RESEARCH ARTICLE | JUNE 12 2023

Evaluation of recharge area as a spring management efforts

in Ngargosari village, Samigaluh, Kulon Progo, DIY 
Gredia Sekar Saraswati; Dian Hudawan Santoso  ; Muammar Gomareuzzaman

AIP Conference Proceedings 2598, 020012 (2023)

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130298

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 Evaluation of Recharge Area as a Spring Management
Efforts in Ngargosari Village, Samigaluh, Kulon Progo, DIY
Gredia Sekar Saraswati, Dian Hudawan Santosoa), and Muammar Gomareuzzaman

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional

Veteran Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Jalan Padjajaran (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur, Depok, Sleman Yogyakarta, 55283
a)
Corresponding author: dian.hudawan@upnyk.ac.id

Abstract. Ngargosari Village, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency located in high area, with domination area are
territory as a recharge area. The recharge area has a function as the main supplier of groundwater to enter the soil through
the infiltration process to fill groundwater. Springs as the one of groundwater sources are used in this village for clean
water uses, because the condition of rock lithology and topography of the area, making it impossible to build wells. The
study was conducted by evaluating the recharge area's condition by knowing the recharge area's classification using
quantitative and qualitative methods based on data analysis through field surveys and mathematical. Determination of the
classification of the recharge area using parameters such as land use, rainfall, slope, and soil texture and calculated by
scoring and weighting referring to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works Number 02 of 2013. The calculation
results are analyzed using the overlay technique using the application. ArcGIS, thus producing a map of the classification
of the recharge area. The study results indicate that the recharge area has a less suitable classification, quite appropriate,
and appropriate. These results can be used as a reference to determine which conservation is suitable to be applied in
recharge areas as an effort to manage springs.

Keywords:Classification, Groundwater, Recharge Area, Spring

INTRODUCTION
Ground Water plays a vital role as a provider of clean water sources. The provision of clean water is a significant
concern in many countries, including Indonesia, because water is a basic need that plays a vital role in human survival
[1]. Clean water can come from surface water and groundwater. Groundwater is water that is below the ground surface,
which is usually found in an aquifer. Groundwater movement is prolonged depending on the porosity, permeability of
the soil layer, and the process of replenishing water [2]. Water sourced from groundwater can be obtained from springs
that come to the surface from the ground and can then be utilized [3]. The emergence of these springs has become a
tool in facilitating the community, especially in rural areas, to meet their water needs. Ngargosari Village has 4177
people who evenly use springs as the primary source of clean water to meet their daily needs. The area with topography
at an elevation of 700-900 masl and geological conditions do not allow it to be used as another alternative in meeting
water needs, such as making dug wells. Based on the study of determining water shortage areas from research [4]
Petet, Pucung, and Tritis Hamlets located in the Ngargosari Village are water-scarce areas have analyzed from
geological and hydrogeological parameters, meteorological drought, PDAM, and SPAM network coverage, as well
as joint interviews with residents in Kulon Progo Regency. This data is the basis that not all hamlets in the Ngargosari
Village have good spring conditions.The increase in groundwater naturally in the CAT area (Groundwater Basin) is
influenced by groundwater recharge areas, commonly referred to as water catchment areas [5].
The recharge area is the primary provider of groundwater recharge. In the recharge area, the existing surface water
will seep as groundwater. The role of the recharge area is vital for the sustainability of groundwater. If the recharge
area does not function properly, then groundwater reserves will be depleted and cannot meet the water needs for

4th International Conference on Earth Science, Mineral and Energy

AIP Conf. Proc. 2598, 020012-1–020012-10; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130298
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4543-7/$30.00

