1- Preface

This document provides Lightning calculation of “Personnel Rest House Building”.

2- Environmental conditions
Thunderstorm days per year: 8
The maximum indoor temperature in summer: 40 °C
The minimum indoor temperature: 5 °C
The maximum outdoor temperature: 50 °C

3- Standards
NFPA 780 Installation of lightning protection system
IEC 62305 Protection against lightning

4- Calculation of lightning protection system

To evaluate lightning protection system is necessary or optional for building; lightning risk
assessment shall be performed.

According to “NFPA 780 – Annex L”, the methodology of detailed risk assessment involves the
comparison of the calculated risk of loss due to lightning with the tolerable level of risk. These
assessments will determine the risk of lightning discharges causing a loss of life or injury, a loss of
historical significance, loss of service(s), and probable economic losses.

4.1 Values of Tolerable Risk ( RT ). Values of tolerable levels of loss could be selected by the
owner, the owner’s representative, or the authority having jurisdiction. Default values that can be
used where risk levels are not provided by other sources are given in Table L.6.2.

Table 4.1 Values of Tolerable Risk (RT)

Type of Loss RT /year
Loss of life or injury 10-5
Loss of service 10-3
Loss of historical significance 10-3

4.2 Types of Risk Due to Lightning. The types of risk due to lightning for a particular structure or
facility could include one or more of the following:
(1) R1 risk associated with loss of life or injury
(2) R2 risk associated with loss of service
(3) R3 risk associated with loss of historical significance
(4) R4 risk associated with loss of economic value
These risk categories are composed of risk components that are summed to determine the overall risk
of the loss in a given application. The risk components are characterized according to the type of loss
and source of the threat. Threats to be considered in the assessment are associated with:

(1) Strikes to the structure

(2) Strikes to an incoming service to a structure
(3) Strikes near a service
(4) Strikes near a structure

4.3 Risk Components. Relevant risk components to be considered in the assessment of the risk of
the losses in 4.3 are identified in 4.3.1 through 4.3.4. They are categorized according to the cause of
the damage.

4.3.1 Direct Strikes to a Structure. RA indicates injuries caused by strikes to a structure (touch and
step potentials). RB indicates damage to a structure due to a direct strike. RC indicates failure of
internal systems due to a strike to a structure.

4.3.2 Strikes near a Structure. RM indicates failure of internal systems due to a strike near a
structure.

4.3.3 Strike to a Service Connected to a Structure. RU indicates injury due to strikes to a service
connected to the structure. RV indicates damage to a structure due to strikes to a service connected to
the structure. RW indicates failure of internal systems or equipment due to a strike to a service
connected to the structure.

4.3.4 Strikes near a Service Connected to the Structure. RZ indicates failure of internal systems
or equipment due to strikes near a service connected to the structure.

4.4 Procedure for Risk Assessment and Management. The procedure for the risk assessment is as
the following steps:
a) Define the extent of the structure being assessed.
b) Identify all the types of loss relevant to the structure.
c) the risk for each relevant type of loss for the structure should be determined by identifying
the components (RX) that make up the risk, calculate the identified components of risk, and
add these to calculate the total risk due to lightning (R) using the following relationships:

R = R1 + R2 + R 3 + R4
R1 = RA + RB + RC* + RM*, + RU + RV + RW* + RZ*
R2 = RB + RC + RM + RV + RW + RZ
R3 = RB + RV
R4 = RA** + RB + RC + RM + RU** + RV + RW + RZ

* RC, RM, RW, and RZ in R1 are applicable only for structures with risk of explosion, for structures with life-critical
electrical equipment (such as hospitals), or other structures where the failure of internal systems immediately endangers
human life.
** RA and RU in R4 are applicable only for structures where animals might be injured.
Relationships of risk factors are defined in the following table:

Table 4.4.1 Risk Components Formulas

Risk Component Descriptor

RA = ND PA LA Risk of injury due to direct strike to structure

RB = ND PB LB Risk of physical damage to structure due to a direct strike to the structure

RC = ND PC LC Risk of failure of internal systems due to direct strike to structure

RM = NM PM LM Risk of failure of internal systems due to strike near structure

RU = (NL +NDJ) PU LU Risk of injury due to strike to incoming service

RV = (NL +NDJ) PV LV Risk of physical damage due to direct strike to incoming service

RW = (NL +NDJ) PW LW Risk of failure of internal systems due to direct strike to incoming service
RZ = (NI –NL) PZ LZ Risk of failure of internal systems due to strike near incoming service

Compare the total risk (R) with the maximum tolerable risk (RT) for each type of loss relevant
to the structure. If R < RT for each type of loss relevant to the structure, then lightning
protection might not be needed.

