack of eye contact is a sign of respect to the other person. On the contrary, the culture in the United States of America places a huge importance on eye contact because it conveys one’s commitment to the conversation. In terms of language, the most distinguished difference is made apparent because of the advent of the World Englishes. Now, there is a Philippine English, Singaporean English, HongKong English among others. All these local varieties of English not only set the cultures apart, but also serve as a social identity of the citizens. Lexicon-wise, Filipincs were taught of the American English because the Americans are the frst teachers in the Philippines— as history books tell us. Hence, we say elevator instead of lift, and we know eggplant more than aubergine. But aside from the words adopted from American English, we see Philippine English evolving with the addition of words like comfort room, high blood ete. Phonclogically, sinoe there is no letter f in the Philippine alphabet, Filipinos usually pronounce // as /p/. By being aware of this, you cannot just laugh at your friends for saying /pish /and not /fish/. FACE 3. Formal vs. Informal Communication This is another formal vs informal communication. However, in this case, they tell of the purpose and style of communication, Basically, you can tell their difference by looking at the communication setting, objective, and the manner of delivery. Formal communication is necessary in formal situations like lectures, public talk, research and projact proposals, business reports etc. Henoe, you should employ formal language, which can be delivered through oral or written form. The main objectives in this type of communication are to inform, entertain, persuade. By contrast, informal communication takes place during personal and ordinary conversations with family, friends, and acquaintances. Therefore, formal language is automatically removed ftom the equation, Sinoe the purpose of this type of communication is to soilize or deepen relationship, the topic can be anything under esun, Now that you have, equipped yourseves with the basic, knowledge of communication such as its definitions and faces, you can now proceed with the models of communication? When will an act to communicate be considered communication? If there is no response, will it still be thought of as communication? The following section will answer these queries. GECO6 6What are communication models? A model is widely used to depict any idea, thought or a conoept in a more simpler way through diagrams, pictorial representations etc. Models go a long wayin making the understanding of any concept easy and clear. Through a model one can easily understand a process and draw conclusions from it. In simpler words a model makes the learning simple (Juneja, 2020). The following are the basic models of communication. ARISTOTLE’s Model of Communication Aristotle Model mainly focused on \ \| speaker and speech. Tt has 5 primary a aol ssoun |p| utinee >! ener |] elements: Speaker, Speech, “Occasion, AM ae [7\ OS" | | audience and Effect (3 on other references wh \_/ \_/ | namely Speaker, Speech and Audience). Aristotle's communication model focuses around the speaker as the main concept of this theory is that the speaker plays the most important role in communication and it is the only one who holds the responsibility to influence his/her audienoe through public speaking. It is the speaker's, role to deliver a spesch to the audience. The audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker to receiver. For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the civilians (audience) at the time of election (cocasion). The civilians only vote if they are influenced by the things the politician says in his speech so the content must be very impressive fo influence the mass and the speaker must design the message very carefully. Criticisms of Aristotle's Model of Communication: 1. Thereis no notion of feedback as the modal is one way from speaker to audience. 2, There is no notion of communication failure such as noise and barriers. 3. This model can only be used mostly in public speaking, Based on the article of Mishra (2018) Fat | a Pa SIAN Public speaking is an example of Aistotle's model of communication Do you know the concept of Ethos, Pathos and Logos? How is it applicable in Aristotle's Model of Communication? GECO6 7BERLO’s Model of Communication mae Pb ge ‘While Aristotle's model of communication r : puts the speaker in the central position fm (ae and suggests that the speaker is the one — — who drives the entire communication, Berlo's model of communication takes = se = loniei|| into consideration the emotional aspect of = i a Ea || the message. Berlo's modal of ao cn z =| communication operates on the SMCR aed modal. Berlo’s model includes a number of factors under each of the elements: Source: The source is where the message originates. 1. Communication skills the ability of the individual to communicate. For ample, the ability toread, write, speak, listen etc. 2, Attitude includes feelings towards the audience, subject and towards oneself. 3, Knowledge pertains to the subject or topic that a person must know. 4. Sodal system includes the various aspects of sodety like values, beliefs, culture, religion and a general understanding of society. It is where the communication takes place. 