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human life. The integrity of the existing conditions in the recharge area can be identified by the dominant land use,
such as in the research area consisting of the use of garden land, rice fields, and settlements which now have progressed
in the tourism sector as a tourist spot in the Menoreh Hills. This changes the function of the land, which was initially
vegetated into the closed ground, supported by the type of Latosol soil with loam-clay texture in the recharge area. Its
location is in a highland area on topography with a relatively steep slope and high rainfall intensity. It affects water
availability through rainwater input that will enter the soil through infiltration as a provider of spring aquifers. The
infiltration rate directly affects the number of groundwater reserves because the amount affects the number of
groundwater supplies [6]. Based on the existing problems, it is necessary to evaluate the recharge area in the springs
to determine the classification of the recharge area by the provisions of the Minister of Public Works Regulation
Number 02 of 2013 through scoring and weighting calculations. The current results are used to know the appropriate
management direction in the recharge area.

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FIGURE 1. Kulonprogo Administration Map

METHODOLOGY
The method used in conducting the research is quantitative and qualitative, by applying survey and mapping
methods and mathematical methods. The mapping survey method will produce data in maps in the form of land use
maps, soil texture map, slope map, and rainfall map. The mathematical method is calculated to determine the existing
conditions in the research area to determine the score for each parameter based on the Manpower Regulation Number
02 of 2013 with modificated [7]. Determining the score was adjusted to the provisions in Table 1 [8]. The results of
the score calculation adapted to the classification of the recharge area used, shown in Table 2. The parameters are
processed in ArcGIS with the overlay method to obtain a classification map of the catchment area, based on the total
score with land use, rainfall, slope, and soil texture parameters. The results were then analyzed descriptively to get
results.

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 Mapping and Survey
The survey method is followed by a mapping method to obtain primary data by matching secondary data as
support. The land use map is obtained from a survey in the field, along with secondary data from the Indonesian
topographic map (RBI). The soil texture map is derived from a field survey and tested according to the classification
according to Notohadiprawiro, 1983.. The slope map is derived from delineation based on the density of the contours
adapted to the classification by van zuidam, 1985 on. The rainfall map is derived from the Kalibawang Station Rainfall
Data for 2010-2019 as the closest rain station to the research location, obtained from the Central Serayu Opak Region
D.I Yogyakarta.

Scoring and Weighting Recharge Area

TABLE 1. Score and Clasification of each parameters [7]

Land use (40%)

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No Score Clasification
1 Forest
2 Shrubs
3 Field-garden
4 swamp, pond,
ricefield
5 Settlement
No Score Clasification
1 > 3000 mm/year
2 2000 – 3000 mm/year
3 1000 – 2000 mm/year
4 500 – 1000 mm/year
5 < 500 mm/year
No Score Clasification
1 <8
2 8 – 15
3 15 – 25
4 25 – 40
5 >40
No Score Clasification
1 Regosol
2 Alluvial dan Andosol
3 Latosol
4 Litosol
5 Grumusol
Score Category Special Criteria
5 Very High Areas with forest land use will have a higher
4 High water absorption capacity than water with
3 Normal residential land uses.
2 Low
1 Very low
Rainfall (30%)
Score Category Special Criteria
5 Very High Areas with high rainfall (3000 mm/year) will
4 High have higher water absorption potential than
3 Normal areas with low rainfall (< 500 mm/year).
2 Low
1 Very low
Slopes (15%)
Score Category Special Criteria
5 Very High Flat
4 High Sloping
3 Normal Wavy
2 Low Steep
1 Very low Very Steep
Soil texture (30%)
Score Category
5 Very High
4 High
3 Normal
2 Low
1 Very low

The results of determining the score are recalculated using the following formula to determine the classification of the
recharge area as a total score.

Total Score = (% x Land Use Score) + (% x Slope Score) + (% x Rainfall Score) + (% x Soil Texture
(1)
Score)

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 TABLE 2. Total Score Range of classes

No Water catchment area suitability class Total Score Range

1 Not suitable <2,60
2 Low suitable 2,60 – 3,50
3 Quite suitable 3,60 – 4,50
4 Suitable >4,6 - 5,0

RESULT AND EVALUATION

Based on the results of determining the recharge area with several parameters, namely land use, rainfall, slope, and
soil texture following Employment Regulation Number 02 of 2013. Each parameter affects the condition of the
recharge area, especially in its function as the leading supplier of groundwater.