4.5 Calculation of Risk. Each component of risk, RX, depends on the average annual threat of
occurrence, NX (strikes in the area of interest), the probability of damage, PX (or step and touch
voltages to humans), and the expected loss related to the event, LX. The value of each component of
risk, RX, can be calculated using the following expression:

RX = NX LX PX
where:
RX = number of lightning strikes affecting the structure or service
PX = probability of damage
LX = loss factor

Specific formulas for the calculation of the risk components identified in 4.4 are given in Table 4.4.1.

4.5.1 Annual Threat of Occurrence

4.5.1.1 Annual threat of occurrence resulting from a direct strike to a structure (ND) is calculated by
the following equation:

ND = (NG) (AD) (CD) (10-6) events/year

where:
ND = yearly lightning strike frequency to the structure or object
NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (NG = 0.1 * Thunderstorm days per year)
AD = the equivalent collection area of the structure (m2)
CD = environmental coefficient (see Table 4.6.1)
4.5.1.2 The annual threat of occurrence due to strikes near a structure (NM) is given by the following
equation :

NM = (NG) (AM - AD) (CD) (10-6) events/year

where:
ND = yearly lightning strike frequency to the structure or object
NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (NG = 0.1 * Thunderstorm days per year)
AD = the equivalent collection area of the structure (m2)
AM = collection area of flashes near the structure (m2)
CD = environmental coefficient (see Table 4.6.1)

4.5.1.3 The annual threat of occurrence due to a strike to an incoming service (NL) is
characterized by the following formula:

NL = (NG) (AL) (CD) (CT) (10-6) events/year

where:
ND = yearly lightning strike frequency to the structure or object
NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (NG = 0.1 * Thunderstorm days per year)
AD = the equivalent collection area of the structure (m2)
AM = collection area of flashes near the structure (m2)
CD = environmental coefficient (see Table 4.6.1)
CT = correction factor for the presence of an HV/LV transformer located between the point of strike and the
structure (see Table 4.6.2)

4.5.1.4 The annual threat of occurrence due to flashes to an adjacent structure (NDJ) at the end of an
incoming service can be estimated by using the following equation:

NDJ = (NG) (ADJ) (CD) (CT) (10-6) events/year

where:
ND = yearly lightning strike frequency to the structure or object
NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (NG = 0.1 * Thunderstorm days per year)
ADJ = equivalent collection area of the adjacent structure (m2)
CD = environmental coefficient (see Table 4.6.1)
CT = correction factor for the presence of an HV/LV transformer located between the point of strike and the
structure

4.5.1.5 The annual threat of occurrence due to flashes near a service (NI) can be estimated by using
the following equation:
NI = (NG) (AI) (CD) (CT) (10-6) events/year
where:
ND = yearly lightning strike frequency to the structure or object
NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km2/year (NG = 0.1 * Thunderstorm days per year)
AI = equivalent collection area of flashes to ground near the service (m2)
CD = environmental coefficient
CT = correction factor for the presence of an HV/LV transformer located between the point of strike and the
structure (see Table 4.6.2)
4.5.2 Equivalent Collection Area (See Figure 4.5.2.1)
4.5.2.1 AD Collection area for flashes to an isolated structure can be calculated by using the
following equation:

AD = LW + 6H (L+W) + 9πH2

where:
L = Length of the structure
W = Width of the structure
H = Height of the structure

4.5.2.2 ADJ Collection area for flashes to an adjacent structure can be calculated by using the
following equation:

ADJ = LJWJ + 6HJ (LJ+WJ) + 9πHJ2

where:
LJ = Length of the adjacent structure
WJ = Width of the adjacent structure
HJ = Height of the adjacent structure