5, Culture comes undar the social system. Based on this model, people can Communicate only if the above requirements are met in the proper or adequate proportion, Message 1. Contentis the body of a message, from the beginning to the end. 2, Element includes various things like language, gestures, body language, ete. ‘They constitute all the elements of a particular message. Any content is accompanied by some elements, 3. Treatment refers to the packing of the message and the way in which the message is conveyed or the way in which itis passed on or delivered. 4. Structure refers to how itis arranged; the way paople structure the message into various 5. Code refers to the means through which it is sent and in what form. It could ’be, for example, language, body language, gestures, music, etc. Even cultures a cade. Channel: Tt refers to the five senses. 1. Hearing 2. Seeing Despite not mentioning a medium, we need to assume 3- Touching that as communication is taking place, channels can be 4- Smelling any of thes senses or combination. 5. Tasting Communication occurs through one or more of these channels. Receiver: The receiver neads to think all the contents and elements of the souros, so as to communicate/responds to sender effactively.; Berlo's model believes that for effective communication to take place, the source GECO6 8and the reosiver need to be on the same level. Only then communication will happen or take place properly. Hence, the souroe and the receiver should be similar. Criticism of Berlo's SMCR model of communication: . Theres a lack of feedback. The effects are practically unknown. Tedoes not mention the barriers to communication. Thereis no room for noise. Itis a rather complex model tis a linear model of communication. Tt requires people to be on the same level for effective communication to happen. However, that rarely happens in everyday life. 7. The main drawback of the model is that it ‘omits the usage of sixth sense as a channel of communication, which is an asset to human beings (thinking, understanding, analyzing etc.) (All About Theories of Communication Models) SHANNON-WEAVER's Model of Communication This model is designed to develop the => => a mm> emp | fective communication between sender and reosiver. Also, they find factors which affect it the communication process called “Noise” vce The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode. Criticism of Shannon-W eaver model of communication 1. Oneof the simplest models and itis generally applied in various communication theories. ‘The model attracts both academics of Human communication and Information theorist. 3. It’s more effective in person-to-person communication than group or mass audience. 4. Themodal based on ‘Sender and Reosiver”. Here sender plays the primary role and receiver plays the secondary role (reosive the information or passive). 5, Communication is not a one way process. Ifit's behaved like that, it wll lose its strength. 6. Understanding Noise will help solve the various problems in ‘communication. (All About Theories of Communication Models) Schramm Model of Communication = Tris a Circular Modal. This model breaks the S sender and receiver model it seems foe communication in a practical way. It is not a traditional modal. SEs | Kean happen within our self or two people; each Qe person acts as both sender and receiver and hence © use interpretation. It is simultaneously taking placeeg. encoding, interpreting and decoding. GECO6 9Semantic noise is a concept introduced here. It occurs when sender and receiver apply different meaning to the same message Advantage of Osgood- Schramm model of communication 1. Dynamic modal- Shows how a situation oan change 2, Itshows why redundancy is an essential part 3. Thereis no separate sender and receiver, sender and receiver is the same person 4. Assume communication to be circular in nature 5, Feedback — central feature. Disadvantage of Osgood- Schramm model of communication 1. This model does not talk about semantic noise and it assume the moment of encoding and decoding, (All About Theories of Communication Models) Helical Model of Communication In 1967, Frank Danoe has proposed the communication model called Dance’s Helix Model for a better communication prooess. The name helical comes from “Helix” which means an object having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly around a cylinder or cone. He shows communication as a dynamic and non-linear process. Theory Dance’s model emphasized the difficulty of communication. Frank Danoe uses the form of a Helix to describe the communication process. He developed this theory based on a simple helix which gets bigger and bigger as it moves or grows. ‘The main characteristics of a helical model of communication is that it is evolutionary. Frank Dance explains the communication process based on this Helix structure and compares it with communication. In the Helix structure, the bottom or starting is very small then it gradually moves upward in a back and forth circular motion which forms the bigger circle in the top and itis still moves further. The whole process takes some time to reach. As like helix, the communication prooess starts very slowly and defined small drcle only. The communicators shared information only with a small portion of themselves to their relationships. Its gradually develops into next level but which will take some time to reach and expanding its boundaries to the next level, Later the communicators commit more and shared more portions by themselves. (All About Theories of Communication Models) Based on the models of communication presented, which do you think is the model that is most observed on the daily conversation of human beings? GECO6 10Give a sample instance from you dtly conversation which apis the ‘Helix Model of Communication? GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 1. Know your purpose in communicating. 