Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ekologi Populasi
9.2
Population Ecology
Taburan tumbuhan dipengaruhi Taburan haiwan dipengaruhi oleh Taburan organisma akuatik Faktor biotik yang mempengaruhi
oleh faktor abiotik berikut: Animal distributions are affected by dipengaruhi oleh taburan organisma seperti
Plant distributions are affected by Aquatic organism distributions are Biotic factors affecting distribution of
abiotic factors such as affected by organisms such as
Suhu / Temperature
Spesies yang berlainan mempunyai yang berbeza untuk kemandirian hidup.
Each species has a different at which it is best able to survive.
Tumbuhan dan haiwan berdarah sejuk / Plants and cold-blooded
animals
– suhu jatuh di bawah suhu optimum, fungsi menjadi lebih perlahan dan kadar metabolisme
menurun.
as temperatures fall below the optimum, the work more slowly and so their metabolic rate is reduced.
– Apabila suhu melebihi suhu optimum, enzim . Fungsi enzim menurun.
At temperatures above the optimum, the enzymes work less efficiently because they gradually undergo
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The further the temperature of the external environment gets from their optimum temperature, the more
these organisms expend in trying to maintain their normal body temperature. This leaves less energy for individual
and so they mature more slowly and their reproductive rate slows.
Cahaya /
Light
• ialah sumber tenaga utama untuk semua ekosistem.
is the ultimate source of energy for most ecosystems
Kadar meningkat apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat.
The rate of increases as light intensity increases.
Semakin tinggi kadar fotosintesis, semakin cepat dan semakin banyak bahan organik
dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan.
The greater the rate of photosynthesis, the faster plants and the more organic substances they produce.
Haiwan yang memakan tumbuhan juga bertambah.
The animals that feed on plants is also increase.
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Biologi Tingkatan 5 Bab 9 Ekosistem
pH / pH
Populasi organisma adalah lebih jika terdapat pH yang sesuai dan populasi berkurang atau
tiada jika pH persekitaran sangat berbeza dengan pH optimum.
A population of organisms is is where the appropriate pH exists and smaller, or non-existent, where the pH
different from the optimum.
Keadaan fizikal, pH, dan komposisi tanah membataskan pertumbuhan tumbuhan daratan.
The physical consistency, pH, and composition of the soil often severely limit terrestrial plant growth.
pH tanah mempengaruhi ketersediaan ion nutrien, terutamanya dan .
Soil pH affects availability of nutrient ions. particularly and .
Menggunakan kuadrat
Use of the quadrat TP 3
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Kuadrat / Quadrat
BAB
Parameter yang terlibat dalam persampelan kuadrat/ Parameters involved in quadrat sampling:
(i) spesies = kebarangkalian untuk memperoleh individu sesuatu spesies dalam setiap kuadrat
Species = the chance of a particular species being found within any one quadrat
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Biologi Tingkatan 5 Bab 9 Ekosistem
(ii) spesies = bilangan individu purata sesuatu spesies per unit luas kawasan kajian
Species = numbers of individuals of each species per unit area
(iii) Peratus = luas permukaan tanah yang dilitupi oleh suatu spesies
Percentage = the area of the quadrat that is covered by a species
Contoh / Examples:
1. Sekumpulan pelajar menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menganggarkan kepadatan Mimosa pudica di padang sekolah
menggunakan kuadrat berukuran 1 m x 1 m.
A group of students carried out an experiment to estimate the density of Mimosa pudica in the field using quadrats measuring 1 m x1
m.
Keputusan eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam jadual berikut./ The result of the experiment is shown in table below.
Kudrat/ Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5
Bilangan Mimosa pudica
Number of Mimosa pudica 2 3 0 2 0
Hitungkan frekuensi dan kepadatan Mimosa pudica./ Calculate the frequency and density of Mimosa pudica.
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2. Jadual berikut menuniukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk menganggarkan bilangan tumbuhan Q dalam l0 kuadrat, yang
setiapnya berukuran 1 m x 1 m.
BAB
Table below shows the result of an experiment to estimate the number of plant Q in 10 quadrats, each measuring 1m x 1m.
Nombor kuadrat
Quadrat Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bilangan tumbuhan Q
Number of plant Q 10 0 15 20 0 0 8 12 0 16
Hitungkan frekuensi dan kepadatan tumbuhan Q./ Calculate the frequency and density of plant Q.
Frekuensi / Frequency =
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Biologi Tingkatan 5 Bab 9 Ekosistem
3. Seorang murid menjalankan kajian populasi sejenis rumput R di padang sekolahnya dengan menggunakan teknik persampelan
kuadrat. Setiap kuadrat berukuran 1 m x 1 m.
A student carried out a study on the population of grass R in the schools field by using quadrat sampling technique. Each quadrat measuring 1 m x 1
m.
Jadual berikut menunjukkan keputusan kajian./ Table below shows the result of the study.
Kuadrat / Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6
Luas litupan rumput R / m 2
0.32 0.78 0.18 0.64 0.20 0.15
Area covered by grass R /
m2
Hitungkan peratus litupan rumput R di padang sekolah./ Calculate the percentage coverage of grass R in the school’s field.
• Kaedah menganggar saiz populasi yang bebas bergerak seperti mamalia kecil,
atau .
A method of estimating population size of mobile , such as small mammals, or .
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N = Saiz populasi/ Population size
tag, berwarna n1 = bilangan haiwan tangkapan pertama
atau kuku. number of animals in first capture
Marked with a ring, tag,
n2 = bilangan haiwan tangkapan kedua
BAB
coloured or nail number of animals in second capture
n3 = bilangan haiwan yang bertanda ditangkap
semula
number of marked animals
Dan
And
Oleh itu/ Here:
5x8
N= = 40
Sampel bergaul dengan populasi 1
Sample mixed with population
Tangkapan 2/ 2nd
capture
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Biologi Tingkatan 5 Bab 9 Ekosistem
Contoh/ Example:
1. Maklumat berikut menunjukkan keputusan satu kajian yang dijalankan untuk menganggar saiz populasi pepatung di
sebuah padang.
The following information shows the results of study carried out to estimate the population size of dragonflies in a field.
2. Jadual menunjukkan keputusan kajian yang dijalankan untuk menganggarkan saiz populasi siput di kebun sayuran.
Table shows the results of an experiment to study the population of garden snails in a vegetable farm.