4.5.2.3 AM Collection area for flashes striking near the structure is obtained from drawing a line
around the structure at a distance of 500 m and can be calculated by using the following equation:

AM = 2 × 500(L+W) + π5002

where:
L = Length of the structure
W = Width of the structure
H = Height of the structure

4.5.2.4 AL Collection area for flashes to a line can be calculated by using the following equation:

AI =40 × LL

where:
LL= the length of the incoming service

4.5.2.5 AI Collection area for flashes near a line can be calculated by using the following equation:

AI =4000 × LL

where:
LL= the length of the incoming service
Notes:
1. Area AD is the area subject to direct strikes to the facility
2. Area AM is the area subject to strikes near the structure
3. Area AL is the area subject to direct strikes to the incoming service
4. Area ADJ is the area subject to strikes to the adjacent structure
5. Area Al is the area subject to strikes near the incoming service

FIGURE 4.5.2.1 Collection Areas (AD, AM, AL, ADJ, AI).

4.5.3 Probabilities of Damage.

4.5.3.1 The factors associated with the probability of injury (PA) due to a direct strike to a structure
are primarily related to touch and step potentials. Default values for (PA) are given in Table 4.5.3.1.

Table 4.5.3.1 Values of Probability (PA) That a Flash to a Structure Will Cause
Shock to Living Beings Due to Dangerous Touch-and-Step Voltages

Protection Measure PA
No protection measures 1
Warning notices 0.1
Electrical insulation/isolation of exposed down conductor 0.01
Effective soil equipotentialization 0.01
Structural steel frame is used as the down conductor system 1.00E-06
4.5.3.2 The factors associated with the probability of physical damage (PB) due to a direct strike to a
structure are primarily related to the type of protection provided. Default values for (PB) are given in
Table 4.5.3.2.

Table 4.5.3.2 Values of Probability (P B) of Physical Damage to

a Structure Due to Flashes to the Structure
Protection Measure PB
No protection provided 1
LPS based on 45 m (150 ft.) striking distance 0.1
LPS based on 30 m (100 ft.) striking distance 0.05
Structure with a metal roof meeting the requirements of 4.6.1.4, with continuous metal
serving as a natural down conductor system with bonding and grounding in accordance 0.001
with NFPA 780
Structure with a metal roof meeting the requirements of 4.6.1.4, with reinforced
concrete frame bonded to a down conductor system and bonding and grounding in 0.001
accordance with NFPA 780

4.5.3.3 The factors associated with the probability of failure of internal systems due to a direct strike
(PC) are primarily related to the surge protection measures provided. Default values for PC are given
in Table 4.5.3.3.

Table 4.5.3.3.1 Values of Probability (P C) as a Function of SPD

Protection Provided
Protection Measure PC
No SPD protection 1
SPDs provided in accordance with Section 4.20 (NFPA 780) 0.03

SPD protection is effective to reduce PC only in structures protected by a lightning protection system
or in structures with a continuous metal or reinforced concrete frame.

4.5.3.4 The probability that a strike near a structure will cause failure of internal systems (PM)
depends on the lightning protection measures implemented. These measures are characterized by a
factor, KS, that takes into consideration protective measures such as the shielding effectiveness of the
structure, any internal shielding provided, characteristics of internal wiring, and the rated impulse
withstand voltage level (i.e., withstand voltage) of the system to be protected.
Where SPDs are not installed at utilization equipment, or the SPDs at the utilization equipment are
not properly coordinated with those installed at the service entrances, the value of PM to be used in
the equation for the risk of failure of internal systems due to a strike near a structure (PM) can be
taken from Table 5.4.3.4.
Where coordinated SPDs are installed at the utilization equipment, the value of PM used in the
computation of PM is the lower value between PC and PM. For internal systems with equipment
having rated impulse withstand voltage levels that are unknown or are less than 1.5 kV, a value of
PM = 1 should be used in the assessment.
 Table 4.5.3.4.1 Values of Probability (PM) as a Function of KS
KS PM
>0.4 1
0.15 0.9
0.07 0.5
0.035 0.1
0.021 0.01
0.016 0.005
0.015 0.003
0.014 0.001
<0.013 0.0001

The value of KS is calculated using the following equation:

KS = (KS1)(KS2)(KS3)(KS4)

where:
KS1 = factor relating to the shielding effectiveness of the structure, lightning protection system, or other shields at
. the exterior boundary of the structure
KS2 = factor relating to the shielding effectiveness of shields internal to the structure
KS3 = factor relating to the characteristics of the internal wiring
KS4 = factor relating to the rated impulse withstand voltage level of the system to be protected

Table 4.5.3.4.2 Values of Factor (KS3) as a Function of Internal

Wiring

Type of Internal Wiring UW

Unshielded cable — no routing precaution to avoid loops 1
Unshielded cable — routing precaution to avoid large loops 0.2
Unshielded cable — routing precaution to avoid loops up to 10 m2 0.02
Shielded cable with shield resistance of 20 > RS > 5 Ω/km 0.001
Shielded cable with shield resistance of 5 > RS > 1 Ω/km 0.0002

Shielded cable with shield resistance of 1 > RS Ω/km

0.0001

4.5.3.5 The probability The probability, PU, that a lightning flash will result in injury to living beings
due to touch voltage by a flash to a service entering the structure depends on the characteristics of the
service shield, the rated impulse withstand voltage level of internal systems connected to the service,
typical protection measures (e.g., physical restrictions, warning notices), and SPDs provided at the
entrance of the service can be obtained from table 4.5.3.5.1.
 Table 4.5.3.5.1 Values of the Probability (PU) as a Function of the
UW
Resistance of the Cable Shield and the Impulse Withstand
Voltage (UW) of the Equipment
1 1.5 2.5 4 6
Line Type Power lines or
1 1 1 1 1
telecom lines
Shielded aerial or buried line whose shield is bonded to the same bonding
bar as 1 1 0.95 0.9 0.8
equipment " 5 Ω/km < R S < 20 Ω/km "
Shielded aerial or buried line whose shield is bonded to the same bonding
bar as 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.1
equipment " 1 Ω/km < R S < 5 Ω/km "

Shielded aerial or buried line whose shield is bonded to the same bonding 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.04 0.02
bar as
equipment "R S ≤ 1 Ω/km "

4.5.3.6 The probability of physical damage due to a strike to a service entering a structure (PV)
depends on the service line shielding characteristics, the rated impulse withstand voltage level of
internal systems connected to the service, and any SPDs provided.
Where SPDs are not provided, the value of PV is equal to the value of PU. Where SPDs are provided,
the value of PV to be used in the equation for the risk of physical damage due to a strike to a service
is the lower value between PC and PU.

4.5.3.7 The probability of a failure of internal systems due to a strike to a service entering a structure
(PW) depends on the service line shielding characteristics, the rated impulse withstand voltage level
of internal systems connected to the service, and any SPDs provided. Where SPDs are installed, the
value of PW is the lower value of PC or PU.
Where SPDs are not installed, the value of PW to be used in the equation for the risk of failure of
internal systems due to a strike to a service is equivalent to the value of PU.

4.5.3.8 The probability of a failure of internal systems due to a strike near a service entering the
structure under consideration (PZ) depends on the service line shielding characteristics, the impulse
withstand voltage of internal systems connected to the service, and the protection measures provided.
Where SPDs are not installed, the probability of failure of internal systems due to a flash near the
connected service (PZ) can be taken from Table 4.5.3.8.1.
Where SPDs are installed, the value of PZ can be taken to be the lower value of PC or PZ.

Table 4.5.3.8.1 Values of the Probability (PZ) as a Function of

UW
the Resistance of the Cable Shield and the Withstand Voltage
(UW) of the Equipment
1 1.5 2.5 4 6
With no SPDs installed –POWER LINES 1 0.6 0.3 0.16 0.1
With no SPDs installed – TELECOM LINES 1 0.5 0.2 0.08 0.04
 4.5.4 Loss Factors.
The value of LT, LF, and LO can be determined in terms of the relative number of victims from the
following table:

Table 4.5.4.1 Typical Mean Values of Losses

Loss Physical Failure of

of Life Damage Systems
Type of Structure ( LT ) ( LF ) ( LO )
All types: persons inside building 1.00E-05
All types: persons outside building 1.00E-03
Hospitals 1.00E-01 1.00E-03
Hotels, civil buildings 1.00E-01 1.00E-06
Industrial, commercial, school 5.00E-02 1.00E-06
Public entertainment, churches, museums 2.00E-02 1.00E-06
Others 1.00E-02 1.00E-06
Risk of explosion 1.00E-01 1.00E-01