2. Know your audience. 3. Know your topic. 4. Adjust your spasch or writing to the context of thesituation. 5, Work on the feedback given toyou. Inyour opinion, among these general principles of effective communication what is the most important? Elaborate your answer. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ERs ee F ORAL o33 92 es UA ALF Sey COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION 1, Beclear with your purpose, 1. Beclear. 2. Be complete with the message you deliver. | 2. Be concise. 3. Beconase. 3. Beconcrete. 4, Benatural with your delivery. 4, Becorrect. 5, Bespedificand timely with your fesdback. | 5. Be coherent. 6. Becomplete. 7, Be courteous. KEYPRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION (King, 2000) Interpersonal communication is. 4. Inescapable. Humans communicate even the very attempt of not wanting tocommunicate communicates something. Irreversible. Once uttered, you can never take it back and its effect remains. GECO6 ul3. Complicated, A world doss not have just one meaning, it is not used in the same way, and no two people use the same word alike. 6 people involved: a) the person whom you think you are; b) the person whom you think the other person is; c) the person whom you think the other person thinks you are; d) the person whom you think the other person thinks he is; 6) the person whom the other person thinks you think you are; and £) the parson whom the other person thinks you think he is 4. Contextual. Communication doss not happan in isolation Factors: 4. Psychological (who you are: needs, desires, values, beliefs, personality) 2. Relational (reactions based on relationship: boss, colleague, friend) 3. Situational (psycho-social “where” you are communicating) 4. Environmental (physical setting “where” you are communicating) 5, Cultural (learned Behaviors and rules) COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS Morals are our own set of rules, so others are neither expected nor required to follow them while Ethics are rules accepted and approved by sodety so they are imposed upon everyone. Basically, ‘Moral: personal Ethics: soctetal Both ensure discipline among us, without these codes of conducts ‘standards ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION (Johnston, 1994) 1, MUTUALITY. Pay attention to the neads of others, as well as yours. 2. INDIVIDUAL DIGNITY. Donot cause another person embarrassment or a loss of dignity. 3. ACCURACY. Ensure that others have accurate information. 4, ACCESS TO INFORMATION. allow communication to commence with one another. 5. ACCOUNTABILITY. Be responsible for the consequences of your relationships and communication. 6. AUDIENCE. Both the sender and receiver have 100% responsibility to ensure that message isunderstood. 7. RELATIVE TRUTH. Your point of view may not be shared byothers. 8. ENDS vs. MEANS. Be sure that the end goal of your communication and the means of getting to that end are both ethical 9. USE OF POWER. In situations where you have more power than others, you have more responsibility for the outcome. 10. RIGHTS vs. RESPONSIBILITIES - Balance your rights against your responsibilities. ‘Whenever, or whatever, you communicate, you should consider the consequences. GECO6 12Thus, you should be guided by ethical standards to prevent the repercussions. These standards/ principles will then determine, and help you have, the kind of behavior that is proper and desirable. Ifthe behavior is then acceptable in the eyes of the society, you will be able to build a good reputation and a positive image. Here are the four ethical principles according to the Credo for Ethical Consideration by the US National Communication Association (NCA, 1999). “advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication” ‘We have all been so saturated because of the propaganda we have been seeing in social media. This then calls to highlight the need for truth and honesty among people (us included) who use the platform to convey message. Likewise, we should be accurate in terms of facts and figuras to prove the claims we make. Moreover, we should put our emotions aside and be reasonable endorses ‘freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil society” To ensure that we create/ sustain the vibrant democracy in the country, we should listen to different perspactives and be highly tolerant of paople’s views. IF we are, then the environment will be conducive for reasonable dialogue and debate, and free of threat when practicing self-expression. “condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred” Ttis important that we have zero tolerance of hate speech— those which are sexist, radist, and inciting violence against oppressed or vulnerable people. writes that communicators should “accept responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others” ‘We should always be accountable of the things we say and do. If we say something malicious, spread false information, and incite violence, we should be ready to face the consequenoss. Why does unethical communication threaten the quality of education, and consequently the well-being of the individual and the society? GECO6 13