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Land Use
Land use becomes a real manifestation of activities to changes from the physical on the earth's surface. Land use can
be formed and changed due to an increase in population and land functions. Land use can affect the quality and quantity
of water, especially in the recharge area as a supplier for aquifers, namely springs. Land use in the recharge area in
the study area can affect the ability of water to enter the soil. The more vegetation above the ground surface with land
uses such as forests, ricefields, gardens, and shrubs, the better the recharge area will be, on Fig. 2. On the other hand,
the surface runoff will be greater than the infiltration rate if the recharge area is a settlement. Medium-class gardens
dominate the land use in the recharge area in the study area. The land use map is obtained from a survey in the field,
along with secondary data from the Indonesian topographic map (RBI) on Fig. 3.

FIGURE 2. Land use (field) FIGURE 3. Land use Map

Rainfall
Analysis of rainfall data can make it easier to determine the supply of water that falls to the earth's surface and
eventually infiltrates into the ground to become a source of groundwater, for the availability of springs. Based on
secondary data from BBWS Serayu Opak, the rainfall at stations in the research area has a 2368.29 mm/year value,
including the classification of values between 2000 – 3000 mm/year with a high category. The rainfall value indicates
that the research area has a high potential for rainwater supply or quite a lot.

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 TABLE 3. Rainfall Data Kalibawang Station 2019

Month (mm/bulan) Total

Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des (mm/th)
2010 545 228 361 256 286 86 45 127 357 380 290 447 3408
2011 386 151 345 238 193 0 0 0 0 61 539 206 2119,1
2012 350 128 308 56 161 0 0 0 0 131 529 564 2227
2013 493 355 201 200 145 105 80 0 0 1 209 516 2304,3
2014 328 248 258 399 163 0 0 0 0 0 155 328 1879
2015 377 99 577 390 37 14 0 0 0 0 317 506 2317
2016 322 239 546 286 261 269 212 68 431 341 681 234 3890
2017 532 446 364 557 179 31 48 0 126 190 443 256 3172,5
2018 271 287 182 95 25 2 0 1 1 0 134 354 1352
2019 244 201 220 73 7 0 0 0 0 21 78 170 1014

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Average 385 238 336 255 146 51 39 20 92 113 337 358 2368,29

FIGURE 4. Graph of Rainfall

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FIGURE 5. Rainfall Map

The Rainfall data from Kalibawang Station is used on January to December from 2010-2019 with average on 2019
with 2368,29. This data used to determine the rainy season or the dry season. It can be used as the basis of water
supplier in the recharge area. Each data from table changed into graph to known the different beside dry season and
rain seasen on fig.4. The area on on the research has a same value from one rainfall station, so there has one
classification with blue color in map.

Slope
Based on the existing provisions, a flat slope will have a greater infiltration capacity than a very steep slope. The
research area in the recharge area is an area that has a steep slope classification (>40%) so that the infiltration ability
in the recharge area is not good. The slope of the slope can determine the landform of the research area. The slope of
a flat slope will accelerate the ability of rainwater to seep into the soil or its infiltration will be greater than the slope
with steep conditions. The slope and landform will also affect the emergence of springs and management directions
that can be taken in order to accelerate the infiltration rate in increasing groundwater reserves upstream in the recharge
area. The value based on the condition in the field can indentified classification and color of the area. The color has
changed as a map to know the relating with the condition on this research area.