4.5.4.1 Injury to Humans. The following equation calculates the value of injury to humans:

LA = LU = (LT) (rT)

where:
LA = value for loss of human life
LU = value of loss of living being
rT = reduction factor for type of surface soil or floor (see Table 4.5.4.1.1)
LT = mean value of loss of life (see Table 4.5.4.1)

Table 4.5.4.1.1 Values of Reduction Factor (rT) as a Function of

the Type of Surface of Soil or Floor
Contact
Type of Surface Resistance rT
(kΩ*)
Soil, concrete <1 1.00E-02
Marble, ceramic 1–10 1.00E-03
Gravel, car 10–100 1.00E-04
Asphalt, linoleum, wood > 100 1.00E-05

4.5.4.2 Physical Damage. The following equation calculates the value of loss from physical damage
to the structure:

LB = LV = (rP) (rF) (hZ) (LF)

where:
LB = value of loss due to direct strike to the structure
LV = value of loss due to strike to incoming service
rF = reduction factor for risk of fire to structure (see Table 4.5.4.2.1)
 rP = reduction factor for provisions taken to reduce consequences of fire (see Table 4.5.4.2.2)
hZ= factor for the kinds of hazard in the structure (see Table 4.5.4.2.3)
LT = mean value of physical damage loss (see Table 4.5.4.1)

Table 4.5.4.2.1 Values of Reduction Factor (rF) as a Function

of Risk of Fire for a Structure
Risk of Fire rF
Explosion 1.00E+00
High 1.00E-01
Ordinary 1.00E-02
Low 1.00E-03
None 1.00E-04

Table 4.5.4.2.2 Values of Reduction Factor (rp) as a Function

of Provisions Taken to Reduce the Consequences of Fire
Provisions rp

No provisions or structure contains risk of explosion 1.00E+00

Fixed manually operated extinguishing installations, manual alarm installations,

5.00E-01
hydrants, fireproof compartments, and/or protected escape routes
Protected against overvoltages and other damages, or fire fighters can arrive in less than
10 minutes, or fixed automatically operated extinguishing installations or automatic 2.00E-01
alarm installed

Table 4.5.4.2.3 Values for Increasing the Loss Due to a Special

Hazard Factor (hZ)

hZ
Kind of Hazard

No special hazard 1

Low level of panic (e.g., structures limited to two floors and the number of people not
2
greater than 100)
Average level of panic (e.g., structures designed for cultural or sporting events with a
5
number of people between 100 and 1000)
Difficulty of evacuation (e.g., structures with immobilized people, such as hospitals) 5

High level of panic (e.g., structures designed for cultural or sporting events with the
10
number of people greater than 1000)

Hazard to surrounding area or environment 20

Contamination of surrounding area or environment 50

4.6 Location Factor and correction factor for the presence of an HV/LV transformer

Table 4.6.1 Location Factor, CD

Relative Structure Location CD
Isolated structure on hilltop 2

Isolated structure, with no other structures located within a distance of 3H 1

Structure surrounded by structures of equal or lesser height within a distance of 3H 0.5

Structure surrounded by taller structures or trees within a distance of 3H 0.25

Table 4.6.2 CT correction factor for the presence of an HV/LV transformer

located between the point of strike and the structure
MV/LV SELECTION
With transformer 0.2
Without transformer 1
 DETAILED RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON "NFPA 780"

Equivalent Collective Area

AD = LW + 6H(L+W) + 9π H2 L= 10 AD= 1212.56

(for rectangular structure) W= 10
(substitute formula for
H= 4.5
other structures)

Direct Strikes to Structure

NG= 0.6
ND = (NG)(AD)(CD)(10- 6) AD= 1212.56 ND = 7.28E-04
Isolated structure, with no other structures located
within a distance of 3H
CD= 1

