\ ‘Test for Primary aming i) Dye Test HO. (2 He NH, tor © &S (*) > He O NaOH \, G? NaNo, 0.5°¢ ‘Azo Bond ‘What is the biuret test for urea? Explain with the chemical equation. When urea is heated at 1550C, two molecules of urea react to the release of NH3 and gives biuret, a white crystalline solid. The above reaction is a test of urea because on adding an alkaline solution of copper sulphate to white solid biuret, a violet colour is obtained. i i I H, N-C-NH, +H, NH, BEC, tal NH, - C-NH-C-NH,, +NH, Biuret ” phenol decolourise bromine water Phenol is not an unsaturated compound also decolourizes bromine water, This is du . le to the substituti reaction forming bromine substituted phenol, ion a Phenet 2.4 Betribromophena!cation Br2/H20. Test for Uns Bromine solution is brown, In this test when bromine ated hydrocarbon the brown colour disappears if the hydrocarbon is unsaturated. forms an addition product with the unsaturated hydrocarbon. solution is added to the unsatur’ Bromine ‘ote: Decolouriz . pation Note: Decolourization of orange-red colour of bromine solution indicates wnsate au? The chemical reaction is given below. -C=C- + Br, — -C(Br)-C(Br)- What type of reaction takes place between alkenes and bromine wate + « attached to The double bond breaks when alkenes react with bromine, and each carbon AT a bromine atom. It gives a colourless liquid, the bromine loses its origina’ T° colour Test for Nitrogen h concentrated H3$Q,. The appearance ‘The extract is boiled with FeSO4 and acidified w on Prussian blue colour indicates the presence of nitrogen. The following reactions occur, Fe™ + CN” — [Fe(CN).|" Fe" +H! Fe’! + [Fe(CN)g]" + 4Fe™ — Fe,[Fe(CN)s}-H20 ‘The acid helps in the oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions. The formation of ferriferous cyanide indicates the presence of nitrogen, Note: This test is not given by compounds containing N but not C atoms. For example. NH NH, does not answer this test despite having an N atom. This is because botl C and N are required to form CN” ion. ronium salts as they decompose to give nitrogen gas on This test is not given by dia heating. Test for Sulphur The extract is treated with sodium nitroprusside. ‘The appearance of violet colour indicates the presence of sulphur. The following reaction occurs: [Fe(CN);NO}* > [Fe(CN)sNOS|!Why g Why an organie extract lignes aigne’s ng Lass com Pound i nd is fused with sodi “ with sodium metal for preP®™ hen the org. ganic ¢ Pa coi ulphur and hal ™Pound ish i alogens. if. heated with sodium, the elemen' are si e if Oluble in water. The att the ~The ag as nitrogen such il us sue us which mpound, are converted into sodit ments ic ni iWeous solution is then used to identify these el Sodium Bicarbonate Test: When carboxylic effervescence acid rea 1s with sodium bicarbonate solution carbon dioxide is evolved with © brisk along with sodium acetate is formed. The chemical reaction is given bet RCOOH + os NaHCO, — RCOONa + H,0 + CO1t (brisk effervescence) Note: This test is u ns ee used to distinguish between carboxylic acid from phenol. Phenol doe: .s not answer (c) Ester Test: ¢ of concentrated sulfuric acid forms a pleasant Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in the pres alling ester. This reaction is known as esterification sm The chemical reaction is given below. RCOOH + ROH + H.SO, ~- RCOO-R (Ester) +110 Note: Formation of a sweet smelling compound indicates the presence of carboxylic group in the given organic compound (d) Fluorescein Test: y dicarboxylic acid. Dicarboxylic acid on heating gives acid anhydride, When this This test is given » uth resorcinarin the presence ‘af concentrated sulfuric acid a fluorescent anhyatie and ifs reaction scaled forescein tes dye is formed @ low. emical reaction 'S given bel The chi"s Fluorescein Test wg ' He ON, NO LOW Ay NaOH, cn, ey n,s0, Oo ye co” ~ \, betco Libermann’s Test: 4 and sodilm nitrite forms a yellow colour with concentrated sulfuric acii nol and sulfuric acid a deep blue phenol reacts Wi ronoxime complex. With excess of phe quinone ™ a arjophenol complex is formed. On dilution @ red ol0ur indophenol is formed which turns to deep plue colour sodium salt solution of indophenol on treatment with sodium hydroxide. _ ‘NOH | ecgijor | Ho, - ¥ ~ i * 20H -™ a en So sen \ oh PAL e* Py Blue Fehling's Test: When aldehyde compound is treated with Fehling's mmplex compound of Cu" ised to acids. During the reaction, a red Feling’s solution is a cor ‘and the aldehyde is redu: solution Cu* is reduced to Cu precipitate is formed. Cu,0is)» = RUDE ket pond to =ehling’s test. An. aqueous solution of the compound may be Jution. Formic acid also give this test Idehydic group. Aromatic aldehydes dc not res Used instead of an alcoholic so! Note: Appearance of rad precipitate cenfirms the presence of an 4 (e) Tollen’s Test: (Silver Mirror Test) This test is also called the silver mirror test. Tollens reagent cons's' ammonia solution, aldehydes reacts with Tollens reagent gives 4 grey-bla tg of silver ammonia complex in .ck precipitate or a silver