ISSN 0024-9521

IJG Vol. 49, No.1, June 2017 (121 - 134)

© 2017 Faculty of Geography UGM and
The Indonesian Geographers Association

Land Use Changes Analysis For Land Subsidence In Coastal Areas

(Case Study: North Semarang District)

Markus Julio Parry1, Daffa Permana Budi2, Felix Gok Asi Simangunsong3
ghefragaffara@ymail.com
1,2
Master of Geo-Information for Spatial Planning and Disaster Risk Management, Graduate School of
Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Utara, Pogung, Mlati, Sleman 55281
3,4
Lecturer, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Bulaksumur, Mlati, Sleman 55281

Abstract
Semarang city is one of the mega urban that have exposure to land subsidence. Subsidence region located in the
center, north to the east. It has spatial and temporal variations with spatial average rates of about 6 to 8
cm/year and maximum rates that can go up to 14–19 cm/year at certain locations. (Abidin et al, 2010). One of
the main causes of subsidence is increasing of the built up areas, particulalrly in North Semarang. The North
Semarang District along the coast exhibits higher rates of subsidence compared to its southern region, and this
subsidence is believed to be caused by the combination of natural consolidation of young alluvium soil,
groundwater extraction and load of buildings and construction. The land subsidence event period have been
going on since a long time. This event brings a lot of damage, particularly settlements and infrastructure. This
study is reviewing about land use changes in coastal areas using multi-temporal around 10 years imagery to
make a comparison about land use changes and its classification. This research also to review subsinde rate
around 10 years and groundwater extraction. Eventually, this study result gives some spatial planning
recommendation.

Key words: built up, classification, coastal areas, land use changes, subsidence.

Abstrak
Kota Semarang merupakan salah satu kota besar yang memiliki ke penurunan tanah. wilayah Subsidence
terletak di tengah, utara ke timur. Ini memiliki variasi spasial dan temporal, dengan tingkat rata-rata spasial
dari sekitar 6 sampai 8 cm / tahun dan tingkat maksimum yang bisa naik ke 14-19 cm / tahun di lokasi tertentu.
(Abidin et al, 2010). Salah satu penyebab utama penurunan meningkat dari daerah dibangun, particulalrly di
North Semarang. Semarang Utara sepanjang pantai pameran tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari penurunan
dibandingkan dengan wilayah selatan, dan penurunan ini diyakini disebabkan oleh kombinasi dari konsolidasi
alami tanah aluvial muda, pengambilan air tanah, beban bangunan dan konstruksi. Periode peristiwa
penurunan tanah telah berlangsung sejak lama. Kejadian ini membawa banyak kerusakan, terutama
pemukiman dan infrastruktur. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang perubahan penggunaan lahan di wilayah pesisir
dengan menggunakan citra multi-temporal untuk membuat perbandingan tentang perubahan penggunaan lahan
dan klasifikasi. Penelitian ini juga meninjau tingkat subsinde sekitar 10 tahun dan Pengambilan. Penelitian ini
menghasilkan beberapa rekomendasi perencanaan tata ruang.

Kata kunci : terbangun, klasifikasi, kawasan pesisir, perubahan penggunaan lahan, amblesan tanah.

1. Introduction
One of growing urban in Indonesia, Semarang has developed with multiple functions. The main function is a
industry center of national scale. This industry cluster is located in the central region and the northern. It’s also
developing warehousing along the main roads. Apartment development is increasing annualy. These changes
have an impact on land subsidences. The rates subsidence has variation. The highest rate was in the northern
region with a figure of more than 12 cm/year.
The research location has unique characteristics that influence the factors that cause land use changes in
industrial, warehousing and settlements have an impact on land subsidence. Semarang city is a coastal area
which has concentrated built up area leading toward the north. Northern part of the region is a region that has a
characteristic sloping topography. The study area is Northern Semarang has a change of land use is high enough.
Basis in determining the difference in 10 years is on the evaluation of spatial documents which RTRW
Semarang and RDTR BWK 3 (Norh Semarang and West Semarang). Particurlarly, North Semarang is one of
activities center. The existence of Tanjung Mas harbour has a very important role as a international marine
transport infrastructure. The development of the port followed by the development of industrial zones and
warehousing, trade and services. Changes in land use have an impact on land subsidence. The purpose of this
 Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol 44, No. 2, December 2012: 121 - 134

study is to examine how the effects of land use change on land subsidence in Semarang. This study also gives
recommendation to city government to solve the problems.

North Semarang formed by alluvial swamps. In fact, these areas often experience flooding or waterlogging,
especially at high tide the sea. While the area is at an elevation of 0 - 0.5 m of sea level has been expanded from
the start Tanah Mas - Bandar Harjo - Tawang Station-Industrial Area Terboyo. This shows that North Semarang
has a soft soil deep enough. This area if given load, either building or backfill soil is thick enough, will decrease
as a result of land large enough such loads.

The pace of decline that occurs due to the imposition of above ground level reaches more than 8 cm / year.
Other factors that cause land subsidence in Semarang Utara is a natural compaction process. This phenomenon
is related to the rock / soil constituents in the form of alluvial deposits with a layer of clay as the main
constituent. These deposits generally have engineering properties such as ease of compressibility or subjected to
high pressures and is normally consolidated soil. Such soil properties caused by've never experienced the
maximum load pressure, so that if there is no load on it, for example by a load of soil layer itself, still allow the
natural compaction. Figure 1 shows about subsidence process ilustration.

