BDC Assignment3

The objective of these question is to help you reading the book and focus on
important topics in Chapter 3

1. How does a multipoint circuit differ from a point-to-point circuit?

2. Describe three types of guided media.

3. Clearly explain the differences among analog data, analog transmission, digital data, and
digital transmission.

4. Explain why most telephone company circuits are now digital.

5. How does bipolar signaling differ from unipolar signaling? Why is Manchester encoding more
popular than either?

6. What is bandwidth? What is the bandwidth in a traditional North American telephone circuit?

7. Describe how data could be transmitted using frequency modulation.

8. Describe how data could be transmitted using phase modulation.

10.Draw the different encoding for the following techniques?

1- A multipoint circuit is a communication circuit in which three or more devices are

connected and can communicate with each other simultaneously. In contrast, a point-to-
point circuit is a communication circuit that connects two devices directly, without any
 other devices in between. The main difference between a multipoint circuit and a point-
to-point circuit is that in a multipoint circuit, multiple devices can communicate with
each other simultaneously.

2) Guided media refer to communication channels that use physical cables or wires to
transmit signals. Here are three types of guided media:

1. Twisted pair cable: A twisted pair cable consists of two insulated copper wires that are
twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interference. It is the most common type of
cabling used in local area networks (LANs)
2. Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable consists of a central conductor, surrounded by an insulating
layer, a braided wire mesh shield, and an outer jacket.
3. Optical fiber: Optical fiber uses thin strands of glass or plastic to transmit signals in the
form of light. It offers high-speed data transmission and is immune to electromagnetic
interference.

3) Analog data: Analog data is continuous, variable data that can take any value
within a range of values. Examples of analog data include sound waves, temperature
readings. Analog transmission: Analog transmission refers to the transmission of
analog signals over a communication channel, such as a telephone line or a radio
wave. In analog transmission, the signal is modulated to match the characteristics of
the channel. Digital data: Digital data is discrete, binary data that can take on only
two values - 0 or 1. Digital transmission: Digital transmission refers to the
transmission of digital data over a communication channel, such as a computer
network or the internet.

4) Most telephone company circuits are now digital due to the many advantages that
digital technology offers over traditional analog technology. Improved call quality,
Increased capacity, Better reliability, Easier maintenance and Greater flexibility.

5) Bipolar signaling and unipolar signaling are two common types of digital signaling
used in communication systems. In bipolar signaling, each bit of digital data is
transmitted as a positive voltage, a negative voltage, or zero voltage. This means that
the voltage changes polarity with each bit transmitted. In unipolar signaling, each bit
of digital data is transmitted as a positive voltage or zero voltage. This means that
the voltage stays the same for each bit transmitted. Manchester encoding is a
popular type of digital signaling that combines the advantages of bipolar and
unipolar signaling. Manchester encoding is more reliable and easier to synchronize
than bipolar and unipolar signaling, and it allows for faster data rates and greater
distances between transmitting and receiving devices.
 6) In communication systems, bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies that can
be transmitted over a communication channel. It is usually measured in hertz (Hz)
and represents the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies. In a
traditional North American telephone circuit, the bandwidth is limited to 3.1 kilohertz
(kHz), which is sufficient for transmitting voice signals. This bandwidth is also known
as the voiceband, and it corresponds to the range of frequencies between 300 Hz
and 3.4 kHz.

7) Frequency modulation (FM) is a method of modulating a carrier wave to transmit

information in the form of data. Here is a basic description of how data can be
transmitted using FM:

1. Data input: The data to be transmitted is fed into a modulator, which encodes the data
onto a carrier wave.
2. Modulation: The carrier wave is modulated by varying the frequency of the wave
in response to the input data. In FM, the frequency of the carrier wave is varied in
proportion to the amplitude of the input signal.
3. Transmission: The modulated signal is transmitted through a communication
channel, such as a wire or radio wave.
4. Reception: At the receiving end, the modulated signal is detected and
demodulated to recover the original input data.
5. Output: The output of the receiver is the original input data, which can be used
for a variety of purposes, such as recording, processing, or display.

8) Phase modulation (PM) is a method of modulating a carrier wave to

transmit information in the form of data. Here's a basic description of how
data can be transmitted using PM:
1- Data input: The data to be transmitted is fed into a modulator,
which encodes the data onto a carrier wave.
2- Modulation: The carrier wave is modulated by varying the phase of
the wave in response to the input data.
3- Transmission: The modulated signal is transmitted through a
communication channel, such as a wire or radio wave.
4- Reception: At the receiving end, the modulated signal is detected
and demodulated to recover the original input data.
5- Output: The output of the receiver is the original input data, which
can be used for a variety of purposes, such as recording, processing,
or display.