Strikes Near Structure

NM = (NG)(AM– AD)(CD)(10- 6) NG= 0.6 NM = 4.83E-01
AD= 1212.56
AM = 2 × 500(L+W) + π 5002 AM = 805398.16

CD= 1

Strikes to an Incoming Service

NL = (NG)(AI)(CD)(CT)(10- 6) NG= 0.6 NL = 6.00E-03
Length(m) of incoming cable L L= 250
AL = 40 × LL AL= 10000.00

Without transformer CT= 1.00

CD= 1

Strikes to an Adjacent Structure

NG= 0.6
LJ 32
2
ADJ = LJWJ + 6HJ(LJ+WJ) + 9π (HJ) WJ 20
HJ 10
-6
NDJ = (NG)(ADJ)(CD)(CT)(10 ) ADJ= 6587.433388 NDJ = 3.95E-03
Without transformer CT= 1.00
CD= 1

Strikes Near an Incoming Service

NI= (NG)(AI)(CE)(CT)(10- 6) NG= 0.6 NI = 6.00E-01
AI = 4000 × LL AI = 1000000

Rural — settled areas outside of towns and cities CE= 1.00

Without transformer CT= 1.00

Probability of Damage
Injury Due to a Direct Strike – PA

No protection measures PA = 1.00E+00

Physical Damage Due to a Direct Strike – PB

LPS based on 30 m (100 ft) striking distance PB = 5.00E-02

Failure of Internal Systems Due to a Direct Strike – PC

No SPD protection PC = 1.00E+00

Failure of Internal Systems Due to a Direct Strike – PM

Without coordinated surge protective devices PM = 1.00E+00

UW is the lowest
(b) For a typical residential structure: UW = 2.5
kV
UW= 2.5 withstand voltage of
protected equipment.

KS = (KS1)(KS2)(KS3)(KS4) KS1 1 KS = 6.00E-04

KS2 1

Shielded cable with shield resistance of 20 > RS > Type of Internal

5 Ω/km KS3 0.001
Wiring

KS4 = 1.5 /UW KS4 0.6

AI = 4000 × LL AI = 1000000
Without transformer CT= 1.00

Injury Due to Strike to Incoming Service – PU

Aerial or buried line, unshielded, or
shielded, whose shield is not bonded to the
same bonding bar as equipment OR With PU = 1.00E+00
unshielded service (no additional SPDs
installed)

Physical Damage from Strike to Incoming Service – PV

With SPDs installed; Use lowest value of PC

PV = 1.00E+00
or PU

Physical Damage from Strike to Incoming Service – PW

With no SPDs installed – PW = PU PW = 1.00E+00

Physical Damage from Strike to Incoming Service – PZ

With no SPDs installed –POWER LINES PZ = 3.00E-01

Loss Factors

Injury or Loss of Life – LA

Use LT, LF, or LO

from Table L.6.7.10
LA = (nZ /nT)(tZ /8760) LA = 2.74E-03 when nZ, nT, or tZ is
uncertain or difficult
to determine.

nZ = number of endangered persons n Z= 100

nT = expected total number of persons in
n T= 100
facility
tZ = time in hours per year when persons are
in a dangerous place inside or outside the tZ = 24
structure
LT = mean value of
All types: persons inside building LT = 1.00E-05 loss of life (Table
L.6.7.9)

LF = value of loss
due to direct strike to
LF = 1.00E-01
the structure
(Table L.6.7.9)
Hotels, civil buildings
LO = mean value of
loss of internal
LO = 1.00E-06
system
(Table L.6.7.9)

Injury to Humans – LA or LU

LA = value for loss of

human life
LA = LU = (LT)(rT) LA = 1.00E-08
LU = value of loss of
living being

rT = reduction factor
for type of surface
Marble, ceramic rT= 1.00E-03 soil or floor (see
Table
L.6.7.10)
Physical Damage – LB or LV

LB = value of loss
due to direct strike to
LB = L V the structureLV =
LB = LV = (rP) (rF) (hZ)(LF) 1.00E-04
= value of loss due to
strike to incoming
service