Figure 1. Subsidence Ilustration

Source: www.semarangsubsidence.net

Figure 2. Study Area: North Semarang Districts

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2. The Methods
The tecnique of research is using ArcGIS software. This study uses spatial analysis by using intersect and rster
calculation. Identification of land use, the necessary result of the check field has been compared to-use maps and
satellite imagery. Previous first satellite images are interpreted in accordance with the need for research. In this
study focuses more on regional land use changes. ArcGIS software makes easier in land use classification.
Determination survey point coodinates is based on field checks.
The formula for computing the accuracy of the interpolation method using a statistical method called Test Root
Mean Square Error (RMSE). The accuracy of the test will get what interpolation methods most suited to the
study area. This method proposed by Wise in 2011. For more details can be
seen in the equation

...................................................................................................................... (3.1)

Information:
Zp = Value Predictions
Z0 = Value Measurement Results

Figure 1 shows some coordinates of field survey. There are 30 points of coordinates. Each of landuse has been
viewed.

Figure 1. Survey Coordinates for Landuse and Subsidence

3. Result and Discussion

The result of this study is shown that the subsidence rates is increasing year by the year. This is causes by
several developing of hotel and apartment. Industry areas is also give contribution to land subsidence.
The results obtained are changes and land use classification. Classification of changes in land use, shows the
percentage differences in use in some areas woke up. Land use change is the result of the interpretation of
multitemporal image.
Validation of interpolation using 4 methods there are IDW, Natural Neighbor, Kriging, and Spline. The best
validation is IDW due to has a smallest score and de

Table 1. Validation Methods

Interpolation Methods
IDW Natural Kriging Spline
Neighbor
RMS Error 0,4101 0,4890 0,6843 0,5428
Source: Analysis, 2016

123
 Figure 2. Interpolation Methods
Source: Analysis, 2016

The land-use change occurs in the use of the Industrial and Warehousing by the percentage change of 49.99% or
almost total existing land use. And warehousing industry is growing rapidly in line with the growing importance
of the port of Tanjung Mas functions as an international port. The port keberdaan lead generation activities such
as warehousing, industry, trade, and services. The second biggest change is the land that is being built by
42.40%. This is because the beach reclamation project in the northern coastal area, including the District of
Semarang Utara own. The area was originally in the form of a pool / pond has been covered massively to be a
reclamation area.
Land use changes have mean that going over the land. Vacant land turned into smaller plots. Pool / Pond and
Sea turned into land to be built for their reclamation. Dominant changes occurred in the Industrial Zone and
Warehousing with a percentage of 49.99%. If combined with the decline in the land, then there is a correlation
between the change of use of the rate of land subsidence. The correlation relationship perpendicular pales land
use change more towards awakened an impact on the increase in the rate of land subsidence.

Landuse Analysis
Land use changes analysis in the study area using the image of multitemporal aimed to obtain information about
the use of the actual land of each year of research, namely landuse map year 2004 derived from the RBI maps
and land use maps in 2013 were classified imagery SPOT-6 with resolution 1.5 x 1.5 meters. The second output
map has a scale of 1: 10,000. This picture below explains about the imagery with thw gap 10 years. Satellite
imagery is particularly useful for detecting land use changes. Land use changes has a trend toward built up
areas it is influenced due to Tanjung Mas and surrounding areas developed into a regional transport, industry,
warehousing, trade, and services. In additionNorth Semarang District also has a large station.

Figure 3. SPOT-6 Imagery year 2004 and 2013

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There are 32 classes from urban land use classification. Class divisions in northern Semarang based on the use
of land in 2004 with the existing land use. There are some changes, particularly for industrial and warehousing.
This function is formed as a result of the main functions of the Port of Tanjung Mas.

Figure 4. Landuse Changes

Source: Analysis, 2016

Based on the correlations, it’s has a value. It means between landuse and subsidence has a strong influences.
The relationship between the two factors were analyzed using SPSS software. The relationship of these two
factors is comparable means that if there is a change of land that big will cause land subsidence. However, this
has yet to be studied specifically.

Subsidence Rate Landuse Changes

Year (cm/year) (Ha)
2004 5.47 80.77
2008 5.18 87.44
2013 8.98 93.83

Figure 5. The graph between subsidence rate and landuse changes

This correlation needs to be examined further either by using specific studies or studies at the macro level.
Given the current rate of land subsidence in Semarang northern reaches more than 8 cm per year. The location is
the worst point drop and losses tend to be dynamic observation sites located in Tanjung Mas. This result may
correlated with another factors such as subsidence rate, ground water extraction and building mass.
Correlation
100

80

60

40

20

0
Subsidence Rates Landuse Change Column1
2004 2008 2013

Figure 5. The graph between subsidence rate and landuse changes

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5. Conclusion
There are:
• Inclusion of the dangerous of land subsidence in the spatial plan document. (RTRW and RDTRK);
• Establishment of a technical unit for subsidence derived treatment;
• North Semarang Development to be limited and more directed toward conservation;
• The inisiative of conservation movement such as mangrove and vegetation planting;

Some technical treatment are:

Pre-loading vacuum and big polder in order to encounter water back if the rob happened. Vertical drainage is a
solution to culvitae the soil and drain when the soil. Stone column is soil treatment for strengthen the soil
composition.

Figure 6. Some solutions (pre-loading vacuum and polder, vertical drainage and stone column)

Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement presented to Ms. Diah Hizbaron for the trust provides an opportunity for me to apply for
papers of my thesis. Prof. Muh Aris Marfai which has provided lots of feedback about wiayah studies. All
parties of government agencies: Bappeda, LIPI, BPBD, and more on assistance data and Geo-Info UGM
colleagues.
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