Professional Documents
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Weight management
Quản lý năng lượng dinh dưỡng và cân nặng
Problems with
Overweight &
03 obesity 04 obesity & weight
loss strategies
Classification of Energy
01 Energy content of food
01 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY
Definition of Energy:
● Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
In human body:
● Voluntary work (hoạt động chủ động, có ý thức):
conscious activities of daily living.
• mechanical (muscular
contraction) work,
Notes:
Protein and glucose tend to be oxidized
more readily than fat.
Alcohol not stored in body and oxidized
very rapidly.
01 ENERGY CONTENT OF FOOD
ATWATER’S FACTORS
To simplify the determination of Metabolizable
energy (ME) content of foods, Atwater devised a
system where the ME of a diet could be predicted
from knowledge of the amounts of each of the
major nutrients: Protein, Carbohydrate, fat and
alcohol.
02 Energy expenditure
Nutritional energy management
Nutritional energy
02 management
Energy intake (EI) = Energy expenditure (EE) + ΔEnergy stores (ES)
If:
• EI = EE → state of energy balance →
energy stores not altered (ES = 0)
• EI < EE → negative energy balance →
decrease body’s energy stores (ES <0)
• EI > EE → positive energy intake →
increase energy stores (mainly fat) (ES > 0)
Năng lượng trong cơ thể
Cân
bằng
Chênh
lệch
Nutritional energy
02 management
Energy intake (EI) = Energy expenditure (EE) + ΔEnergy stores (ES)
If:
• EI = EE → state of energy balance →
energy stores not altered (ES = 0)
• EI < EE → negative energy balance →
decrease body’s energy stores (ES <0)
• EI > EE → positive energy intake →
increase energy stores (mainly fat) (ES > 0)
02 ENERGY EXPENDITURE
• BMR – 60-70% - Energy is required
continuously for cell repair, growth, cardiac
and respiratory contractions…
• Only 20-30% of nutrient energy is
intermittently used for mechanical work
• Thermogenesis – 10% - heat production.
02 ENERGY EXPENDITURE
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Tỷ lệ trao đổi chất cơ bản
• BMR is more closely related to lean body mass than to surface area.
1. Dietary expenditure
2. Heart rate monitoring
3. Calorimetry‐Direct and indirect
02 NUTRIONAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Dietary expenditure
Make an activity diary: what the person
doing and how long e.g. walked the lion
20min, watched TV 30min, jogging 30min
Calorimetry
➢ Direct calorimetry
Involves the measurement
of the energy expended by
an individual over a given
period by measuring the
heat emitted by the body.
A chamber
02 NUTRIONAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Calorimetry
➢ Indirect calorimetry
Based on the fact that as foods
are oxidized to produce heat in
the body, oxygen is consumed
and carbon dioxide
is produced in
proportion to the
heat generated
02 NUTRIONAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Calorimetry
➢ Indirect calorimetry
Can be explained by equation:
Calorimetry
➢ Indirect calorimetry
Using Douglas bag
Most widely used.
The subject breathes through a valve which
separates inspired from expired air and
directs all expired air into a plastic bag of
capacity of up to 150 liters
Overweight
03 Obesity
03 OVERWEIGHT & OBESITY
Fat cell development
03 OVERWEIGHT & OBESITY
Set‐point theory
• Researchers have confirmed that
after weight losses, the body adjusts
its metabolism to favor weight regain
Eating patterns
A. Be Realistic about Energy Intake:
A reasonable suggestion for overweight and obese adults is to increase
activity and reduce food intake enough to create a deficit of 500 to 750
kcalories per day
04 WEIGHT LOSS STRATEGIES
Eating patterns
A. Be Realistic about Energy Intake
B. Emphasize Nutritional Adequacy
04 WEIGHT LOSS STRATEGIES
Eating patterns
A. Be Realistic about Energy Intake
B. Emphasize Nutritional Adequacy
C. Eat small portion
D. Slow down
E. Lower Energy Density
04 WEIGHT LOSS STRATEGIES
Eating patterns
• On average, sugar-sweetened
A. Be Realistic about Energy Intake beverages contribute about 135
B. Emphasize Nutritional Adequacy kcalories a day.
(Source:https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov)
CÂN NẶNG TIÊU CHUẨN
❖ Ưu điểm:
- Xác định BMI nhanh chóng và dễ dàng
- Khá chính xác và được sử dụng phổ biến để đánh
giá tình trạng sức khỏe của cá nhân và cộng đồng
❖ Khi nào cần chú ý điều chỉnh BMI: Khi chuẩn bị
mang thai
◼ BMI < 18,5: Bạn quá gầy. Phụ nữ có BMI < 18,5 có
nguy cơ sẩy thai cao hơn bình thường 17%.
◼ BMI > 23: Bạn quá béo và nếu có thai, trẻ đẻ ra có
nguy cơ mắc các bệnh béo phì và bệnh tiểu đường.
CÂN NẶNG TIÊU CHUẨN
❖ Nhược điểm:
- Không xác định được lượng mỡ
trong cơ thể
- Không chính xác với các đối tượng:
▪ Tập thể hình
▪ Mang thai hoặc cho con bú
▪ Mới ốm dậy
Khẩu phần ăn hợp lý
(Nguyên tắc xây dựng khẩu phần ăn)
Phù hợp với điều kiện tài chính của chủ thể
Thỏa mãn nhu cầu năng lượng
➢ Chất xơ : 30g/ngày