TABLE 4. Classification of Slope [9]

NO Slope Classification Color

1 0 o – 2o / 0 – 2 % Flat
2 2o – 4o / 2 – 7 % Slightly tilted
3 4 o – 8 o / 7– 15 % Tilted
4 8 o – 16 o / 15– 30 % Slightly Steep
5 16 o – 35 o / 30 – 70 % Steep
6 35 o – 55 o / 70 – 140 % Very Steep
7 >55 o / >140 % So Steep

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FIGURE 6. Slope Map

Soil Texture
The latosol soil in the study area has different thicknesses, which can affect soil permeability. Soil permeability can
show the ability of the soil to pass water, one of which is the influence of soil texture. Soil texture was tested directly
in the field referring to the provisions and classification [10]. Based on the test results, the soil in the study area has a
loamy texture of dusty clay. This texture indicates that the soil has a relatively large space between grains and the
ability to pass water is relatively large so that the infiltration ability into the soil is greater, this indicates that this type
of soil is good in increasing water reserves in the study area, especially in the recharge area. The type of soil in the
study area is latosol soil which is including in the medium category. Latosol soil has a loam-clay texture. Soil texture
in clay has a lower ability to absorb water than areas with sandy soil textures.

a b

FIGURE 7. Checking Soil Texture (a) Rounding the soil (b) Making
ribbon with a pressure

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FIGURE 8. Soil Texture Map

TABLE 5. Total Score of Recharge Area [7]

No Parameters of Recharge Area Description Score Class

1 Land Use Settlement 1
2 Rainfall 2000-3000 mm/year 4
3 Slope Steep 2 Low Suitable
4 Soil Texture Latosol 3
Total Score = PL*40%+CH*30%+KL*15%+TT*15% 2
1 Land Use Field-garden 3
2 Rainfall 2000-3000 mm/year 4
3 Slope Steep 2 Quite Suitable
4 Soil Texture Latosol 3
Total Score = PL*40%+CH*30%+KL*15%+TT*15% 3
1 Land Use Shrubs 4
2 Rainfall 2000-3000 mm/year 4
3 Slope Steep 2 Suitable
4 Soil Texture Latosol 3
Total Score = PL*40%+CH*30%+KL*15%+TT*15% 4

Table 5 summarizes the research results regarding the determination of the classification of recharge area with a total
score of 2 with a low suitable class, a total score of 3 with a quite suitable class, and a total score of 4 with an suitable
class. This is due to differences in land use in the form of settlements, gardens, and shrubs. The appropriate grade
recharge area identifies that the availability of groundwater is still relatively large because the conditions are still good.
This is supported by the type of land use in the form of shrubs which helps the water be retained so that it does not
become runoff and high rainfall as a water source. The results of this analysis can be used as a reference in managing
the recharge area.
Evaluation of the recharge area used according to research [7] that referring to the Regulation of the Minister of Public
Works Number 02 of 2013. The evaluation is carried out to determine the condition of the recharge area so that if

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there are problems, management can be carried out under the results. Evaluation will produce different values from
time to time, which can be caused by land clearing, climate and weather, and other factors that affect the existing
conditions in the recharge area. Based on the result, the leading recommendation conservation for recharge areas that
can be applied is technically vegetative in individual terraces.

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FIGURE 9 Recharge Area Map

CONCLUSION
Land uses in the research area find as forests, ricefields, gardens, and shrubs, rainfall at stations in the research area
has a 2368.29 mm/year value, with a high category, slope that can find on this area have three classification slope
Tilted, Slightly Steep, and Steep. Based on the test results, the soil in the study area has a loamy texture of dusty clay.
Based on the scoring results for all parameters, the recharge area in the research area consists of three classes, namely
low suitable with a total score of 2, quite suitable with a total score of 3, and suitable with a total score of 4. The
leading recommendation conservation for recharge areas that can be applied to recharge areas is technically vegetative
in individual terraces.

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Water Resources Management Plans.

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[9] Van Zuidam. R. A. Í, ”Aerial Photo-Interpretation in Terrain Analysis and Geomorphological Mapping,. Smith
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