LF = mean value of
LF = 0.1 physical damage loss
(see Table L.6.7.8)

hZ = factor for the

Low level of panic (e.g., structures limited to
kinds of hazard in the
two floors and the number of people not h Z= 2.00E+00
structure (see Table
greater than 100)
L.6.7.12)

rP = reduction factor
Fixed manually operated extinguishing for provisions taken
installations, manual alarm installations, to reduce
rP = 5.00E-01
hydrants, fireproof compartments, and/or consequences
protected escape routes of fire (see Table
L.6.7.10)

rF = reduction factor
for risk of fire to
Low rF = 1.00E-03
structure (see Table
L.6.7.11)

Failure of Internal Systems – LO

Hotels, civil buildings LO = 1.00E-06 Value is calculated

Risk Components

Risk of Injury or Loss of Life from a Direct Striketo a Structure – RA

ND= 7.28E-04

RA = (ND)(PA)(LA) PA= 1.00E+00 RA= 7.28E-12

LA= 1.00E-08

Risk of Physical Damage Due to a Direct Strike to Structure – RB

ND= 7.28E-04

RB = (ND)(PB)(LB) PB= 5.00E-02 RB= 3.64E-09

LB= 1.00E-04
Risk of Failure of Internal Systems from a Direct Strike to the Structure– RC

ND= 7.28E-04

RB = (ND)(PC)(LC) PC= 1.00E+00 RC= 7.28E-10

LC= 1.00E-06 LC=LO

Risk of Failure of Internal Systems from a Strike Near Structure – RM

NM= 7.28E-04

RB = (NM)(PM)(LM) PM= 1.00E+00 RM= 4.83E-07

LM= 1.00E-06 LM=LO

Risk of Injury to Living Beings from a Direct Strike to Incoming Service – RU

NL= 6.00E-03

RU = (NL+NDJ)(PU)(LU) NDJ= 3.95E-03 RU= 9.95E-11

PU= 1.00E+00

LU= 1.00E-08

Risk of Physical Damage Due to a Direct Strike to Incoming Service – RV

NL= 6.00E-03

RU = (NL+NDJ)(PV)(LV) NDJ= 3.95E-03 RV= 9.95E-07

PV= 1.00E+00

LV= 1.00E-04

Risk of Failure of Internal Systems Due to Direct Strike to Incoming Service – RW

NL= 6.00E-03

RW = (NL+NDJ)(PW)(LW) NDJ= 3.95E-03 RW= 9.95E-09

PW= 1.00E+00

LW= 1.00E-06 LW = LO

Risk of Failure of Internal Systems Due to Strike Near Incoming Service – RZ

NL= 6.00E-03

RZ = (NI - NL)(PZ)(LZ) NI= 6.00E-01 RZ= 9.95E-09

PZ = 3.00E-01

LZ = 1.00E-06 LZ = LO
 Risk Calculations

Risk of Injury or Loss of Life – R1

RA= 7.28E-12

Normal structure RB= 3.64E-09

"RC","RM","RW" &
RC= 7.28E-10 "RZ" only for
structures with life-
RM= 4.83E-07 R1= 9.99E-07 critical electrical
R1 = RA+RB+RU+RV equipment, risk of
RU= 9.95E-11 explosion, or where
failure of internal
RV= 9.95E-07 system immediately
endangers life
RW= 9.95E-09

RZ= 9.95E-09

Risk of Loss of Service (Power, Phone, Water, etc.) – R2

RB= 3.64E-09

RC= 7.28E-10

RM= 4.83E-07 R2= 1.50E-06

R2 = RB+RC+RM+RV+RW+RZ
RV= 9.95E-07

RW= 9.95E-09

RZ= 9.95E-09

Risk of Loss of Historical Significance – R3

RB= 3.64E-09
R3 = RB+RV
RV= 9.95E-07 R3= 9.99E-07

Risk of an Economic Loss – R4

RA= 7.28E-12
structures where animals could NOT be
lost
RB= 3.64E-09

RC= 7.28E-10
"RA" & "RU" only to
RM= 4.83E-07 R4= 1.50E-06
structures
R1 = RB+RC+RM+RV+RW+RZ
where animals could
RU= 9.95E-11
be lost
RV= 9.95E-07

RW= 9.95E-09

RZ= 9.95E-09

Overall Risk to the Structure – R

R1= 9.99E-07
R=R1+R2+R3+R4 R2= 1.50E-06 R= 5.00E-06
R3= 9.99E-07
R4= 1.50E-06